Ricardo J.S. Costa

• PhD, RD, APD, AdvSD
• Associate Professor (Reader) at Monash University (Australia)

This study examined gastrointestinal function, substrate utilization, and exercise performance differences in response to a gut-challenge between (1) female and male athletes, (2) young adult versus masters athletes, and (3) athletes with or without exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptom history (Ex-GIS). Fifty-three endurance athletes (43 ma...

It is now well-established that exercise can disturb various aspects of gastrointestinal integrity and function. The pathophysiology of these perturbations, termed “exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS),” can lead to exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptom (Ex-GIS) inconveniences. EIGS outcomes can impact physical performance and m...

This case-series describes a four-phase management approach implementing gastrointestinal assessment during exercise (GastroAxEx) to develop therapeutic interventions for athletes affected by exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms (Ex-GIS). Recreational to elite-level athletes who experienced recurrent severe Ex-GIS ( n = 9) and controls ( n...

Exercise perturbs various aspects of gastrointestinal integrity and function, which may lead to performance impeding gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) and/or precipitate clinical issues warranting medical management. This study aimed to determine the impact of prebiotic supplementation on gastrointestinal integrity and functional status in response t...

Gut-training has been shown to improve gastrointestinal tolerance, circulatory glucose availability, and exercise performance. The study aimed to investigate the effects of a repetitive feeding-challenge using fat versus carbohydrate (CHO) on markers of gastrointestinal function, glucose availability, and subsequent performance when challenged with...

Background Antarctic expeditions, although supported by scientific knowledge, face various challenges, with little research conducted to explore the physical demands that explorers experience. Objective To summarise physiological, psychological, body composition and nutritional changes faced during trek expeditions in the Antarctic’s continental p...

Purpose of Review Climate change is predicted to increase the frequency and severity of exposure to hot environments. This can impair health, physical performance, and productivity for active individuals in occupational and athletic settings. This review summarizes current knowledge and recent advancements in nutritional strategies to minimize the...

This study aimed to develop a low-fructose (<3 g/serve) carbohydrate (CHO) gel for athletes. Various prototypes with 30 g CHO/serve and differing water content (12 %, 21 %, 32 %, 39 % w/v) were created and evaluated for sensory attributes. The final gel contained 62.1 ± 0.2 g CHO/100 g with 0.17 % w/w fructose. Endurance athletes (n = 20) underwent...

An acute increase in intestinal epithelium permeability is induced by prolonged exertion in the heat, resulting in the translocation of pathogenic bacteria and endotoxins from the lumen into the circulation, causing a systemic inflammatory response and debilitating symptoms(1). Acute exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome mimics chronic health...

Sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) plants are grown in warmer climates throughout the world and processed to produce sugar as well as other useful byproducts such as molasses and bagasse. Sugarcane is rich in (poly)phenols, but there has been no attempt to critically evaluate the published information based on the use of suitable methodologies. The objectiv...

This study investigated the effects of a high carbohydrate diet, with varied fermentable oligo-, di-, and mono-saccharide and polyol (FODMAP) content, before endurance exercise on gastrointestinal integrity, motility, and symptoms; and subsequent exercise performance. Twelve endurance athletes were provided with a 48 h high carbohydrate (mean ± SD:...

The incidence of perturbed gastrointestinal integrity, as well as resulting systemic immune responses and gastrointestinal symptoms, otherwise known as exercised-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS), is common among individuals who partake in prolonged exercise. EIGS may cause the translocation of pathogenic material, including whole bacteria a...

This meta-data exploration aimed to determine the impact of exertional-heat stress (EHS) on gastrointestinal status of masters age and young adult endurance athletes. Sixteen MASTERS (mean: 44y) and twenty-one YOUNG (26y) recreational endurance athletes completed 2 h of running at 60% ˙V O2max in 35˚C ambient conditions. Blood samples were collecte...

Purpose : To investigate the effect of personalized sweat sodium replacement on drinking behavior, sodium and water balance, and thermophysiological responses during and after ultraendurance running in hot conditions. Methods : Nine participants (7 male, 2 female) completed two 5-hour treadmill runs (60% maximum oxygen uptake, 30°C ambient temperat...

The aim of this set of randomised cross‐over studies was to determine the impact of progressive heat exposure and carbohydrate or protein feeding during exertional stress on small intestine permeability using a dual sugar test. In our previous work, and typically in the field, recovery of lactulose and l‐rhamnose is measured cumulatively in urine....

Endurance exercise can disturb intestinal epithelial integrity, leading to increased systemic indicators of cell injury, hyperpermeability, and pathogenic translocation. However, the interaction between exercise, diet, and gastrointestinal disturbance still warrants exploration. This study examined whether a 6-day dietary intervention influenced pe...

Exertional-heat stress (EHS) compromises intestinal epithelial integrity, potentially leading to the translocation of pathogenic agents into circulation. This study aimed to explore the impact of EHS on the systemic circulatory bacterial profile and to determine the impact of a short-term low (LFOD) and high (HFOD) fermentable oligo- di- mono-sacch...

The study aimed to determine the effects of two differing amino acid beverage interventions on biomarkers of intestinal epithelial integrity and systemic inflammation in response to an exertional-heat stress challenge. One week after the initial assessment, participants ( n = 20) were randomly allocated to complete two exertional-heat stress trials...

Purpose Utilising metadata from existing exertional and exertional-heat stress studies, the study aimed to determine if the exercise-associated increase in core body temperature can predict the change in exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS) biomarkers and exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms (Ex-GIS). Method Endurance-trained...

Background Nutrition during exercise is vital in sustaining prolonged activity and enhancing athletic performance; however, exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS) and exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms (Ex-GIS) are common issues among endurance athletes. Despite this, there has been no systematic assessment of existing trials...

This study aimed to explore carbohydrate (CHO) knowledge, beliefs, and intended practices of endurance athletes who experience exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms (Ex-GIS) compared to those without Ex-GIS. A validated online questionnaire was completed by endurance athletes (n = 201) participating in >60 min of exercise that present with...

The study aimed to determine the test-retest reliability of exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS) biomarkers, and assess the association of pre-exercise short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration with these biomarkers in response to prolonged strenuous exercise. Thirty-four participants completed 2 h of high-intensity interval training...

The study aimed to determine the impact of exercise duration on gastrointestinal functional responses and gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) in response to differing exercise durations. Endurance runners (n=16) completed three trials on separate occasions, randomised to 1 h (1-H), 2 h (2-H) and 3 h (3-H) of running at 60% V̇O 2max in temperate ambient...

Introduction A systematic literature search was undertaken to assess the impact of pre-, pro-, and syn-biotic supplementation on measures of gastrointestinal status at rest and in response to acute exercise. Methods Six databases (Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cinahl, SportsDISCUS, Web of Science, and Scopus) were used. Included were human research studie...

This exploratory study investigated endurance athletes self-reported exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms (Ex-GIS) and associated strategies to manage symptomology. Adult endurance athletes with a history of Ex-GIS (n = 137) participating in events ≥ 60 min completed an online validated questionnaire. Respondents included runners (55%, n =...

Objectives Exertional-heat stress generates a thermoregulatory strain that exacerbates splanchnic hypoperfusion and sympathetic drive, but the effects on gastrointestinal function are poorly defined. The study aimed to determine the effects of exertional-heat stress on gastric myoelectrical activity, orocecal transit time (OCTT), and gastrointestin...

Increased resting systemic anti-inflammatory responses have previously been reported after a period of progressive resistance training (PRT) with daily consumption of a high-protein dairy beverage. The study aimed to investigate the independent and combined effects of consuming a high protein dairy milk beverage with or without a PRT on markers of...

Strenuous exercise is synonymous with disturbing gastrointestinal integrity and function, subsequently prompting systemic immune responses and exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms, a condition established as “exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome.” When exercise stress and aligned exacerbation factors (i.e., extrinsic and intrinsic) a...

Objectives This study aimed to determine the impact of running and cycling exercise modalities on the magnitude of exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS) and associated gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS). Design Parallel group trial design. Methods Twenty-eight endurance athletes (male n = 14, female n = 14) completed 2 h running at 55 %...

We implemented a multi-pronged strategy (MAX) involving chronic (2 weeks high carbohydrate [CHO] diet + gut-training) and acute (CHO loading + 90 g·h −1 CHO during exercise) strategies to promote endogenous and exogenous CHO availability, compared with strategies reflecting lower ranges of current guidelines (CON) in two groups of athletes. Ninetee...

Objective: To assess the test-retest reliability of submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy active older adults. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 41 adults enrolled in a clinical trial [mean (sd) aged 59 yrs (7); 29% females; and body mass index 24.5 kg/m2 (3.3)]. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed using a cycle ergomete...

The study aimed to investigate the impact of laboratory-controlled exertional and exertional-heat stress on concentrations of plasma endogenous endotoxin core antibody (EndoCAb). Forty-four (males n=26 and females n=18) endurance trained (V̇O2max 56.8min/kg/min) participants completed either: P1-2h high intensity interval running in 23°C ambient te...

Using metadata from previously published research, this investigation sought to explore: (1) whole-body total carbohydrate and fat oxidation rates of endurance (e.g., half and full marathon) and ultra-endurance runners during an incremental exercise test to volitional exhaustion and steady-state exercise while consuming a mixed macronutrient diet a...

Background: Female athletes often report higher gastro-intestinal symptoms (GIS) than males during endurance events, but it is currently unknown if differences in nutrition intake are a contributing factor. Aim: To determine sex differences in nutrition intake and GIS at a 56 km ultramarathon race. Methods: Forty-four (n= 18 female) participants of...

Background: ‘Exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome’ (EIGS) refers to gastrointestinal disturbances in response to exercise, commonly experienced by individuals undertaking strenuous exercise. Aim: Systematically review the literature into the beneficial or detrimental effect/s of pre-, pro-, and syn-biotics supplementation on gastrointestinal...

acids (SCFAs) attenuate exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS), through mechanisms strengthening intestinal epithelium. However, direct evidence for this has not been determined. Aim: To determine if pre-exercise plasma and (or) faecal SCFA concentration (total and differential) is associated with markers of epithelial integrity in respo...

This translational research case series describes the implementation of a gastrointestinal assessment protocol during exercise (GastroAxEx) to inform individualised therapeutic intervention of endurance athletes affected by exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS) and associated gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS). A four-phase approach was ap...

Participation in ultra-endurance running (UER) events continues to grow across ages, including youth athletes. The 50- and 100-km are the most popular distances among youth athletes. Most youth athletes are between 16–18 years; however, some runners younger than 12 years have successfully completed UER events. Parents, athletes, coaches, race direc...

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effects of an acute "train-low" nutritional protocol on markers of recovery optimization compared to standard recovery nutrition protocol. Methods: After completing a 2-hour high-intensity interval running protocol, 8 male endurance athletes consumed a standard dairy milk recovery beverage (CHO; 1.2 g/k...

Background Ageing is associated with a decline in skeletal muscle mass and function (strength and power), known as sarcopenia. Inadequate dietary protein and inactivity have been shown to accelerate sarcopenia outcomes, occurring at different rates in males and females. Regardless, active older adults who often exceed the exercise guidelines still...

This study aimed to investigate the associations of habitual protein intake in a cohort of active older adults including: daily relative protein intake, distribution of protein intake across main meals, and number of meals providing ≥0.4 g/kg body mass (BM) on outcomes of fat free mass (FFM), leg power, leg strength, and handgrip strength (HGS). Th...

Aim To develop and validate a questionnaire investigating endurance athletes' carbohydrate beliefs, knowledge, information sources, and other dietary and non-dietary practices related to exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms. Methods A questionnaire was developed by a review of relevant literature and sports-related questionnaires, and inp...

The study aimed to investigate the independent and combined effects of consuming a high-protein dairy milk beverage, twice daily, with or without a progressive resistance training (PRT) program on outcomes of age-related sarcopenia, in healthy active older (≥50 years) adults. In this 12-week, 2 × 2 factorial study, participants were randomly alloca...

Objectives: Researchers have begun delivering mindfulness and aerobic exercise training concurrently on the premise that a combination intervention will yield salutary outcomes over and above each intervention alone. An estimate of the effect of combination training on chronic psychosocial stress in a nonclinical population has not been establishe...

We compared the impact of two different, but commonly consumed, beverages on integrative markers of exercise recovery following a 2 h high intensity interval exercise (i.e., running 70–80% V̇O2max intervals and interspersed with plyometric jumps). Participants (n = 11 males, n = 6 females) consumed a chocolate flavored dairy milk beverage (CM: 1.2...

This study aimed to characterise recovery outcomes and repeated performance following 2h high-intensity interval training (HIIT) exercise, followed by consumption of 1.2g/kg body mass (BM) and 0.4g/kgBM of carbohydrate and protein, respectively, between biological sex and fitness status categories. Venous blood samples, muscle biopsies, BM, body wa...

This study aimed to determine the effects of flavored dairy milk based recovery beverages of different nutrition compositions on markers of gastrointestinal and immune status, and subsequent recovery optimisation markers. After completing 2 h high intensity interval running, participants (n = 9) consumed a whole food dairy milk recovery beverage (C...

It is the position of Sports Dietitians Australia (SDA) that exercise in hot and/or humid environments, or with significant clothing and/or equipment that prevents body heat loss (i.e., exertional heat stress), provides significant challenges to an athlete’s nutritional status, health, and performance. Exertional heat stress, especially when prolon...

Purpose: The study aimed to determine the effect of diurnal versus nocturnal exercise on gastrointestinal integrity and functional responses, plasma lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) and soluble CD14 (sCD14) concentrations (as indirect indicators of endotoxin responses), systemic inflammatory cytokine profile, gastrointestinal symptoms, and...

Background: Ageing is associated with a decline in skeletal muscle mass and function (strength and power), known as sarcopenia. Inadequate dietary protein and inactivity have been shown to accelerate sarcopenia outcomes, occurring at different rates in males and females. Regardless, active older adults who often exceed the exercise guidelines still...

Objectives The study aimed to examine if the α-diversity and relative abundance of the gastrointestinal bacterial taxa is associated with the response magnitude of markers characteristic of exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome in response to exertional-heat stress. Design Cross-sectional. Method Twenty-two endurance-trained athletes complet...

The study aimed to determine the impact of a dairy milk recovery beverage immediately after endurance exercise on leukocyte trafficking, neutrophil function, and gastrointestinal tolerance markers during recovery. Male runners ( N = 11) completed two feeding trials in randomized order, after 2 hr of running at 70% , fluid restricted, in temperate c...

Off-road running continues to grow in popularity, with differing event categories existing, and terminologies are often used interchangeably and without precision. Trail running, mountain running, skyrunning, fell running, orienteering, obstacle course racing and cross-country running all take place predominantly in off-road terrain. Ultramarathon...

Dear Editor: We read with interest the systematic literature review by Hanach et al. (1) published in the January issue of Advances in Nutrition. We congratulate the authors for writing a high-quality review and meta-analysis that provides valuable insight into the benefits of dairy proteins in the aging population, and the prevention and managemen...

The study aimed to determine the effects of 24-h high (HFOD) and low (LFOD) fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharide, and polyol (FODMAP) diets before exertional heat stress on gastrointestinal integrity, function, and symptoms. Eighteen endurance runners consumed a HFOD and a LFOD (double-blind crossover design) before completing 2 h of running at...

Objectives Researchers have begun delivering mindfulness and aerobic exercise training concurrently on the premise that a combination intervention will yield salutary outcomes over and above each intervention alone. An estimate of the effect of combination training on chronic psychosocial stress in a nonclinical population has not been established....

Objective.—The study aimed to comprehensively determine the impact of consuming a dairy milk beverage after prolonged strenuous exercise on hydration status. Methods.—Using a randomised crossover study design, 11 endurance male athletes consumed a chocolate flavoured dairy milk beverage (CM: 1.2g/kg carbohydrate and 0.4g/kg protein) or a carbohydra...

Objective.—The study aimed to examine whether differences in prerequisites to sarcopenia (i.e., skeletal muscle mass, strength and physical performance) exist between endurance trained (ET) and recreationally active (RA) older adults; and whether training status, age and protein intake have intended effects on these outcomes. Methods.—Using prelimi...

Objective.—Gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) are common in ultramarathon events, contributing to decrements in nutritional status, with potency to impact physical performance. The study aimed to determine the impact of ultra-formulated dehydrated meal consumption on GIS and nutritional status of ultra-endurance runners (UER) along a 136 km four-stage...

Objective.—Emerging evidence suggests the gastrointestinal commensal and pathogenic bacteria may potentially influence gastrointestinal perturbations in response to exertional-heat stress, with potential exercise performance and health implications. The study aimed to examine if the relative bacterial abundance and diversity of the intestinal micro...

Objective.—The study aimed to determine the impact of consuming a dairy milk beverage after prolonged strenuous exercise on gastrointestinal Methods.—Using a randomised crossover study design, 11 endurance male athletes consumed a chocolate flavoured dairy milk beverage (CM: 1.2g/kg carbohydrate and 0.4g/kg protein) or a carbohydrate-electrolyte be...

The impact of a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution with sodium alginate and pectin for hydrogel formation (CES-HGel), was compared to a standard CES with otherwise matched ingredients (CES-Std), for blood glucose, substrate oxidation, gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS; nausea, belching, bloating, pain, regurgitation, flatulence, urge to defecate, and d...

Purpose To determine the impact of altering dietary sodium intake for 3 days preceding exercise on sweat sodium concentration [Na⁺], and cardiovascular and thermoregulatory variables. Methods Fifteen male endurance athletes (runners n = 8, cyclists n = 7) consumed a low (LNa, 15 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹) or high (HNa, 100 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹) sodium diet, or their...

The food and fluid provided in the acute post-exercise period plays an essential role in endurance exercise recovery and adaptation. The current systematic literature review (SLR) aimed to identify and synthesize research that investigated the effect of dairy milk beverages in comparison to alternative post-exercise beverages on markers of 'exercis...

Exercise-associatedgastrointestinalsymptoms(GIS)inenduranceathletes arecommon andcan potentially leadto debilitating exercise performances and hampering of post-exercise recovery. This study aimed to determine the impact of pre- and post-exercise dietary fermentable oligo- di- monosaccharide and polyol (FODMAP) intake on GIS and breath hydrogen (H2...

The International Association of Athletics Federations recognizes the importance of nutritional practices in optimizing an Athlete's well-being and performance. Although Athletics encompasses a diverse range of track-and-field events with different performance determinants, there are common goals around nutritional support for adaptation to trainin...

Ultramarathon running events and participation numbers have increased progressively over the past three decades. Besides the exertion of prolonged running with or without a loaded pack, such events are often associated with challenging topography, environmental conditions, acute transient lifestyle discomforts, and/or event-related health complicat...

It is commonly believed that gastrointestinal issues during exercise are exacerbated by hypohydration. This study aimed to determine the effect of exercise-induced hypohydration on gastrointestinal integrity, function, symptoms, and systemic endotoxin and inflammatory profiles. In a randomized crossover design, male endurance runners (n = 11) perfo...

Exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS) is a common characteristic of exercise. The causes appear to be multi-factorial in origin, but stem primarily from splanchnic hypoperfusion and increased sympathetic drive. These primary causes can lead to secondary outcomes that include increased intestinal epithelial injury and gastrointestinal hy...

Considering the recent growth of exercise gastroenterology research focusing on exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome mechanisms, response magnitude, prevention and management strategies, the standardized assessment of gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) is warranted. The current methodological study aimed to test the reliability of a modified vis...

There is little information describing how endurance athletes perceive sodium intake in relation to training and competition. Using an online questionnaire, this study assessed the beliefs, information sources, and intended practices regarding sodium ingestion for training and competition. Endurance athletes (n = 344) from six English-speaking coun...

Purpose To examine if ad libitum drinking will adequately support hydration during exertional heat stress. Methods Ten endurance-trained runners ran for 2 h at 60% of maximum oxygen uptake under different conditions. Participants drank water ad libitum during separate trials at mean ambient temperatures of 22 °C, 30 °C and 35 °C. Participants also...

To assess the impact of rationed versus full estimated energy provisions on markers of physiological strain in response to a simulated 250km multistage ultramarathon (MSUM), on two separate occasions, the ultraendurance runner performed a laboratory simulated MSUM, with rationed (RP: 3303±75 kcal⋅day-1) and full (FP: 7156±359 kcal⋅day-1) provisions...

Introduction.—It is well established that ketogenic dietary interventions increase fat oxidation during endurance running. Its translation to ultraendurance performance is not substantiated. Conversely, carbohydrate provisions before and during endurance exercise is well established. The aim of this study was to explore carbohydrate and fat oxidati...

Objective.—It is well established that endurance exercise depresses neutrophil function, a key immune response in post-exercise recovery. Considering vitamin D (25(OH)D) role in immune maintenance, the study aimed to determine whether circulating 25(OH)D concentration influences bacteriallychallenged neutrophil degranulation in responses to enduran...

It is not unusual for those participating in ultra-endurance (> 4 hr) events to develop varying degrees of either hypohydration or hyperhydration. Yet, it is important for ultra-endurance athletes to avoid the performance limiting and potentially fatal consequences of these conditions. During short periods of exercise (< 1 hr), trivial effects on t...

Ultra-endurance activities (≥ 4h) present unique challenges that, beyond fatigue, may be exacerbated by sub-optimal nutrition during periods of increased requirements and compromised gastrointestinal function. The causes of fatigue during ultra-endurance exercise are multi-factorial. However, mechanisms can potentially include central or peripheral...

Introduction: The popularity of ultra-endurance events is increasing worldwide. However, information about hematological parameters during repeated bouts of long-duration running, such as stages during a multi-stage ultramarathon (MSUM) is scarce. Objective: The purpose of the study was to monitor daily hematologic assessment in a 230-km multist...

Sports nutrition guidelines frequently encourage sodium ingestion during endurance exercise, and much work has been undertaken to quantify sweat sodium losses during exercise. However, current guidelines for sodium do not recommend specific quantities, nor provide justification for the effectiveness of sodium to improve endurance performance. A sys...

This study aimed to determine the influence of biological sex on intestinal injury, permeability, gastrointestinal symptoms, and systemic cytokine profile in response to exertional-heat stress. Male (n= 13) and eumenorrheic female (n= 11) endurance runners completed 2 h running at 60% V̇O2max in 35°C. Blood samples were collected pre- and post-exer...

Malabsorption of Fermentable Oligo- Di- and Mono-saccharides and Polyols (FODMAPs) in response to prolonged exercise may increase incidence of upper- and lower-gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS), which are known to impair exercise performance. The case-study aimed to explore the impact of a low-FODMAP diet on exercise-associated GIS in a female ultra-...

Aerobic exercise (AE) interventions represent promising therapeutic approaches in disorders that compromise hippocampal integrity, but a more comprehensive account of the neural mechanisms stimulated by AE in the human brain is needed. We conducted a longitudinal pilot-study to assess the impact of a 12-week AE intervention on hippocampal structure...

The study aimed to determine the effects of mild exertional heat stress on intestinal injury, permeability, gastrointestinal symptoms, and systemic endotoxin and cytokine responses. Ten endurance runners completed 2 h of running at 60% V̇O2max in warm (WARM: 30°C) and temperate (TEMP: 22°C) ambient conditions. Rectal temperature (Tre) and gastroint...

PurposeThe study aimed to determine the effects of exertional-heat stress on gastrointestinal integrity, symptoms, systemic endotoxin and inflammatory responses; and assess the relationship between changes in body temperature and gastrointestinal perturbations. Methods Ten endurance runners completed 2 h running at 60% \(\dot {V}\)O2max in hot (HOT...

The collection, processing, and analysis of sweat samples to determine sodium losses during endurance exercise is common amongst sports and exercise nutrition practitioners, and necessary for researchers investigating sodium losses and replacement strategies. Several factors influence sweat sodium concentration ([Na+]) that need to be controlled or...

Objectives: The study aimed to determine the effects of temperature of ingested water during exertional-heat stress on gastrointestinal injury, symptoms and systemic inflammatory responses. Design: Randomised cross-over study. Methods: Twelve endurance runners completed 2h running at 60% v˙O2max in 35°C ambient temperature on three separate oc...

en Linked Content This article is linked to Uno and Costa et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14330 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14157.

Exertional heat stress (EHS) disturbs the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract leading to endotoxaemia and cytokinaemia, which have symptomatic and health implications. This study aimed to determine the effects of carbohydrate and protein intake during EHS on gastrointestinal integrity, symptoms, and systemic responses. Eleven (male, n = 6; fema...

Background “Exercise‐induced gastrointestinal syndrome” refers to disturbances of gastrointestinal integrity and function that are common features of strenuous exercise. Aim To systematically review the literature to establish the impact of acute exercise on markers of gastrointestinal integrity and function in healthy populations and those with c...

Debilitating gastrointestinal symptoms are a common feature of endurance running, and may be exacerbated by and (or) limit the ability to tolerate carbohydrate intake during exercise. The study aimed to determine whether two weeks of repetitive gut-challenge during running can reduce exercise associated gastrointestinal symptoms and carbohydrate ma...

Due to gastrointestinal tract adaptability, the study aimed to determine the impact of gut-training protocol over 2 weeks on gastrointestinal status, blood glucose availability, fuel kinetics, and running performance. Endurance runners (n = 25) performed a gut-challenge trial (GC1), consisting of 2 h running exercise at 60% V̇O2max whilst consuming...