Ricardo Rosas

Pontifical Catholic University of Chile | UC · Escuela de Psicología

The recent appearance and massive user adoption of ChatGPT and related technologies is rapidly turning AI from what to most people was once merely a distant concern based in theoretical speculation into one of the most pressing and significant developments we are facing as individuals and as a society. In order to better navigate the abrupt changes...

This paper aims, using some examples from Artificial Intelligence research, to show that passing the Turing test depends more on the cognitive characteristics of the test experimenters than on the machines subjected to the test. Furthermore, it aims to show that simulators that pass the Turing test will always have a certain degree of indeterminacy...

Adapting a test from one language to another is no easy task. The literal translation of the items is certainly not enough since the meanings and references change from one language to another. In the case of Spanish adaptations, the problem becomes even more complex, as there are many varieties of Spanish, almost as many as Spanish-speaking countr...

The objective of this study is to present the process of adaptation and validation of the German reading comprehension test ELFE II (Lenhard et al., 2017) for Spanish. Both languages exhibit comparable orthographic depth but differ in their word material due to their different origins (Romanic vs. Germanic language roots). We reconstructed the test...

Introduction Students with special educational needs (SEN) have historically found participating in the regular education system challenging. Since the 1990s, inclusion has been considered the optimal strategy for their development. However, the effects of inclusive education on deaf and blind students are still little studied. Methods In the pres...

Learning to read for children with Down syndrome is relevant because of the impact this ability has on learning and the development of autonomy. Previous research has described reading development in this population, but it is not clear if the process and precursors are the same in a transparent language like Spanish. This study explores performanc...

Executive functions are psychological processes of great importance for proper functioning in various areas of human development, including academic performance. For this reason, from both clinical and educational perspectives, there is great interest in how they are assessed. This article describes the development and standardization process of Ye...

This research aims to evaluate the predicting role of executive functions, specially inhibition and flexibility, in reading comprehension. Participants were evaluated with inhibition and flexibility measures in first- grade, and later in third- grade their reading comprehension, oral and silent reading fluency, as well as their decoding skills were...

Simposio test de evaluación cognitiva en contextos educativos Ponencia 1. Yellow Red: evaluación de funciones ejecutivas para niñas y niños. Ricardo Rosas Las funciones ejecutivas son un constructo relevante en el ámbito de la neuropsicología por su relación con el desempeño académico. Se presentará el desarrollo, estandarización y proceso de int...

Resumen Desde finales del siglo XX, la inclusión escolar se ha visto como una forma eficiente de abordar las necesidades educativas especiales desde una mirada de los derechos de los estudiantes. Es decir, el derecho de recibir una educación adecuada a su edad, y de participar de la cultura escolar. Sin embargo, las estrategias de implementación so...

Executive functions are essential in today's society as they allow us to focus on our goals, analyze situations and plan our actions. The development of executive functions has a substantial slope during preschool age and strongly impacts the school readiness of children. However, not all students develop these skills in the same way; various condi...

ABSTRACT: The Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) is a screening test that measures executive functions. Although this instrument has been validated in several countries, its diagnostic utility in a Chilean population has not been studied yet. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to (1) adapt FAB in a Chilean population; (2) study the psychometric properties...

La Escala Wechsler de Inteligencia para Niños — Quinta Edición es la más reciente actualización de estas escalas. Esta nueva edición fue lanzada el año 2014 en Estados Unidos y presenta mejoras relevantes respecto de versiones anteriores, como una estructura factorial actualizada que incluye un mayor número de indicadores, nuevos puntajes de proces...

This study investigated the repercussions of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the subsequent quarantine on the emotional well-being of children in their initial years of formal schooling, with particular emphasis on children with special educational needs (SEN) and children from high and low socioeconomic statuses (SES). This longitudinal study e...

The socio-emotional skills have an impact on both student’s academic performance and on their social and emotional development. Several investigations have raised the effectiveness of programs aimed to the promotion of socio-emotional skills at school. The present study assessed the impact of the Aprender a SER program on a sample of 153 students a...

There is resounding evidence of the existence of direct precursors of written language, most specifically phonological awareness, letter recognition, vocabulary, and oral comprehension. The initial differences identified in the development of written language precursors are directly related to subsequent students' academic trajectories. Socioeconom...

Home Literacy Environment (HLE) plays a fundamental role in the development of reading and writing skills in children. Evidence suggests differences in HLE components based on cultural and idiosyncratic characteristics. Most studies show a relationship between contextual variables with the quality of HLE in typically developing (TD) children. There...

The implementation of inclusive education systems is a challenge both at the school level and with respect to the development of public policies that support it. The present research compared the results obtained in cognitive skills, reading precursors, initial mathematics and emotional problems in initial education students, 29 of them with visual...

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto del juego sobre el desarrollo de las funciones ejecutivas (FE) en niños de edad preescolar. Se diseñaron 32 juegos de aplicación colectiva con foco en promover el desarrollo de los 3 componentes principales de las FE: inhibición cognitiva y conductual, memoria de trabajo y flexibilidad cognitiva. S...

There is resounding evidence of the existence of direct precursors of written language, most specifically phonological awareness, letter knowledge, vocabulary, and oral comprehension. The initial differences identified in the development of written language precursors are directly related to subsequent students’ academic trajectories. Socioeconomic...

Play is a fundamental activity in early childhood and a source of cognitive development. One ludic activity in early childhood is drawing, a semiotic activity in which children can build and transform symbols and meanings in a way to reflect their thoughts and emotions. However, drawing has a visual component that is a challenge for some children w...

In compulsory education in Chile, Deaf students and their teachers must navigate through an educational system that relies heavily on verbal language to validate and communicate knowledge. Most educational resources available to students have been produced for and within a hearing community, privileging sound and written verbal materials over other...

Musical sophistication is a psychometric construct that can be measured both in people with musical training and without training. Through backgrounds related to musical activities in their lifetime, and other indicators referring to their current events, the person's musical sophistication can be estimated with a relatively high level of reliabili...

Esta investigación forma parte de la tesis de doctorado del primer autor, dirigida por el segundo autor, que tuvo como objetivo principal indagar en diversos aspectos cognitivos y su asociación al entrenamiento musical. Este capítulo presenta el resumen de tres estudios, que muestran una visión detallada del entrenamiento musical instrumental, y su...

This study explores the cognitive profiles of different types of expert musician adults, and suggests a frame of separation to categorize them according to the musical instrument they play. These differences would be based on the core elements of music (rhythm, melody and harmony), which activate the nervous system differently in expert adult music...

Este estudio ofrece un análisis de la evidencia de validez y confiabilidad para el uso de TADI, según los estándares internacionales, en infantes y niños chilenos con síndrome de Down (SD). Participaron 48 niños de Santiago, La Calera y Rancagua, incorporados tras muestreo no-probabilístico, con diagnóstico médico confirmado de SD y sus pares con d...

Las funciones ejecutivas son consideradas como habilidades centrales para el éxito en diversos ámbitos de la vida, dentro de los cuales destaca el desempeño escolar. Es por esto que su evaluación se ha vuelto un tema de gran importancia. Pese a esto, no existen instrumentos desarrollados para niños que presenten evidencias de validez y confiabilida...

This paper compares the Special Education Systems form Chile, Spain and Finland, from the perspective of the unesco Salamanca Statement on Special Education Needs (SEN). The following issues create a dialogue about the agreement reached in 1994: the general context of the educational systems of each country, their epistemological orientation regard...

This study aimed to analyze the initial state of reading precursors of children from different SES. We assessed 81 children from low SES and 76 children from high SES in five skills considered as precursors of reading. Significant differences, favorable to high SES children, were observed for all the precursors. However, there are some distinctions...

Access to written language is fundamental to have an appropriate performance in the school system. Children who struggles in reading acquisition process presents a higher rate of difficulties in their learning trajectories. There are multiples sources of these initial differences, and one of them is socioeconomic status (SES). Children who came fro...

This study aimed to test the impact of play on the development of executive functions (EFs) in preschoolers. Thirty-two games were designed to be collectively played in groups by 70 children, in their regular classes. The games were specifically designed to promote the development of the three components of EFs: inhibition (behavioral or cognitive)...

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo comparar el desempeño entre escolares de procedencia rural y los de procedencia urbana, en la Escala Wechsler de Inteligencia para Niños, quinta edición (WISC-V), a nivel de Coeficiente Intelectual Total (CIT), los cinco índices principales que aborda la escala y las quince subpruebas que la componen. Para est...

The relationship between music training and cognitive performance has been much explored over the last decades. A variety of evidence shows a different neurological and cognitive processing in the population who have undergone instrumental music training compared to people who have not. A review of the literature shows the many advantages in cognit...

Evaluación de la implementación de un programa para la promoción del desarrollo socioemocional en la escuela Introducción El desarrollo de las habilidades socioemocionales ha demostrado tener un alto impacto en la vida de los estudiantes. La escuela tiene un rol central en la promoción de su desarrollo. El programa Aprender a Ser busca promover el...

El modelo educacional chileno corresponde a un sistema que cuenta con tres tipos de educación altamente segmentados y homogéneos (municipal o público, particular subvencionado o de copago y particular pagado o privado), los cuales han ido polarizando sus características con el paso del tiempo. La homogeneidad vista en estos tres grupos es alarmante...

La Serie de publicaciones del Centro Justicia Educacional (CJE) “Prácticas para Justicia Educacional” está diri- gida al público general y a las comunidades educativas, especialmente a los padres, educadores, profesionales de inclusión y directivos escolares. Su propósito es orientar y apoyar su labor en los ámbitos de la inclusión pedagógica, soci...

The present study analyzes the relationships between the initial reading and the linguistic abilities and the family environment in which the deaf children are immersed. We will work with 30 deaf children between 5 and 8 years old, their proficiency in sign language and the development of reading precursors will be assessed. A survey will be sent t...

La Serie de publicaciones del Centro Justicia Educacional (CJE) “Prácticas para Justicia Educacional” está dirigida al público general y a las comunidades educativas, especialmente a los padres, educadores, profesionales de inclusión y directivos escolares. Su propósito es orientar y apoyar su labor en los ámbitos de la inclusión pedagógica, social...

p>La velocidad de denominación es uno de los principales predictores de la lectura especialmente en ortografías transparentes como el español. Si bien ha sido consistentemente estudiada al nivel de la lectura de palabras, pocos trabajos tratan de explicar su relación con la comprensión lectora. Desde la perspectiva del análisis de los componentes d...

El presente artículo describe el proceso de desarrollo y el producto final de un software para el apoyo de la enseñanza de mapudungun en la escuela. El proceso de desarrollo incorpora tres principios básicos para el diseño de este tipo de tecnologías: a) la participación activa de los beneficiarios principales, en este caso de las comunas de Galvar...

Intelligence research has shown that human cognitive capital is associated with the development of nations. This chapter summarizes the results presented in previous chapters in order to analyze the quality of the human capital available in the Latin American region compared to the existing human capital in a developed country (in this case Spain)....

The previous chapters discussed and summarized the structure of intelligence, effect of education, influence of socioeconomic status of school and students, cognitive sex differences, creativity, and human capital available in the Latin America region. Three strategies are suggested for the Latin American region to meet the challenges of the Fourth...

The area of sex differences is one of the most controversial subjects in social sciences, especially when significant differences are detected in the field of intelligence. In this chapter, we offer results from several studies conducted at specific and general levels of intelligence using a variety of different cognitive measures. Finally, we pres...

One century of intelligence research, generally performed on samples from developed countries, has shown the existence of a general model of intelligence (or g factor). In our study, we tested this model using data from the SLATINT Project. A positive manifold of correlations was found and results from SEM modeling (Structural Equation Modeling), u...

In this chapter, notions of psychometric intelligence and cognitive psychology were used to analyze individual differences in the ability to execute cognitive processes. Specifically, the performance of good and poor problem solvers through the analysis of the types of errors in the SPM test were studied. Additionally, the relationship between crea...

Three studies analyzed the effect of education and social variables on intelligence (represented by one cognitive measure and at the g level) using samples from the SLATINT Project. The results indicated that intelligence, as measured by one measure (e.g., the SPM or IR test), was slightly influenced by education or the SES of schools. However, whe...

This book presents the results of the most complete and updated assessment of cognitive resources of students in Latin America: the Study of Latin American Intelligence (SLATINT). During four years, top researchers of the region used a standardized set of cognitive measures to assess 4,000 students aged between 14 and 15 years from six countries: B...

Executive functions (EF) are a set of processes that allow individuals to plan, monitor and organize tasks and thus play a key role in the development of reading and maths skills. Environmental factors such as socioeconomic level (SEL) influence reading and maths skills as well as EFs. The aim of this study is to explore the extent to which executi...

Introduction Inferential reasoning (IR) is a major component of intelligence, which comprises many different cognitive processes such as perception, memory, and logic. Many studies have proposed that socioeconomic status (SES) has a negligible association with IR, but more recent findings suggest that they may have a higher association when evaluat...

We assessed Executive Functions (Working Memory, Inhibitory Control and Cognitive Flexibility) in 109 children at the start and end of kindergarten, and evaluated the predictive value of these measures on performance in mathematics and language skills in those children at the end of year one (12 and 18 months after the initial Executive Functions e...

This theoretical review attempts to carry out an overview of the concept of Executive Functions, exposing various facets emerging from the latest scientific developments, so that novice readers can begin to learn about the subject and those who are already familiar with it can update their knowledge. The review begins by explaining what is meant by...

Resumen La Biblia es la fuente principal de la revelación y libro fundamental de la fe cristiana, y por lo tanto debe estar al alcance de todas las personas. El siguiente documento describe el proceso de desarrollo de una Biblia Inclusiva adaptada para niños sordos y ciegos. Se presenta el marco teórico que sirve de fundamento a la propuesta y se d...

Objective: To describe the development of a scale to evaluate upper limb function (UL) in patients with DMD and SMA, and describe its validation process, which includes self-training for evaluators. Patients and method: The development of the scale included a review of published scales, an exploratory application of a pilot scale in healthy chil...

Reading difficulties have reached a prevalence of 3–10% in school-age children. Those who present these difficulties avoid reading and benefit very little from school-based learning opportunities, resulting in maladjustments, dropping out of school and having to repeat grades. Presented here are the results of an intervention based on a computer ga...

The present article refers to the implementation of a pilot workshop for the promotion of the socio-emotional development of fifth grade students through the creation of narratives with an inclusive content. The workshop comprised 7 sessions lasting 90 minutes, each of which involved collaborative activities oriented towards story creation. A two-p...

div class="page" title="Page 1"> Con el objetivo de validar la prueba de evaluación de competencia lectora ABCDeti en población infantil colombiana, se evaluaron 265 niños, entre los 5 y 8 años de edad, que cursaban entre transición y segundo de primaria, residentes en la ciudad de Cali (Colombia). Todos los participantes del estudio fueron evalua...

Introduction: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) causes significant disability and progressive functional impairment. Readily available instruments that assess functionality, especially in advanced stages of the disease, are required to monitor the progress of the disease and the impact of therapeutic interventions...

This study reports the analysis of results of a questionnaire designed to explore the beliefs of educators and members of management teams of early childhood schools about the use of technological resources as learning tools. The results indicated that the participants beliefs about the use of technology in the classroom are mainly positive and tha...

The present study aims to validate the reading test ABCDeti in Colombian schoolchildren. Two-hundred sixty-five children, aged 5 to 8 years old, between the grades of transition and second grade, all residents of Cali (Colombia), were assessed with two reading tests, ABCDeti and the dimensions of Habilidades metalingüísticas and Lectura from the ne...

The cognitive development of children requires the exploration of the environment. In children with neuromuscular diseases this exploration is limited, com- promising their development.The aim of this study is to assess a model of low-cost audiovisual stimulation. Two audiovisual stimulation portable vehicle (VEP, in Spanish), were used to apply th...

This paper addresses the problem of anxiety related to traditional assessment, which can affect assessment outcomes and underestimate the performance of subjects. Invisible assessment makes it possible to evaluate subjects without making them feel like they are being evaluated. Invisible evaluation tests were developed for touch screen tablets for...

As part of the project, “Study of the Latin-American Intelligence” (SLATINT), this study was conducted in six Latin American cities (Rosario-Argentina, Belo Horizonte-Brazil, Santiago-Chile, Bogota-Colombia, Mexico City-Mexico and Lima-Peru) and one European city (Madrid-Spain). The goal was to verify the effect of school performance on fluid intel...

Deficits in executive functions, specifically in working memory, have been associated with various learning difficulties. Therefore, it is a priority to develop technological resources for cognitive promotion that can be applied in the education of children and adolescents, aiding in enhancing learning and academic success. In this regard, the obje...

TENI (Test de Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil) is an instrument developed to assess cognitive abilities in children between 3 and 9 years of age. It is based on a model that incorporates games and technology as tools to improve the assessment of children's capacities. The test was standardized with two Chilean samples of 524 and 82 children li...

In this study the relationship between skills to distinguish musical variables and phonological awareness was studied in children between six and eight years of age. Previous studies in English report a connection between these skills; however, no studies of this kind have been done in Spanish. The results of this study indicate that this relations...

The journal Estudios de Psicologia enters a new era, in which all issues will be dedicated to monographic themes. These themes may be proposed by either the journal Editor or authors themselves, who may submit a positioning article on a topic in the frontiers of psychology (as defined in a previous Editor's comment, here translated into English and...

A partir de las escasas propuestas de intervención de la lectura en población infantil colombiana, el presente estudio tiene por objetivo evaluar el impacto de un programa de intervención de la lectura, centrado en juego y aprendizaje implícito, sobre el desempeño lector en niños con dificultades lectoras, inmediatamente después y seis meses poster...

Objective. Colombian scientific literature on reading acquisition and rehabilitation of reading difficulties is limited. For this reason, this study aims to prove the impact of an intervention program for reading, based on play and implicit learning, in children with non-specific reading disabilities, after finishing the program and 6 months later....

The relationship between intelligence and education is complex. While the matter has not been settled, there are theoretical models that consider intelligence as a product of education, closely related to reading skills. The quality of education plays a determinant effect upon intellectual development. This effect is even more important if the chil...

Los trastornos severos de la movilidad (TSM) se refieren a un conjunto amplio de patologías en las que se ve comprometida la capacidad de realizar movimien- tos voluntarios, involucrando no sólo la movilidad física, sino que también la comunicación y participación en la comunidad. Los avances médicos han mejorado notablemente las tasas de sobrevida...

La revista Estudios de Psicología está focalizada en explorar las fronteras de la Psicología. Este editorial difine qué debemos entender bajo este concepto, en una disciplina que no sólo carece de una ciencia normal, sino que ha permitido históricamente la coexistencia de varias.AbstractThe journal Estudios de Psicología focuses on exploring the fr...

El presente trabajo resume el desarrollo y evaluación preliminar de un sistema multimedial diseñado para apoyar la enseñanza de la lectoescritura de niños ciegos. El sistema desarrollado tiene por principal propósito superar las dificultades en el aprendizaje de la lectoes- critura de ciegos debida a la falta de motivación y a la dificultad que imp...

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults, fourth edition (WAIS-IV) is the gold standard for assessing cognitive abilities in adults from 16:00 to 90:11 years of age. Given the need to adjust this instrument to specific cultural characteristics, its standardization for Chilean population was undertaken. A purposive sample of 887 subjects was used,...