Richard G. Lomax

• Ph.D.
• Professor Emeritus at The Ohio State University

This book presents a basic introduction to structural equation modeling (SEM). Readers will find that we have kept to our tradition of keeping examples rudimentary and easy to follow. The reader is provided with a review of correlation and covariance, followed by multiple regression, path, and factor analyses in order to better understand the build...

ERIC Submission with Appendix Tables by Year

We present a secondary analysis of the May, Sirinides, Gray, and Goldsworthy (2016) evaluation of the Reading Recovery scale-up. Our analysis extends their findings in two ways: First, we examined the intervention’s effects on the six sub-scales of the Observation Survey (OS) of Early Literacy Achievement (Clay, 2013). The May et al. analysis onl...

Using Monte Carlo simulations, this research examined the performance of four missing data methods in SEM under different multivariate distributional conditions. The effects of four independent variables (sample size, missing proportion, distribution shape, and factor loading magnitude) were investigated on six outcome variables: convergence rate,...

This longitudinal study investigated profiles of lexical quality domains in preschool children and the extent to which profile membership predicted reading comprehension in first grade. A latent profile analysis was conducted to classify 420 preschool children on lexical quality domains, including orthography, phonology, morphosyntax, and vocabular...

Predictors of early word reading are well established. However, it is unclear if these predictors hold for readers across a range of word reading abilities. This study used quantile regression to investigate predictive relationships at different points in the distribution of word reading. Quantile regression analyses used preschool and kindergarten...

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine prekindergarten predictors of listening comprehension in second grade. Methods Within a large, 5-year longitudinal study, children progressing from prekindergarten to second grade were administered a comprehensive set of prekindergarten measures of foundational language skills (vocabulary and gram...

Background: Women living in Ohio Appalachia experience cervical cancer at disproportionately high rates. Intimate partner and sexual gender-based violence (GBV) and smoking are independent risk factors for cervical cancer and interact to heighten risk. Appalachian women smoke at higher rates than other Ohio women, but little is known about GBV exp...

Background Improving children’s oral language skills is an important focus of educational research and practice; however, relatively few interventions have demonstrated impacts on these skills. This work makes a unique contribution to our understanding of the effects of language-focused interventions in pre-kindergarten settings by examining impact...

This article describes nine phases of curriculum development activities conducted by the Language and Reading Research Consortium (LARRC), the end result of which was to arrive at a research-based supplemental curriculum that could be used by teachers of English-speaking or bilingual Spanish-English-speaking children in prekindergarten and English-...

Double-dose instruction, in which instructional lessons are supplemented to provide additional instructional time, is a mechanism used in some schools for boosting outcomes in certain academic areas. The purpose of study was to examine the effects of double-dose vocabulary instruction, relative to single-dose and business-as-usual control instructi...

Purpose: This study examined the latent dimensionality of Spanish in young Spanish-English dual-language learners (DLLs). Method: Two hundred eighty-six children participated. In their prekindergarten year, children completed norm-referenced and experimental language measures in Spanish requiring different levels of cognitive processing in both...

The simple view of reading describes reading comprehension as the product of decoding and listening comprehension and the relative contribution of each to reading comprehension across development. We present a cross-sectional analysis of first, second, and third graders (N = 123–125 in each grade) to assess the adequacy of the basic model. Particip...

This quasi-experimental study was designed to test the impacts of a curriculum supplement, Let’s Know!, on the quantity and quality of language-focused comprehension instruction in pre-kindergarten to third grade classrooms. Sixty classrooms (12 per each of pre-K to grade 3) were enrolled in the study, with 40 teachers assigned to implement one of...

This quasi-experimental study was designed to test the impacts of a curriculum supplement, Let’s Know!, on the quantity and quality of language-focused comprehension instruction in pre-kindergarten to third grade classrooms. Sixty classrooms (12 per each of pre-K to grade 3) were enrolled in the study, with 40 teachers assigned to implement one of...

With the recent advent of the iPad, statistics-related applications (apps) have begun development. Given their newness, statistical accuracy is a concern. This study assessed the accuracy of the following iPad apps: Data Explorer, StatsMate, Statistics Visualizer, and TC-Stats. Early and recent versions of Excel were also included for comparative p...

Background: Recent studies suggest an association between low back pain (LBP) and stress urinary incontinence (SUI), and clinicians commonly note that treating one component often impacts the other. It is hypothesized that core muscles must be functioning optimally for an individual to be free of LBP, and to be continent during activities which inc...

Statistical Concepts consists of the last 9 chapters of An Introduction to Statistical Concepts, 3rd ed. Designed for the second course in statistics, it is one of the few texts that focuses just on intermediate statistics. The book highlights how statistics work and what they mean to better prepare students to analyze their own data and interpret...

This study examined how well elementary students’ performance on a set of commonly-used reading assessments conformed to a model of automatic print processing. The assessments included measures of word recognition-untimed, word recognition-timed, oral reading accuracy, oral reading rate, silent reading rate, and spelling. The proposed print-process...

Little is known about how self-reported fears differ among racially diverse school-aged populations. Given this gap in the literature base, we examined the extent to which self-reported fears differed among White American, African American, and Hispanic youth (Grades 2–12), using the American Fear Survey Schedule. The study sample included 1,033 yo...

This report is an addendum to Ohio’s Year 4 Striving Readers program evaluation report and contains data gathered and analyzed in year 5 of the project. The narrative here focuses on an update to the targeted intervention – both program implementation and impact, with the whole school evaluation omitted. The Year 4 report discusses more contextual...

Users assume statistical software packages produce accurate results. In this article, the authors systematically examined Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Statistical Analysis System (SAS) for 3 analysis of variance (ANOVA) designs, mixed-effects ANOVA, fixed-effects analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and nested ANOVA. For each...

The primary aim of the present study was to explore the heterogeneity of emergent literacy skills among preschool-age children with specific language impairment (SLI) through examination of profiles of performance. Fifty-nine children with SLI were assessed on a battery of emergent literacy skills (i.e., alphabet knowledge, print concepts, emergent...

The most basic experimental design is the one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA). Here there is one continuous dependent variable and one categorical independent variable or factor with two or more levels. For example, to what extent do different therapies (levels of a treatment factor) result in differential recovery from a psychological conditio...

The American Fear Survey Schedule for Children (FSSC-AM; J. J. Burnham, 1995, 2005) has been used to measure fears of children and adolescents. The FSSC-AM is based on the 2nd revision of a psychometrically sound and well-known fear scale (i.e., FSSC-II; E. Gullone & N. J. King, 1992). In this study, age and gender differences, fear intensity score...

Ballistic protective helmets can impair heat dissipation. A cooling device in the helmet (cooling pad, CP) could help prevent heat problems in military personnel and potentially enhance comfort. This study examined the effects of CP on rectal and skin temperatures, heart rate, percent change in plasma volume, urine specific gravity, rating of perce...

Dehydration raises heat injury risk and reduces performance [ , , ]. The purpose was to validate the Hydra-Alert Jr (Acumen). The Hydra-Alert was tested in two exercise/clothing conditions. Participants wore it while wearing exercise clothing and exercising at a self-selected intensity (n = 8). Others wore the Hydra-Alert while wearing a ballistic-...

Ballistic protective gear (“bulletproof” vest), required in law enforcement and some branches of the military, contains thick padding and covers much of the surface area of the user's torso. Bulletproof vest (BV) use poses a compromise between protecting one's life from assault and risking possible harm from heat strain injury. Aside from the dange...

Complex survey designs often employ multistage cluster sampling designs and oversample particular units to ensure more accurate population parameter estimates. These issues must be accommodated in the analysis to ensure accurate parameter estimation. Incorporation of sample weights in some statistical procedures has been studied. However, research...

Physiological and perceptual measures during interval exercise are not well understood. The current study therefore examined the correspondence between RPE, HR, and blood lactate concentration ([La]) during interval cycling. VO2peak and the 4.0 mmol x L(-1) lactate threshold were determined. In session 2, subjects (N = 12) warmed up (10 min, 0 W) a...

This simulation study investigated the robustness of structural equation modeling to different degrees of nonnormality under 2 estimation methods, generalized least squares and maximum likelihood, and 4 sample sizes, 100, 250, 500, and 1,000. Each of the slight and severe nonnormality degrees was comprised of pure skewness, pure kurtosis, and both...

The relationships among instrumentality, task value, and intrinsic orientation were investigated among undergraduate students. The sample comprised 207 undergraduates who were participating in a lower-division human development course. Results confirm that endogenous instrumentality is an independent construct, which—although related to task value...

ABSTRACTS This study tested a hypothesis about the growth of word knowledge in kindergarten/first‐grade readers. It was predicted that (a) phoneme awareness develops in phases and (b) concept of word in text (ability to finger‐point read) interacts with phoneme awareness in the development of early reading skill. Structural equation modeling showed...

The purpose of this series of studies was to use a practical measure to examine the course of muscular endurance recovery after 3 sets to failure in 10 men (ages 18 to 30 years) and then compare those results with 10 men (ages 18 to 30 years) who performed 7 sets and 10 older men (ages 50 to 65 years) who performed 3 sets. Recovery as indicated by...

Humor is a pedagogical method that can be used for engaging students in the exciting world of statistics and for fostering concept development. Although typical statistics textbooks contain little or no humor, relevant humor is readily available from other sources. Thus, it is up to statistics instructors to find humor to use in their teaching. The...

Objective. This research study tested a social cognitive model in which family socioeconomic status (SES) and neighborhood quality predicted parental efficacy, which then predicted the academic and social-emotional adjustment of adolescents through 3 parental behaviors (monitoring, parental involvement, and parent-adolescent communication). Design....

Personal heat strain monitoring provides the best means for maximizing worker safety and productivity in hot jobs. The present study compared methods for reducing the environmental effect on aural canal temperature in an attempt to reduce the predictive error of a personal heat stress monitor (QST) and a simple ear thermistor (EAR). Subjects underw...

A person-process-context ecological systems model (Bronfenbrenner, 1992) provided an organizing framework for examining student and parental perceptions of school safety among national samples of both adolescents and their parents. Structural equation modeling was used to test a model with paths between demo-graphic characteristics, school processe...

Sweat lactate is at least partly derived from eccrine-gland metabolism. This study examined whether potential age-associated changes in sweat rate and skin blood flow influence sweat lactate. Six middle-aged (51.5 ± 3.8 years) and 6 younger (25.8 ± 1.5 years) men similar in VO2max, height, weight, percent body fat, and surface area completed consta...