About
217
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Introduction
Current institution
Additional affiliations
September 2007 - January 2015
September 2007 - July 2009
Position
- Lecturer
Description
- Teaching Reservoir Engineering I, II, rock properties courses for BSc Students
March 2007 - March 2008
Tehran Energy Consultants
Position
- Reservoir Engineer
Description
- Doing Simulation Study on Underground Gas Storage, PVT Analysis, Field Studies on Central Iran Fields
Publications
Publications (217)
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) offers a sustainable method for producing bio-oil from algal biomass. Evaluating the microwave- and ultrasonic-pretreatment HTL and examining the quality of bio-oil obtained from HTL of marine macroalgae, namely Sargassum and Caulerpa, are the main objectives and novelty behind this work. Algal feedstocks were pretre...
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is presented as an eco-friendly method for producing biocrude from algal biomass, specifically macroalgae, which are abundant resources but often overlooked for biofuel production. This research aimed to create sustainable fuel from macroalgae and explored HTL product yields alongside ul-trasonic and microwave pretre...
Currently, there is a global interest in the production of marine natural products. Naturally occurring macroalgae can be a potentially viable source of generating various products such as dyes and carbohydrates. Hence, in this study, the potential of extracting natural solvent-based dyes of Sargassum sp., Gracilaria sp., and Enteromorpha sp. was e...
Biocrude production using the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process is a promising alternative energy source to conventional fossil fuels. Using algal feedstock types in this process has many advantages, such as not needing to dry a high moisture content, which consumes much energy. In this study, the feedstock types of Sargassum angustifolium ma...
Disulphide oil (DSO) is a by‐product of oil and gas refining processes that is generated during the removal of mercaptans and the sweetening of light hydrocarbons. Asphalt deposition, especially asphaltene deposition during enhanced oil recovery methods, reduces oil recovery from the reservoir, so the use of a substance such as DSO, which has the a...
Effective water management in oil reservoirs is crucial for maximizing hydrocarbon recovery while minimizing environmental degradation. This paper investigates the potential of innovative chemical techniques to control water production in oil reservoirs and compares these methods with traditional mechanical strategies. By reviewing over 70 case stu...
Nanomaterials have emerged as crucial components in enhancing drilling cement properties, garnering significant interest from researchers and the drilling industry. Previous studies have explored nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and cellulose nanofibers, revealing their ability to improve mechanical strength, bonding, sulfate resistance, thermal st...
Sulphur compounds and mercaptans in gas condensate cause corrosion problems, poison catalysts in catalytic processes, and have adverse environmental impact through SOx emission upon combustion. Therefore, it is essential to remove sulphur and mercaptan from gas condensate to standard levels. In this study, the oxidative desulphurization (ODS) proce...
Accurate estimation of minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) is crucial for assessing the efficiency of most miscible and immiscible processes, specifically CO 2-based enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods and Carbon capture utilization and sequestration (CCUS). The experimental procedure for MMP prediction is often time-consuming and costly. On the oth...
The gas condensate reservoir is classified as a natural gas resource that produces condensate liquid in the reservoir when the pressure in the reservoir drops below the dew point. An innovative strategy to address condensate blockage near the wellbore involves modifying the wettability of the surface of the reservoir rock. This is achieved through...
In this study, the optimization of the location of oil production and injection wells, the number of production and injection wells, and the economic evaluation in the water injection process has been carried out using three algorithms: PSO, GA, and HGAPSO. Optimizing the oil extraction process by optimizing well locations, the optimal number of pr...
The increasing consumption of fossil fuels and serious environmental pollution accelerate the development of renewable alternative fuels. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is considered a promising technology for biofuel production from biomass. Kinetic model can play a critical role in the optimization and control of the HTL reactor by minimizing th...
The problem is to optimize the location of wells and injection sites in such a way as to maximize oil production and also protect oil reservoirs from possible damages. In this study, oil well location optimization and economic evaluation in the water injection process have been done. In this regard, three particle swarm optimization algorithms (PSO...
In this study, the optimization of the location of oil production and injection wells, the number of production and injection wells, and the economic evaluation in the water injection process has been carried out using three algorithms: PSO, GA, and HGAPSO. Optimizing the oil extraction process by optimizing well locations, the optimal number of pr...
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a green technology for biocrude production at high temperatures (200–500 °C) and high pressure (5–30 MPa). There are important gaps in HTL reaction optimization, process design, and the effect of operating parameters. To facilitate overcoming these research gaps in future studies, this review summarizes the scient...
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a green technology for biocrude production from algae. The global reaction kinetic,
component additivity model (CAM), and response surface methodology (RSM) of HTL from high-lipid microalgae (Aurantiochytrium
sp.) were evaluated. Lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates of the microalgae cell reacted at different rates...
![Number of articles published about HTL kinetics [27]](publication/369505726/figure/fig1/AS:11431281270781660@1723256568778/Number-of-articles-published-about-HTL-kinetics-27_Q320.jpg)
In this work, a global kinetic model of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is proposed for Aurantiochytrium sp., C. protothecoides, Scenedesmus sp., Chlorella vulgaris, and Tetraselmis sp. algae. Proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates were first decomposed to the aqueous phase and biocrude, followed by further decomposition to the gas phase. MATLAB optim...
Disulfide oil (DSO) is one of the by-products of oil and gas refining units, which is produced in the process of removing mercaptans and sweetening light hydrocarbons (Merox). In this work, potential of original and oxidized DSO for dissolution of elemental sulfur was evaluated. An activated oxygen generator in a cold plasma environment was used to...
Gas condensate stabilization is a common process in gas refineries and petrochemical industries. This process is known as an energy consuming process because it uses distillation columns and furnaces for separating different cuts from the condensate feed. This study aims to improve the performance of the gas condensate stabilization unit in a large...
The study of flow through porous media has been of cardinal gravity in oil and gas applications like enhanced oil recovery (EOR), acidizing, fracturing, etc. One of the most anticipated apprehensions is that the core flooding and simulation have become prevalent to understand the flow through porous media. This study aims at simulating and analyzin...
The dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) can be effectively improved and stabilized by outstanding electrical and morphological characteristics of TiO2 nanofibres combined with bio‐calcium doping. The pristine and bio‐Ca‐doped TiO2 nanofibres were fabricated using a cost‐effective electrospinning technique. Biocompatible calcium carbonate nanoparticl...
Recently, attention to biofuels has increased due to the environmental problems of fossil fuels. The hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process is one of the biofuel production method from algae. In this study, a comparison was performed between biocrudes produced from Sargassum angustifolium macroalgae and two Chlorella Vulgaris and Spirulina sp. mic...
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) has become a promising technology for biofuel production from biomass. The reaction kinetic model of HTL of high-lipid microalgae was examined. In this model, aqueous phase, bio-oil, and gas phase were produced at high temperature and pressure. MATLAB was performed to solve the system of ordinary differential equatio...
In the last two decades, researchers have attempted to use environmentally friendly pigments and porous nanostructures as sensitizers and semiconductors in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), respectively. In this study, the pigments were extracted from black plums (Syzygium cumini) to increase the biocompatibility of the DSSCs. The UV-vis spectros...
Gas condensate stabilization is a common process in gas refineries and petrochemical industries. This process is energy-consuming since it uses distillation columns and furnaces to separate different cuts from the condensate feed. This study aims to improve the performance of the gas condensate stabilization unit in a large petrochemical company in...
The present study reports on a green method for the fabrication of wound dressing loaded with Pistacia atlantica extract. The oil was extracted from P. atlantica plant using a solvent extraction process. The UV–vis spectroscopy showed that the phenolic compounds existed in the P. atlantica oil (PAO). The result of the antioxidant activity with the...
Injection of chemicals in the reservoir in order to displace the remaining oil from the pore spaces is among the most widely accepted techniques. Combination of surfactant and polymer along with nanoparticles (NPs) is gaining the attention of scholars nowadays. Present work focuses on the application of bio-Ca NPs with the surfactant polymer (SP) s...
This chapter provides a comprehensive study about gas recycling into the oil and gas reservoirs. First, the concept of gas recycling is studied. In general, gas recycling is mainly called to the re-injection of produced gas into the gas condensate reservoirs in order to maintain the reservoir pressure above the dew point pressure. But, the re-injec...
This chapter introduces the PVT challenges of gas injection. First, the phase diagram of various gases, oil samples and mixtures of oil and gas are investigated. In the next part, the important PVT experiments are discussed in details. These experiments consist of CCE (constant composition expansion), DL (differential liberation), CVD (constant vol...
This chapter deals with basic concepts of oil and gas flow in porous media. In the first section (oil flow), the basics of oil flow in porous media and different flow equations, including viscous, Darcy, and Brinkman flow are introduced. Then, based on a new work the boundary between these kinds of flow are reported. Then, the well-known diffusivit...
In this chapter, some of the key aspects of UGS as a sustainable energy supply infrastructure were reviewed. This type of gas injection is associated with the reuse of depleted oil and gas formations as a natural underground storage volumes with proved reservoir characteristics and cap rock integrity, as well as available surface facilities and wel...
Gas injection operations are faced with important challenges. These challenges must be studied carefully before the operation in order to increase the gas injection efficiency. This chapter provides a review of the most important issues for designing the different gas injection methods. The compatibility of fluids and rocks is discussed after the i...
After primary and secondary recovery, substantial amounts of hydrocarbon remain entrapped by capillary forces. This phenomenon, known as capillary trapping. Different factors affect the microscopic trapping mechanism such as pore structure, wettability, capillary pressure, interfacial tension, relative permeability, initial saturation, and other pr...
Proper design of surface facilities in a gas injection project is of great importance from both engineering and economic points of views. A process engineer frequently deals with standards, protocols and codes in designing facilities available in the literature. In this chapter, engineering facets and basic designs of gas injection surface faciliti...
Gas injection into the gas cap which is known as pressure maintenance or crestal gas injection is done to increase the reservoir pressure. Different types of gas may be injected in this method including producing gas, N2, CO2 etc. The injected gas is chosen base on the field development studies. Each of these gases has some advantage and disadvanta...
In this study, the kinetics of the aggregate behavior of asphaltene particles in a very dilute concentration range of 6.25-50 mg/L in toluene was investigated using the dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. Then, the kinetics of asphaltene aggregation was analyzed by a proposed model based on the mass action law concept. Also, the presence of s...
Accurate recognition of the fluid phase behaviour is the most important and first step for the preservation and hydrocarbon reservoir management. Among the various hydrocarbon fluids, the lean gas condensate fluids show complex and unique behaviour. Due to the nature of these fluids, errors in the laboratory constant volume depletion (CVD) experime...
The classic approach in engineering education starts with basic definitions, principles, mathematical modeling and formulation of an individual course and is well documented in textbooks. New engineering problems are normally beyond a course or an engineering area and graduates need to involve in a multidisciplinary team to analyze and solve these...
Simulation of near-well flow around a single well in reservoirs is normally studied using radial logarithmic grids. A promising method for more complicated, multi-well cases is a combined approach of using a Cartesian and a radial grid. In this paper, a new method of overlapping grids is introduced in which a radial grid is overlapped on a coarse C...
Global warming and environmental problems have drawn the attention of the international community to the use of renewable energy. One of these clean energies is biocrude produced from the hydrothermal liquefaction process, which is usually produced from algal biomass. Considering the potential of Iran, which has enormous sources of algae in the Per...
Gas sweetening is a key process in gas refineries. The equipment involved in gas sweetening generally consume a considerable amount of energy, leading to negative impacts in terms of economic and environmental prospects. This research work includes simulation, analytical, and numerical modeling approaches to evaluate exergy, energy, economic, and e...
This chapter describes the different methods and the application of gas injection in the oil and gas industry and environmental purposes. For this purpose, first the worldwide hydrocarbon distribution is studied which categorized as conventional and unconventional resources. Also, the graphical distribution is reported using the latest statistics o...
In this chapter, several methods will be discussed which can be used to predict the water content of gases. Most of these methods are based on equations of state and rigorous thermodynamic models. Different methods of predicting water content of acid gas systems are evaluated based on the literature experimental data. In addition, the water content...
Biomass (especially algae) is a renewable energy source that can be a great alternative to fossil fuels. Wet algal biomass converts into products such as solid, aqueous, and gaseous phases as well as biocrude in hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). The aim of this work was to provide detailed exergy analyses of the production of biocrude from Nannochlo...
Wettability alteration of the reservoir rock is considered as one of the promising remedies for the condensate blockage. There are key parameters including wettability state (WS), treatment radius (TR), and treatment time (TT) that considerably influence this treatment process. The objective of this paper is to conduct simultaneous optimization of...
One of the major issues in biomethanation studies, especially a batch strategy without mixing, is gaseous substrate mass transfer between gas and liquid phases. The strategy can be assumed as a simplified form of a stagnant underground gas reservoir. Hydrogen gas, as the limiting substrate, plays significant role in biomethanation. Being informed o...
Co-sensitization is an effective strategy to achieve panchromatic light-harvesting and to enhance dye-sensitized solar cell performance. In this work, the potential of the extracted natural dyes from Malva verticillata and Syzygium cumini was evaluated as mono and co-sensitizers in DSSCs. The UV-Vis absorption spectra revealed that the combination...
This book covers different aspects of gas injection, from the classic pressure maintenance operation to enhanced oil recovery (EOR), underground gas storage (UGS), and carbon capture and storage (CCS). The authors detail the unique characteristics and specific criteria of each application, including:
material balance equations
phase behaviour
rese...
Gravity is one of the major driving forces for fluid flow in naturally fractured reservoirs. Gravity drainage appears to be a vital recovery mechanism over the oil production process in a majority of fractured reserves. In this paper, free-fall gravity drainage (FFGD) and forced gravity drainage (FGD) production approaches are investigated through...
Sequestration of CO2 in saline aquifers has become a renowned procedure owing to the availability of this type of reservoir. This study aims to identify the induced rock and fluid interactions during CO2 injection and their influence on the reservoir rock properties like porosity and permeability. A systematic study is required for further evaluati...
This file summaries the OGPC2020 scientific contribution
Gas Oil Ratio (GOR) is one of the most important production parameters in oil reservoirs. GOR increase may lead to shutting-in the wells due to being uneconomic. The main goal of this study is to investigate two simultaneous water and gas injection scenario in a real fractured oil field with high producing GOR. This field is located in the south-we...
A major part of world hydrocarbon resources is located in fractured reservoirs. The identification of fractured reservoir parameters is essential for their optimal production. The Warren-Root model is one of the most fundamental models for fluid flow in fractured reservoirs. The simplified assumption of the Warren-Root model is not applicable for a...
The gas condensate reservoirs, which are a major source of energy, are experiencing an unwanted phenomenon called liquid drop-out. Gas injection as a proven effective remedy is generally employed to diminish the liquid loss. The condensate recovery by gas injection is typically estimated by assuming local equilibrium. This assumption is not valid i...
In this study, wound dressings consisting of dexpanthenol (Dex)-loaded electrospun nanofibers were fabricated using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/sodium alginate (SA), and chitosan as the core and the shell, respectively. Considering the remarkable properties of chitosan, it was used as a shell against drug release and to improve the thermal stability, a...
At the end of preliminary hydrocarbon production by natural depletion, substantial amounts of hydrocarbon remain entrapped in reservoirs due to their heterogeneity and capillary forces. Knowing the amount of the trapped phase and mechanisms of trapping are crucial in proper designing of oil recovery projects. In this work, we evaluated the differen...
The major challenges in using nanoparticles in oil and gas industry projects are high investment costs and environmental problems. Bio-nanoparticles provide a solution to environmental and economic challenges in the nano-assisted EOR processes. In this work, the potential of natural calcium carbonate nanoparticles containing chitin for wettability...
Altering the wettability of a gas-liquid system from liquid-wetting to intermediate gas-wetting is a novel strategy for removing condensate from gas condensate reservoirs. In this paper, the role of a silica nanofluid modified by fluorine groups in the wettability alteration of seven carbonate samples was investigated. An acid test and Energy Dispe...
Economic estimation of an environmental-friendly biomethanation process based on economic values of consumed and produced gases would be a unique attitude. In this paper, time and space dependent concentration profiles of components involved in a batch process, designed for biomethanation, were predicted through a mass transfer modelling. The react...
Accumulation of liquids in gas-condensate reservoirs may lead to a vertical flow of liquid caused by density difference in the presence of gravity. In this paper, the effect of this vertical flow on the prediction of production data has been investigated. To achieve this goal, a single-layer synthetic cylindrical reservoir is considered and, the fl...
Asphaltene is known as a class of polar poly-nuclear aromatic compounds of crude oil which is extracted by its solubility difference in normal heptane and toluene. Precipitation of this hydrocarbon compound by changing in fluid thermodynamic conditions decelerates flow when passing through up-stream and down-stream processes. In order to understand...
The skin prevents infection and contamination entering the body, and wound dressings are one of the most serious tools in wound healing. In the present work, the biocompatibility and swelling tendency of nanofibers increased by adding alginates to a polymer solution is investigated. Glutaraldehyde was used in different methods to strengthen nanofib...
![Model predictions and experimental data of Kang et al. [43] for CO2–N2...](publication/337128185/figure/fig3/AS:961858110500865@1606336252160/Model-predictions-and-experimental-data-of-Kang-et-al-43-for-CO2-N2-mixed-hydrates-at_Q320.jpg)
![Model predictions and experimental data of Fan and Guo [44] and Sun et...](publication/337128185/figure/fig4/AS:961858110488577@1606336252377/Model-predictions-and-experimental-data-of-Fan-and-Guo-44-and-Sun-et-al-45-for_Q320.jpg)
![Model predictions and experimental data of Kang et al. [43] for CO2–N2...](publication/337128185/figure/fig5/AS:961858114707457@1606336253538/Model-predictions-and-experimental-data-of-Kang-et-al-43-for-CO2-N2-mixed-hydrates-at_Q320.jpg)
A thermodynamic model is introduced to describe equilibrium conditions of gas hydrates formed from mixtures of CO2, N2 and H2O. The model employs the van der Waals and Platteeuw (vdW–P) solid solution theory and a modified version of cubic-plus-association equation of state that uses the Peng–Robinson equation of state for physical interactions (PR...
Scale formation is the major problem in mono-ethylene glycol regeneration units of gas refineries. In this study, the effect of adding different concentrations of silica nanoparticles on the growth rate of salt crystals in a rich mono-ethylene glycol solution is investigated, and the corresponding mathematical model is introduced. To obtain the cry...
Condensate vaporization in porous media occurs in several processes such as remediation, absorption/adsorption in packed beds, and gas recovery. Most of modeling/simulation investigations on condensate recovery processes assume local equilibrium to model mass transfer rate of components involved in the inter-phase mass transfer phenomenon. This ass...
The major proportion of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) fabrication cost is attributed to the pigments. In this study, to increase the performance/cost ratio of DSSCs, we used several wild regional plants of Persian Gulf zone for natural pigment production. At first, the optimum conditions for pigment extraction were obtained for all plants usin...
Recent developments in nanofluids indicate that the addition of nanoparticles to water-based drilling muds can alleviate many drilling problems, including wellbore instability, lost circulation, torque and drag force, differential pipe sticking, and low drilling rates. In this study, the addition of hydrophilic Gilsonite nanoparticles (HGNs) to wat...
Experimental studies on pre-Darcy flow generally focus on unconsolidated porous media with high permeability. In this work, pre-Darcy flow is studied in consolidated carbonate rocks from different formations of Zagros basin. The core samples are calcite, dolomite and chalk-salt characterized by low-porosity (12.33-28.21%) and low permeability (0.01...
In this study, hydrophilic gilsonite fine particles were produced by reaction of natural gilsonite with a mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid followed by a planetary ball mill process. The hydrophilic gilsonite was characterized using FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, DLS, elemental analysis, and mass spectroscopy. All experiments showed that the characteris...
The gas condensate reservoirs are significant resources of energy for various municipal and industrial purposes. An unfavourable phenomenon attributed to this kind of reservoirs is liquid drop-out due to excessive near-wellbore pressure drop during production. Gas injection is normally employed to recover the liquid loss in the underground formatio...
Asphaltene precipitation is an important phenomenon faced during oil production that causes many problems such as plugging the reservoirs, production wells, and transmission pipelines. Therefore, it is necessary to predict the asphaltene precipitated as a function of temperature and pressure. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of pr...
Gas injection is a proven economical process that significantly increases oil and condensate recovery from hydrocarbon reservoirs. Relative permeability is an important parameter in modeling, simulation, and evaluation of gas injection. In this study, new empirical-mathematical models are developed to predict the relative permeability of gas-oil sy...
Wax deposition is a common problem in oil pipelines and production systems. In this study, impact of water cut, mixing rate, chemical inhibitor, and time on wax deposition were investigated in a cold finger setup. Effect of different chemical inhibitors on wax appearance temperature (WAT) was studied using viscometry and differential scanning calor...
Wettability alteration is one of the novel mechanisms used for increasing hydrocarbon recovery from oil and gas reservoirs. Having nanofluids in contact with surfaces or injected into porous media is one of the methods that results in wettability alteration. In this study, effect of Alumina nanofluids on the wettability alteration of a carbonate ro...
Compositional gradient can be described as changes in the composition of components both vertically and horizontally in a hydrocarbon reservoir. In the present work, two-dimensional compositional gradient in multi-component gas and oil mixtures is modeled. A thermodynamic model is developed based on molecular diffusion coefficients in mass diffusiv...
Questions
Questions (49)
The gas recycling is known as a classic operation in oil and gas production. There are many objectives for gas recycling, including: pressure maintenance, gas storage, etc. My question is about the feasibility of gas recycling for oil displacement. Is there any case of gas recycling operated with the objective of oil displacement? I'd appreciate if you could share your knowledge, expertise, and documents with me.
The naturally fractured reservoirs are huge resources of fossil fuels. These formations have been studied comprehensively in all aspects, including geology, petrophysics, reservoir engineering, etc. There are numerous published experimental papers and many analytical-numerical models have been developed for the flow of fluids through fractured formations. However, the original models developed by Warren and Root, Kazemi, etc. are still widely applied.
My concern is to find the new areas of research/practice to study flow through these reservoirs, both experimentally and analytically.
Pressure Maintenance is a mode of gas injection used to restore the pressure of oil reservoir and increase oil recovery. This process could be different from other modes of gas injection. I am looking for the key features of pressure maintenance and its differences with other modes of gas injection. the key differences may refer to PVT, recovery mechanisms, governing equations, simulation, field operation, etc.
Appreciate if any one can provide me with a description or a document.
Normally, a sandpack is prepared from sorted sand with a known mesh size and a porosity value. The mesh size can be converted to average or nominal particle diameter. My concern is to determine nominal or average pore and channel size for such a sandpack.
The routine ternary plot is used for design of miscible flooding in EOR. However, many cases suggest that a single miscible flood be replaced by miscible, followed by immiscible gas flood. My question is that how a ternary diagram can be constructed and used for this operation?
positive coupling, i.e. improvement in relative permeability, acts against negative inertia, i.e. excessive pressure drop at high flow velocity in porous media when gas and condensate phases flow in porous medium. However, there have been controversy about the role of interfacial tension (IFT) on positive coupling. some researchers suggest that the low IFT improves positive coupling, while others have a reverse suggestion. It appears that the range of IFT values is the source of such a controversial conclusions. I'd like to get more insight on this issue
the diffusivity equation describes pressure profile during flow of fluids through porous media. this equation is normally written for single phase flow, i.e. either oil or gas flow. However, there are some instances where two-phase flow occurs. for example, in two phase flow of oil-gas, gas-condensate, and gas-water flow, both phases flow simultaneously.
What will be the form of diffusivity equation and its solution in the case of two-phase flow?
There are some forces active in oil and gas reservoirs, including capillary, viscous, gravity, diffusive, and convective forces. The magnitude of each force may be different from one case to other, depending on a number of factors. The rock and fluid properties, size and height of reservoir, temperature and pressure are important factors which dictate the magnitude of each force for a certain reservoir. I am looking for examples of real cases where each force is measured and/or estimated and compared with other forces.
In Classical fluid mechanics, according to Navier-Stokes equation, the main forces acting on a flowing continuum include convection, molecular transport, and external forces. In the case of fluid flow in reservoir, gravity, capillary, and buoyant forces are active as well. My question is how we can connect these forces to those mentioned in Navier-Stokes equation? What role will gravity, capillary, and buoyant forces play if they are included in the Navier-Stokes equation?
