Richard Edward Hoare

Landscape connectivity operates at a variety of scales, depending on the geography of the area in question and the focal species or ecological process under consideration. Most connectivity studies, however, are typically focused on a single scale, which in the case of resistance‐based connectivity modelling, is often the entire landscape or protec...

The potential success of wildlife damage prevention measures can be significantly increased by taking the natural behaviour of animals into account, identifying ways in which some species have already adapted to the presence of humans and applying this knowledge elsewhere. It is also important to understand how individual differences in behaviour (...

As human-wildlife conflicts become more frequent, serious and widespread worldwide, they are notoriously challenging to resolve, and many efforts to address these conflicts struggle to make progress. These Guidelines provide an essential guide to understanding and resolving human-wildlife conflict. The Guidelines aim to provide foundations and prin...

Attempts to deter elephants from entering crop fields and human settlements in Africa have used various barriers (e.g. electric fences, chilli fences, beehive fences or plant barriers), situated on or very near the boundaries of fields or villages, with rather variable success. We explored a very simple new barrier concept based upon re-arranging t...

Malicious, commercial or retaliatory poisoning of wildlife is increasing across Africa, including the killing of elephants (Loxodonta africana) to supply the illegal ivory trade. Regional differences exist in the types of poisons used by poachers and in Zimbabwe cyanide has become more commonly employed in recent years – sourced illegally from its...

The further refinement and re-assessment of human–elephant conflict (HEC) mitigation methods that has occurred since 2003 can be summarized into biological, physical, and governance categories. The most important distinction is between those measures applied against animals and used within the conflict zone, which are mostly used in the shorter ter...

Humans and wildlife have coexisted for millennia, but conflicts often occur and are intensifying with rapid growth of human populations and concomitant shrinkage and isolation of wildlife habitats (Woodroffe, 2000; Conover, 2002; Graham et al., 2005). Human-wildlife conflict usually involves large carnivores, mega-herbivores and keystone species th...

Long-term studies in the Serengeti have provided important insights into how multiple approaches can be effectively deployed for generating and analyzing essential data on the dynamics and impacts of pathogens on different hosts and the concomitant effects on ecosystem function. This research has been used to inform conservation and public health p...

For communities living around the Serengeti, wildlife is often regarded as a burden causing significant losses of crops and livestock at the household level, large opportunity costs of lost grazing and farmland held in protected areas and immediate dangers to human life and wellbeing. As agricultural land becomes more scarce and local sources of in...

Significance Morbilliviruses are a growing concern because of their ability to infect multiple species. The spill-over of canine distemper virus (CDV) from domestic dogs has been associated with severe declines in wild carnivores worldwide, and therefore mass dog vaccination has been suggested as a potential control strategy. Focusing on three deca...

We investigated peste des petits ruminants (PPR) infection in cattle and wildlife in northern Tanzania. No wildlife from protected ecosystems were seropositive. However, cattle from villages where an outbreak had occurred among small ruminants showed high PPR seropositivity, indicating that spillover infection affects cattle. Thus, cattle could be...

It has been known for decades that wild baboons are naturally infected with Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes the diseases syphilis (subsp. pallidum), yaws (subsp. pertenue), and bejel (subsp. endemicum) in humans. Recently, a form of T. pallidum infection associated with severe genital lesions has been described in wild baboons at Lake...

Treponema paraluiscuniculi is identical to Treponema denticola ATCC 35405 at five informative genetic sites, while T. pallidum subsp. pallidum is identical to T. denticola at none. (DOCX)

The importance of wildlife as reservoirs of African trypanosomes pathogenic to man and livestock is well recognised. While new species of trypanosomes and their variants have been identified in tsetse populations, our knowledge of trypanosome species that are circulating in wildlife populations and their genetic diversity is limited. MOLECULAR PHYL...

The systematic study of human–elephant conflict (HEC) and its mitigation began in the mid-1990s. The IUCN African Elephant Specialist Group and its Human–Elephant Conflict Working Group took the lead in research required and the subsequent dissemination of tools to manage the problem. Over 15 years we have now seen widespread application of HEC mit...

Two anaesthesia protocols with short-duration and partially reversible drug combinations were compared for anaesthesia quality and cardio-pulmonary dynamics in free-ranging lions (Panthera leo). A primary anaesthetic drug (ketamine) was separately combined with either of the two �2-adrenergic receptor agonists, medetomidine or detomidine. Thirty tw...

African swine fever (ASF) is an endemic disease of swine in Tanzania, involving complex transmission cycles between domestic pigs, African wild suids and ticks. ASFV usually induces an asymptomatic infection in wild African suids. The two wild herbivores are ubiquitous due to extensive protected areas in the country of about 30% of the land cover....

Ticks transmit a greater variety of pathogens to mammals than any other blood-sucking arthropod vector, predisposing susceptible individuals to infection with clinical symptoms. A study was conducted to determine the range of haemoparasites in ticks that can pose a health risk to susceptible animals in the Ngorongoro Crater. Questing ticks were col...

1. Anthrax is endemic throughout Africa, causing considerable livestock and wildlife losses and severe, sometimes fatal, infection in humans. Predicting the risk of infection is therefore important for public health, wildlife conservation and livestock economies. However, because of the intermittent and variable nature of anthrax outbreaks, associa...

Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax, is responsible for varying death rates among animal species. Difficulties in case detection, hazardous or inaccessible carcasses, and misdiagnosis hinder surveillance. Using case reports and a new serologic assay that enables multispecies comparisons, we examined exposure to and illness caused...

The authors describe genital alterations and detailed histologic findings in baboons naturally infected with Treponema pallidum. The disease causes moderate to severe genital ulcerations in a population of olive baboons (Papio hamadryas anubis) at Lake Manyara National Park in Tanzania. In a field survey in 2007, 63 individuals of all age classes,...

Human–elephant conflict (HEC) is widespread in Africa and occurs across all biogeographical regions of the species range. HEC involves not only agricultural losses, but also a complex social dimension in the most affected sector, subsistence farming. Agricultural losses involve damage to food crops, cash crops, and even food in storage, with absorp...

A sero-survey was conducted in buffalo and wildebeests in Ngorongoro Crater and Serengeti National Park (SNP) collectively known as Serengeti ecosystem to establish the level of exposure to Brucella arbortus. Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination test and Competitive ELISA were used serially in the analysis of 205 serum samples. The results indicated tha...

In 2001, Ngorongoro Crater was infested with high density of ticks on grassland, livestock and wildlife which was also associated with high mortality. Adult ticks were collected, identified, processed for nucleic acids extraction and a molecular analysis was performed to determine the range of tick species harboring Anaplasma marginale. The real-ti...

Equid herpesvirus 9 (EHV-9) was isolated from a herd of Thomson's gazelles affected by encephalitis. The natural host of EHV-9 is unknown, but zebras are suspected to be the source of infection in gazelles. To prove this hypothesis, we analyzed 43 sera from Burchell's zebras (Equus burchelli) and 21 Thomson's gazelles (Gazella thomsoni) from the Se...

Haemotropic Mycoplasma species are pathogens that can cause haemolytic anaemia in susceptible mammalian species worldwide. The cause of haemolysis is due to membrane damage through stimulation of IgM cold agglutinins production, which induces autoimmune haemolysis of infected erythrocytes. A study was conducted to establish the prevalence of Mycopl...

Knowledge of infection reservoir dynamics is critical for effective disease control, but identifying reservoirs of multi-host pathogens is challenging. Here, we synthesize several lines of evidence to investigate rabies reservoirs in complex carnivore communities of the Serengeti ecological region in northwest Tanzania, where the disease has been c...

Horses kept for recreational riding purposes by a wildlife tourism company in a heavily tsetse fly-infested region of north-western Tanzania were systematically monitored to investigate the occurrence, presentation and management of tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis. During a 23-month period, 18 clinical cases were diagnosed (Trypanosoma brucei or...

Wild mammals in Africa mostly have high levels of innate resistance to haemoparasites and the tick vectors that transmit them. Occasionally though, biotic and abiotic factors combine to alter this relationship and tick-borne disease is diagnosed in wildlife. We postulate an inter-relationship between anthropogenic and natural factors that resulted...

A standardized data collection system recommended by the African Elephant Specialist Group to record and assess human–elephant conflict was used in subsistence agricultural areas to the east of the Selous Game Reserve in Tanzania. Nine enumerators were recruited, trained and supervised to collect primary data on elephant damage incidents in 38 rura...

The IUCN African Elephant Specialist Group (AfESG) has had a Human–Elephant Conflict Working Group since 1996. To begin investigating HEC, carefully specified topics initially were identified and studied. Later, management-related outputs were produced in the form of guides to help mitigate the problem, culminating in the production in 2001 of a ‘d...

The future persistence of African elephants over the 80 per cent of the species's range that remains outside protected areas is increasingly uncertain in many parts of the continent. Conflict between elephants and agriculturalists is already widespread and can lead to displacement or elimination of elephants, causing a further decline in their rang...

Lions (Panthera leo) resident around the shores of Lake Kariba in Zimbabwe are vulnerable if their home ranges include communal lands inhabited by subsistence farmers. The primary cause of death is strangulation in wire snares set by game-meat poachers but illegal poisoning of carcasses, legal safari hunting and natural predation also contribute to...

The pressing problem of human–elephant conflict has attracted considerable conservation interest and is increasingly being studied in Africa under an initiative spearheaded by AfESG. Important ideas are beginning to emerge from recent research that may be directly relevant to managing ‘problem elephants’. One of these concerns the persistence of pr...

During a study of elephant biology in Zimbabwe a relatively simple opportunity arose to document the effects of habitat and topography on the aerial visibility of elephants. This involved relocating individually radiocollared elephants concurrent with aerial census of the population to which they belonged. Sightings of elephants were considered ‘fa...

A Human–Elephant Conflict Taskforce of the IUCN African Elephant Specialist Group (AfESG) has been working on this key issue for elephant conservation. It is now making available a number of products that it would like people to use and comment on. The plan is to establish a standardized approach with a feedback loop so that research results are co...

Notes the development recognition of the need for and the development of the Taskforce focused on human elephant conflict (HEC) - a 5 person group offically established by AfESG in 1997. During the first phase, yielded aN inventory of conflict sites, a bibliography of available literature, a list of priority topics for further investigation, and te...

Individual elephants have been routinely immobilized by remote injection (darting) methods for research, translocation or the treatment of injuries. Any operation to immobilize an elephant is both expensive and a considerable logistical exercise in which much can go wrong. Logistical problems, veterinary complications, danger to people and wastage...

1. The resolution of direct conflict between humans and elephants in Africa has become a serious local political issue in recent years, and a continental conservation problem. ‘Problem elephants’ damage crops, food stores and water sources, and sometimes threaten human life. 2. Eighty per cent of the African elephant's range lies outside formally p...

The decline in the range and numbers of elephants as a result of expanding human activity in Africa is recognized as one of the continent's more serious conservation problems. Understanding the relationship between human settlement patterns and elephant abundance is fundamental to predicting the viability of elephant populations. The prevailing mod...

Savanna elephant populations in the Sebungwe region of north-west Zimbabwe were studied over a large range (15,000km2) consisting of spatial mosaics of natural habitat and human land use. Abundance, spatial organisation and social ecology of elephants were compared between populations resident in (a) areas protected for wildlife and (b) communal la...

Typescript (original) Thesis (D.Phil)--University of Zimbabwe, 1997. Includes bibliography.

With increasing frequency, the management of elephants outside protected areas in Africa has to address the problem of conflict between elephants and people in rural, agricultural situations. In the last decade, three major changes have occurred in the process of human-elephant interaction: the conflict interface has generally increased, even where...

The varying reasons are outlined for needing to control the movements or otherwise manage a wide range of African animal wildlife species by means of fencing. In all cases there is an underlying conflict of interest between people and animals — principally the larger mammals. Fencing is seen as the most powerful tool in this process of land-use div...