Ricardo Castroviejo Bolibar

• Research Director at Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

In nature, minerals are usually found in association, forming rocks. Ores are no exception: they are almost always composed of different species, forming intergrowths. The study, description and interpretation of these intergrowths is the objective of textural analysis and is very important for mineralogy, both from a scientific point of view (e.g....

The industrial exploitation of mineral resources nowadays, as shown throughout the text, requires precise and quantified mineralogical information on aspects that condition the behaviour of an ore in plant. This is what is usually understood by a mineralogical characterization of the ore. From its very beginnings reflected light microscopy was an e...

This Chapter describes Enargite (abbrv. en), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises qualitative observations...

Chapter 14 describes the copper ore Azurite (abbrv. az), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises qualitative o...

This chapter describes Chrysocolla (abbrv. crc), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises observation under the...

This chapter describes the important native Gold ore (abbrv. Au), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations un...

This chapter describes the important copper ore chalcopyrite (abbrv. ccp), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This compr...

This chapter describes Kermesite (abbrv. ker), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common...

This chapter describes native copper (abbrv. Cu), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises qualitative observat...

This chapter describes the important manganese ore Pyrolusite (abbrv. prl), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative obser...

This chapter describes Krennerite (abbrv. krn), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four commo...

This chapter describes Ullmannite (abbrv. ul), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common...

This chapter describes Jordanite (abbrv. jd), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common...

This chapter describes Ramsdellite (abbrv. rdl), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four comm...

This chapter describes Pararammelsbergite (abbrv. prm), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the fo...

This chapter describes Proustite (abbrv. pru), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common...

This chapter describes Bournonite (abbrv. Bnn), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises qualitative observatio...

This chapter describes Anatase (abbrv. ana), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises qualitative observations...

This chapter describes Wurtzite (abbrv. wz), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common m...

This chapter describes Rammelsbergite (abbrv. rm), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four co...

This chapter describes Linnaeite (abbrv. ln), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, including the seven main species of the group, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises...

This chapter describes Sternbergite (abbrv. stb), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four com...

This chapter describes the important copper ore Bornite (abbrv. bn), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme.This comprises qu...

This chapter discusses the methodology for characterisation and identification of the minerals defined and selected in Chap. 133 as common gangue minerals. As shown in the compilation presented (Table 134.1), the very low reflectance of most gangue minerals (either measured or reckoned by the Fresnel equation) distinguishes them clearly from the me...

This chapter describes the solid-solution series Erlichmanite-Laurite (abbrv. erl-lrt), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic schem...

This chapter describes Cosalite (abbrv. cos), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises qualitative observations...

This chapter describes the silver ore Argentopyrite (abbrv. agp), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises qual...

This chapter describes Calaverite (abbrv. clv), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises qualitative observatio...

This chapter describes Molybdenite (abbrv. mol), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four comm...

This chapter describes Stromeyerite (abbrv. stm), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four com...

This chapter describes Scheelite (abbrv. sch), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common...

This chapter describes the important silver ore acanthite (abbrv. ac), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises...

This chapterdescribes Naumannite (abbrv. nau), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common...

This chapter describes Coloradoite (abbrv. colo), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises qualitative observat...

This Chapter describes the important ore Columbotantalite-cbt (abbrv. cbt), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. Columbite...

This chapter describes the important copper ore Digenite (abbrv. dg), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises...

This chapter describes chromite (abbrv. chr), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises qualitative observations...

Chapter 93 describes Pentlandite (abbrv. pn), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common...

This chapter describes Ulvöspinel (abbrv. ulv), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four commo...

This chapter describes Magnetite (abbrv. mt), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common...

This chapter describes Glaucodot (abbrv. gld), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common...

This chapter describes Uraninite (abbrv. urn), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common...

This chapter describes Millerite (abbrv. ml), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common...

This chapter describes Pearcite (abbrv. pc), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common m...

This chapter describes Pyrrhotite (abbrv. po), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common...

This chapter describes the important copper ore Covellite (abbrv. cv), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises...

Many sulfates form by weathering of sulfide ores, and are their frequent companions in supergene environments. They can be very varied, either anhydrous as anglesite, or hydrated as calcantite, brochantite, langite, jarosite, goslarite, among many others. However, primary sulphates are also found in nature, such as barite, celestite or anhydrite. T...

This chapter describes Löllingite (abbrv. lo), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common...

This chapter describes Cuprite (abbrv. cup), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises qualitative observations...

This chapter describes Orpiment (abbrv. orp), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common...

This chapter describes Antimony (abbrv. Sb), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises qualitative observations...

This chapter describes Titanite (abbrv. tit), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common...

This chapter describes Polybasite (abbrv. plb), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four commo...

This chapter describes Valleriite (abbrv. vll), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four commo...

This Chapter describes Ilmenorutile (abbrv. ilr), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four com...

This chapter describes Breithauptite (abbrv. bth), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises qualitative observa...

This chapter describes Wolframite (abbrv. wf), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common...

This chapter describes the PGM Osmium (abbrv. Os), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four co...

This chapter describes the important Ni ore Nickeline (abbrv. nc), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations u...

This chapter describes the important ore Ilmenite (abbrv. il), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under...

This chapter describes Psilomelane (abbrv. psi), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four comm...

This chapter describes Luzonite-lz (abbrv. lz), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four commo...

This chapter describes native Bismuth (abbrv. Bi), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises qualitative observa...

This chapter describes the important iron ore Hematite (abbrv ht), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations u...

This chapter describes the main mercury ore Cinnabar (abbrv. cin), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises qua...

This chapter describes Amalgam (abbrv. am), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data and varieties of this Hg-precious metal compound, as well as some related ores (Eugenite, Moschellandsbergite, Schachnerite) and their microscopic description are briefly presented, including qualitative observations under the four commo...

This chapter describes Lepidocrocite (abbrv. lpc), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four co...

This chapter describes Boulangerite (abbrv. bl), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises qualitative observati...

This chapter describes the manganese ore Braunite (abbrv. bra), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises qualit...

This chapter describes Chlorargyrite (abbrv. cag), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises observation under t...

This chapter describes the silver ore aguilarite (abbrv. agl), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises qualita...

This chapter describes Arsenopyrite (abbrv. asp), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises qualitative observat...

This chapter describes Tetrahedrite (abbrv. td), with other members of the group, as tennantite-tn and freibergite-fbg, as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores....

This chapter describes, Clausthalite (abbrv. clt), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises qualitative observa...

This chapter describes native Silver (abbrv. Ag), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four com...

This Chapter describes Jacobsite (abbrv. jac), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common...

This chapter addresses the concept of gangue minerals, as an unavoidable company of ores, and comprises some introductory remarks to address the difficult problem of gangue characterisation by reflected light, RL, microscopy. Most of the gangue is composed of transparent minerals and consequently the most straightforward method of optical microscop...

This Chapter describes Stibnite (abbrv. sbt), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common...

This Chapter describes Isocubanite (abbrv isc), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four commo...

This chapter describes the important RE ore Monazite (abbrv. mz), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy; also with trasnsmitted light. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description compris...

This chapter describes the iron oxide compound known as Limonite (abbrv. lim), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. The presentation, including a discussion of composition, types and meaning of limonite for exploration, follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qual...

This chapter describes Platinum (abbrv. Pt), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common m...

This chapter describes Pyrargyrite (abbrv. prg), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four comm...

This chapter describes Pyrochlore (abbrv. pyc), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four commo...

This chapter describes Malachite (abbrv. mch), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common...

This chapter describes Sphalerite (abbrv. sp), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common...

This chapter describes Sperrylite (abbrv. spy), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four commo...

This chapter discusses briefly the silver ore Argentite (abbrv. arg), which now tends to disappear from the mineralogy texts, following contested academic criteria. These are based on data showing that argentite is replaced by its paramorph acanthite in all samples observed at the earth’s surface or seen with optical, reflected light microscopy, si...

This chapter describes Umangite (abbrv. um), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common m...

This chapter describes Maucherite (abbrv. mau), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four commo...

This chapter describes Stibarsen (abbrv. sba), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common...

This chapter describes Skutterudite (abbrv. sk), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four comm...

Chapter 50 describes Freieslebenite (abbrv. flb), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises qualitative observat...

This chapter describes Safflorite (abbrv. sf), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common...

This chapter describes the manganese ore Manganite (abbrv. mng), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations und...

This chapter describes Jamesonite (abbrv. jm), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common...

This chapter describes Bismuthinite (abbrv. Bm), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme. This comprises qualitative observati...

Chapter 116 describes Stannite (abbrv. stn), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. After summing up compositional data, main properties and optical parameters, the presentation follows a systematic scheme to facilitate consultation and comparison with other ores. The description comprises qualitative observations under the four common m...

This chapter describes the important copper ore Chalcocite (abbrv. cc), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, following a systematic scheme.This comprises...

This chapter describes the aurian silver Ag–Au, traditionally known as electrum or gold-silver alloy (abbrv. el), as seen with optical, reflected light microscopy. Compositional data, main properties and optical parameters are first summarized (introductory table and preliminary remarks). The microscopic description of the ore is then presented, fo...