Richard Jerome Harris

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• PhD, Stanford, 1968
• Professor Emeritus at University of New Mexico

Classical statistical inference is a useful tool in determining whether sufficient evidence has been marshaled to establish the direction of a population effect. If p (the probability that a sample effect as large as or larger than the observed effect size would be obtained when sampling from a population in which the effect size is zero) is very l...

Ratings of and paired comparisons among long-play recordings (LPs) showed a very slight tendency (statistically significant for a few Ss on a few measures) to prefer LPs judged only a few times to those LPs which were seen on each replication of the experiment.

Egyptology relies on traditional descriptive methods. Here we show that modern, Internet-based science and statistical methods can be applied to Egyptology. Two four-thousand-year-old sarcophagi in one tomb, one within the other, with skeletal remains of a woman, gave us the opportunity to diagnose a congenital nervous system disorder in the absenc...

Statistical analyses. (DOCX)

Online information. (DOCX)

An abnormally increased activation in anterior brain networks, accompanied by normal task performance, has been reported in studies on biological mechanisms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We test a hypothesis, that this phenomenon, deemed specific to OCD, will be compromised by a very difficult task, which may lead to reduced cortical info...

Dimensions of Traditional Nomothetic Research Methods Traditional Nomothetic Research Methods Related to DimensionsAssorted Points about Nomothetic ApproachesWhither Hence?

To track entering-class enrollments in primary programs in radiography, nuclear medicine technology, and radiation therapy and to anticipate trends in numbers entering those disciplines. The American Society of Radiologic Technologists' annual Enrollment Snapshot of Radiography, Radiation Therapy, and Nuclear Medicine Educational Programs has surve...

In a between-subjects design, 46 male and 101 female Australian university students rated a target person described as male or female, overweight or average weight, and wearing glasses or not, on twelve 7-point rating scales. As predicted, a negative stereotype of the overweight person and a complex one of the person with glasses were found. Howeve...

Classical statistical inference is a useful tool in determining whether sufficient evidence has been marshaled to establish the direction of a population effect. If p (the probability that a sample effect as large as or larger than the observed effect size would be obtained when sampling from a population in which the effect size is zero) is very l...

Event-related potentials (ERPs) and performance correlates of inhibition of responses to no-go stimuli were investigated in 6-12-year-old children and young adults. The percent of correct responses to go stimuli was high and similar in both groups; the percent of false alarm errors to no-go was significantly higher in children. Effective inhibition...

Though it has enjoyed widespread popularity, Gorski's post-acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS) model of relapse has been subjected to little scientific scrutiny. A scale to operationalize Gorski's 37 warning signs was developed and tested in a larger prospective study of predictors of relapse. Of central interest were: (1) whether the warning signs hy...

In two clinical samples, alcohol consumption, other drug use, and tobacco use were measured at approximately 6 months following admission of individuals into treatment. Using only the alcohol consumption variables, cluster analyses with several different solutions consistently identified abstinent, moderate, and unremitted groups. With the addition...

Chow's book should be read only by those who already have a firm enough grasp of the logic of significance testing to separate the few valid, insightful points from the many incorrect statements and misrepresentations.

An alternative strategy for computing factor scores was introduced and compared to a popular contemporary scoring procedure. The new strategy involved unit-weighted composites of the standardized items that possessed salient factor score coefficients. Within the context of a sampling model, this strategy was shown to be superior to the common metho...

A developmental chronometry hypothesis of early brain damage is suggested in which regions of the brain with a protracted course of postnatal development will be more vulnerable than earlier maturing areas to deleterious effects of early insult and, therefore, may become common sites of abnormality across many disorders originating in early childho...

Persons with autism may have particular difficulty on tasks that require a great degree of interplay and plasticity of inhibitory and switching processes, such as new tasks with poorly defined rules. We chose five executive function tests with varying degrees of rule constraint to assess the flexibility of selective inhibition/switching abilities i...

Predictors of relapse to drinking were examined in a clinical sample of 122 individuals seeking outpatient treatment for alcohol problems. Drinking status and a variety of predictor variables were measured every two months for one year following presentation for treatment. In addition to pretreatment characteristics, potential antecedents of relaps...

Null-hypothesis significance tests (NHST), properly used, tell us whether we have sufficient evidence to be confident of the sign of the population effect - but only if we abandon two-valued logic in favor of Kaiser's (1960) three-alternative hypothesis tests. Confidence intervals provide a useful addition to NHSTs, and can be used to provide the s...

Examined predictors of relapse to drinking in 122 Ss seeking outpatient treatment for alcohol problems. Drinking status and a variety of predictor variables were measured every 2 mo for 1 yr following presentation for treatment. In addition to pretreatment characteristics, potential antecedents of relapse were assessed at each point within 5 domain...

Despite publication of many well-argued critiques of null hypothesis testing (NHT), behavioral science researchers continue to rely heavily on this set of practices. Although we agree with most critics' catalogs of NHT's flaws, this article also takes the unusual stance of identifying virtues that may explain why NHT continues to be so extensively...

The behavior and event-related potentials (ERPs) of high functioning subjects with autism (Autism group) were contrasted with the results of normal controls (Control group) during a focused visual attention, a focused auditory attention and a visual/auditory divided attention task. Detecting targets by the Autism group in the cross-modal divided at...

Reviews the book, Message Effects Research: Principles of Design and Analysis by Sally Jackson (1992). This marshalling of the arguments for treating messages as random factors in research on message effects exemplifies--in addition to a failure of truth in titling--the evolution of arguments in support of a position that one's audience just does n...

Justice, equity, and fairness are central concerns of everyday life, whether we are assessing the fairness of individual acts, social programmes, or institutional policies. This book explores how the distribution of costs and benefits determine our intuition about fairness and why individual behaviour sometimes deviates from normative theories of j...

For a wide range of tests of single-df hypotheses, the sample size needed to achieve 50% power is readily approximated by setting N such that a significance test conducted on data that fit one's assumptions perfectly just barely achieves statistical significance at one's chosen alpha level. If the effect size assumed in establishing one's N is the...

Interpretation of emergent variables on the basis of structure coefficients (zero order correlations between original and emergent variables) is potentially very misleading and should be avoided in favor of interpretation on the basis of scoring coefficients. This is most apparent in multiple regression analysis and its special case, two-group disc...

Students from several rural, Southwestern schools rated family, television, teachers and doctors as the most important of 11 sources of information about various health topics. However, doctors were only the fifth-ranked source of information about sex and reproduction and the seventh-ranked source of information about drugs, with friends being the...

A cautionary tale demonstrates that relationships between linear composites of variables can be identified via canonical correlation analysis, providing that the resulting canonical variates are interpreted on the basis of the canonical-variate weights (the combining weights used in computing scores on the canonical variates) and not on the basis o...

Meaningful critical values of the greatest characteristic root (g.c.r.) distribution exist for n = 0 and for n = -.5. Formulas and tables to aid in determining g.c.r, critical values for those cases and for n > 1000 are provided.

One hundred and forty-four male and female Australian subjects rated an Australian or a Vietnamese target group on the possession of five socially desirable and five socially undesirable personality traits. As predicted, the out-group was perceived less favourably than the in-group, but only by the males, the females not making the distinction.

Messick and Sentis found greater support for weak proportionality in subjects' outcome allocations (suggesting that subjects wish to maintain a constant ratio between outcomes across situations when inputs are held constant) than for constant differences between outcomes. They claimed that their data thus provided stronger support for Adams' ratio...

Tested the hypothesis that performance in the group situation is inhibited as a result of group members' anticipation that their ideas will be critically evaluated by fellow group members. 152 undergraduates participated in 4-member groups. Ss brainstorming alone were led to anticipate immediate or delayed evaluation regarding either the quality of...

Subjects' ratings of the fairness of a set of suggested allocations in hypothetical, four-person partnerships demonstrated that an ordinal relationship between inputs and outcomes is not a sufficient definition of equity. Subjects' suggestions for fair distributions of outcomes failed to conform to G. W. Walster's (Representative Research in Social...

357 undergraduates were Ss in 3 experiments in which a sizable minority of Ss asked to allocate final outcomes of a group effort as fairly as possible assigned each participant an equal share, regardless of differential contributions. On the other hand, Ss asked instead to allocate shares of the expenses (i.e., the difference between contribution a...

The main reason for suspecting that transhistorical validity may be more difficult to achieve for social than for physical theories is that incorporating enlightenment effects into social theories may lead to an infinite regress. Such infinite regresses are not an uncommon problem in science, however, and effective strategies for dealing with them...

The nearly universal practice of testing the statistical significance of individual discriminant functions and coefficients of canonical correlation by treating the residuals after successive terms of Wilks' lambda = U = -M Σ[SUP9,SUBi=1]. In (1-r[SUBi,SUP2]) have been subtracted as if the individual components were independently chi-square distrib...

Use of the Bonferroni t-test procedure often requires computation of “odd” critical values of Student's t. The formula given by Perlmutter and Myers (1973) for computing such critical values provides very inaccurate estimates for low degrees of freedom and/or for the small values of at which often arise in applications of the Bonferroni t. Zelen an...

Equity research has been based on defining formulae that do not necessarily imply the hypotheses thought to have been derived from them and that are not consistent with empirical data cited as supporting equity theory. Neither Adams' (1965) ratio definition nor Walster et al.'s (1970, 1972, 1973) formula satisfy the fundamental criterion that, when...

Examples spanning 20 years and various areas of social psychology illustrate the great difficulty of knowing what implications do or do not follow the postulates of verbally stated theories. Reliance on verbally stated theories in preference to mathematical or computer-simulation models thus severs a vital link in the hypothetico-deductive chain.

An extension of Harris' (1969a) classification system permits classification of the interval-scale properties of any 2× 2 (two person, two choice) game. The system is compared to taxonomies developed by Rapoport and Guyer (1966), Hamburger (1969), Harris (1969a), and Wolf (1969). It is shown to provide compact summaries, on four or fewer two-dimens...

Three sub-scales of the MMPI (Sc, Pa, and Stein's recently devised Suspicion scale) had low positive correlations with two interview-derived indices of paranoia in a sample of 44 patients who had been classified by the staffs of their wards as either clearly paranoid or clearly non-paranoid.

No interpretation of Howard's (4) theory of meta-games has been offered which lessens the paradox of the one-trial Prisoner's Dilemma game, and the theory as stated is not relevant to the iterated PD.

Thesis (M.A.)--Dept. of Psychology, Stanford University. Bibliography: leaves 46-48.

Incluye bibliografía e índice

Amnon Rapoport's solution to the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) is shown to be applicable only when (1) each player's response on Trial n depends only on the outcome on Trial -1 (and on the length of the present "run" of the outcome), and (2) this dependence is deterministic only for the player offered the solution. General algebraic expressions...

The logic of Nigel Howard's theory of meta-games, hailed by Anatol Rapoport as providing a normative solution to the one-play Prisoner's Dilemma game, actually applies only to a refereed version of that game.

Modified J. W. Brehm's (see 34:4) postdecision change paradigm to require several decisions from each S to provide for measurement of postdecision changes in choice probabilities and ratings, and to provide a control for the effects of changes in the availability of alternatives. 20 undergraduates served as Ss. Results support choice frequency as a...

Assessment of comparability among experimental game studies is aided by a two-dimensional geometric classification system for all 2 × 2 games which “look the same,” up to a linear transformation, to the two players. Each game is represented as a point on a plane whose two coordinates, r3 and r4, are readily calculated from the entries of the game m...

2 studies examined the relationship between rating scale responses and pairwise choice probabilities in individuals' judgments of identifiable stimuli. The hypothesis that the probability of choosing the higher rated of 2 clearly discriminable stimuli is a step function of the difference in mean ratings (i.e., unity for "sufficiently large" differe...

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Dept. of Psychology, Stanford University, 1968. Bibliography: leaves 71-72.