Reinhold Carle

University of Hohenheim · Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology

Maternal investment directly shapes early developmental conditions and therefore has long-term fitness consequences for the offspring. In oviparous species prenatal maternal investment is fixed at the time of laying. To ensure the best survival chances for most of their offspring, females must equip their eggs with the resources required to perform...

Maternal investment directly shapes early developmental conditions and therefore has longterm fitness consequences for the offspring. In oviparous species prenatal maternal investment is fixed at the time of laying. To ensure the best survival chances for most of their offspring, females must equip their eggs with the resources required to perform...

This follow-up study assessed the impact of a nitrate-rich diet on salivary nitrate/nitrite levels and the recovery of therapy-induced vascular impairments in a cohort of 39 periodontitis patients treated by standard subgingival mechanical plaque removal (PMPR). At baseline saliva samples for nitrate/nitrite analysis were collected and peripheral /...

The alcohol-insoluble residue in Vanilla dressleri, V. odorata, V. planifolia and V. pompona mature leaves was fractionated into water-, oxalate-, HCl- and NaOH-soluble pectins, hemicellulose and lignocellulose. Neutral sugars and uronic acids of each fraction were determined by high-performance anion exchange chromatography-pulsed amperometric det...

Phenolic compounds from two black chokeberry cultivars 'Viking' and 'Nero' grown in Turkey were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray ioniza-tion-multistage mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS n). In the first step, five different solvents were compared to efficiently isolate phenolic compounds by ultr...

Anthocyanin-rich strawberry model solutions were co-pigmented with rooibos phenolics to enhance color and heat stability. The addition of green and fermented rooibos extracts at pigment-to-co-pigment molar ratios of 1:10, 1:50, and 1:100 pelargonidin-3-glucoside equivalents: orientin equivalents induced hyper- and bathochromic shifts at room temper...

The article from Wang et al. claims, that “phorbol esters are absent in jatropha seed cake”, and draws a conclusion that “phorbol esters are not responsible for toxicity in conventional jatropha kernel cake”. In our opinion, such claims and the conclusions are not sufficiently substantiated by the results presented in the paper. We have analysed so...

Green-ripe pineapples are shipped overseas by sea freight, while those picked at full maturity need to be transported by airfreight over the same large distance. In this study, fresh-cut pineapple cubes were assessed two, five, and eight days after processing from green-ripe pineapples after mimicked sea freigh (SF) and fully ripe air-freighted (AF...

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-021-03756-4

Onions (Allium cepa L.), grown from seeds and sets were stored in two separate warehouses for 5 months, either under forced air ventilation or cold temperature conditions. Storage carbohydrates including fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) were quantitated monthly by anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Set grown onions cv. ‘...

Anthocyanins, betalains, carotenoids, and chlorophylls confer the attractive colors of plant-derived foods. These natural pigments, however, are unstable and prone to chemical changes during processing and storage, resulting in loss of color and biological activities. Anthocyanins suffer hydrolysis, nucleophilic attack by water, ring cleavage, and...

The effects of single and twofold continuous pressure change technology (PCT) applications on the volatiles and sensory characteristics of pineapple juice were studied. Fresh and thermally pasteurised juices were additionally characterised. 128 volatiles were tentatively assigned in the four juices. Thermal pasteurisation and a single PCT treatment...

Analysis of pulp and peels of Arabica coffee varieties with different external fruit color allowed the identification of 16 phenolic compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and electrospray ionization multi-stage mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn). Nine chlorogenic acids, three flavan-3-ols, the xanthone...

In orange-pigmented citrus fruits, the xanthophyll esters are the predominant carotenoids, but their biosynthetic origin is currently unknown. In this work, seven PYP/XES (Pale Yellow Petal/ Xanthophyll esterase) genes were identified in Citrus genomes, but only PYP1-4 and 6 contained the structural domains essential for activity. The PYP/XES expre...

A comprehensive study using continuous pressure change technology (PCT) for the non-thermal processing of fresh pineapple juice on pilot scale was conducted (1 L/min, 50 MPa, argon, 3 min, <35 °C). The immediate effects of a single and a twofold PCT treatment on the most important quality parameters were examined and compared with those of fresh an...

In the present study, nutritionally relevant constituents of wild-growing B. guineensis palm fruit from Costa Rica were assessed. In the edible exo- and mesocarp, 24 soluble free and six insoluble bound phenolic compounds were found. Anthocyanins, catechin mono- and oligomers, quercetin O-glycosides, in addition to apigenin- and luteolin C-glycosid...

So far, the occurrence of the flavor constituent 1-phenylethyl acetate in a natural source has not been unambiguously confirmed. The present work provides the detailed identification of 1-phenylethyl acetate from clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry) buds. In addition, HS-SPME-GC/MS analysis revealed further occurrence of 1-phenylethy...

The effect of pulsed light (PL) on numerous important quality characteristics of pineapple juice was studied and compared with untreated and thermally pasteurised samples. The laboratory scale PL batch system used was operated with each three different voltages (1.8, 2.1, and 2.4 kV) and numbers of pulses (47, 94, and 187). Treatments with 2.4 kV a...

Lipophilic pigments of the date varieties ‘Anbra’, ‘Megadwel’, ‘Sfwai’ and ‘Sacai’ were characterized by HPLC-DAD-APCI-MSn considering the four progressing ripening stages ‘Kimri’ (green-ripe), ‘Khalal’ (breaker), ‘Rutab’ (brown-ripe) and ‘Tamr’ (dry-ripe). The prevailing carotenoids in green-ripe and breaker fruits were (all-E)-lutein and (all-E)-...

Main conclusion: Formation of specific ultrastructural chromoplastidal elements during ripening of fruits of three different colored Physalis spp. is closely related to their distinct carotenoid profiles. The accumulation of color-determining carotenoids within the chromoplasts of ripening yellow, orange, and red fruit of Physalis pubescens L., Ph...

Food producers thrive towards the satisfaction of today’s consumer demands for natural, safe, and sustainable food products. Thereby, the application of food colorants is a major issue. In this article, we aimed at giving insights into the evaluation of natural and artificial food colorants and revealing weaknesses within the value chain by use of...

Corn (Zea mays L.) growth and development is often limited by the availability of phosphate. We thus hypothesized that phosphate fertilization may increase the contents of (poly)phenols, carotenoids, and tocochromanols (vitamin E) in corn grains. Corn plants cultivated on a soil fertilized with 44 kg phosphorus/ha were compared to plants grown on s...

The genuine carotenoid pattern of pineapple infructescence was assessed by HPLC-DAD-APCI-MSn analysis. Prevailing pigments in the shell of ‘MD2’ (syn. “Extra Sweet”) fruit were (all-E)-lutein and (all-E)-β-carotene, in addition to chlorophylls a and b. The edible flesh contained (all-E)-violaxanthin, (all-E)-β-carotene, and diverse esters of (9Z)-v...

The carotenogenesis in the endocarp and flavedo of Navel oranges over four consecutive maturity stages was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization–multistage mass spectrometry. After optimization of the extraction method, 77 carotenoids, including 26 monoesters and 33 diester...

Total lipids, fatty acids and triacylglycerols in seeds of the four Saudi Arabian date cultivars ‘Anbra’, ‘Megadwel’, ‘Sacai’ and ‘Sfwai’ were analysed. Total lipid contents ranged between 7.3 and 8.6%. Oleic, lauric and myristic acid represented the most abundant fatty acids in date seed oil. HPLC‐DAD‐ESI‐MSⁿ analysis enabled the identification of...

The profile of carbohydrates of onions (Allium cepa L.), mainly consisting of fructooligosaccharides (FOS), has a strong impact on digestibility, processability and storability. This study focused on the accumulation of FOS and pungent principles in onions during bulb maturation. Different onion varieties were grown from both, seeds and sets. Total...

Similarities among nutritionally relevant carotenoid profiles in red- and yellow-fleshed papaya (Carica papaya L.) cultivars were revealed using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Differences were observed mainly in lycopene content. Where yellow papayas contain only trace amounts of lycopene, it is the predominant carotenoid in re...

The aim of the present article was an in-depth characterization of cyanidine-rich red cabbage extracts and the identification of challenges emerging during the purification of their pigments. Two extraction procedures using either hot acidified or temperate water at its genuine pH were compared. LC–MS analyses revealed 20 mostly acylated anthocyani...

Mamey sapote is a fruit rich in specific keto-carotenoids, namely sapotexanthin and cryptocapsin. Their chemical structure suggests their provitamin A activity, although their absorption and conversion to vitamin A remained to be demonstrated in humans. Besides structure-related factors, the fruit matrix might also hamper absorption and conversion...

Physicochemical characteristics and phytochemical profiles of red (Physalis alkekengi L., RP) and yellow (P. pubescens L., YP) Physalis fruits cultivated in three provinces of China were characterized. YP fruits showed significantly lower levels of total organic acids and elevated total sugars than those of RP. A total of 18 compounds was tentative...

Carotenoids are well-known for their biological activities in plants, animals and humans. For instance, they serve as light-harvesting and photoprotective accessory pigments in plants and they exert several health benefits, such as improving vitamin A status and supporting eye health when being consumed by humans. Among numerous factors, both their...

Mango processing generates high amounts of unexploited kernels. Lipid profiles and thermal behaviour of kernel fats from seven Mangifera indica L. cultivars originating from Latin America and Thailand were characterised. Total lipid contents ranged between 5.4 and 11.9%. Detailed GC-FID, GC‐MS, and HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSⁿ analyses revealed two fatty acids...

Large quantities of by-products, such as peels and trimmings, emerge during industrial pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr.) processing. The latter are further exploited by juice extraction. However, the low-quality juices obtained may be marketed as genuine pineapple juice from pulp or be admixed to the latter, thus adulterating the final product....

Total lipids, fatty acids, and triacylglycerols in mesocarp and kernels from Costa Rican Acrocomia aculeata fruits were characterized at three maturity stages. C16:0 and C18:1n9 were the most abundant fatty acids in the mesocarp. C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, and C18:1n9 prevailed in the kernel oil. Comprehensive HPLC-DAD-APCI-MS and ESI-MS ⁿ analysis revea...

The frequent consumption of carotenoid‐rich foods has been associated with numerous health benefits, such as the supply of provitamin A. To exert these health benefits, carotenoids need to be efficiently liberated from the food matrix, micellized in the small intestine, taken up by the enterocytes and absorbed into the human blood stream. Enormous...

Maternal investment directly shapes early developmental conditions and therefore has long-term fitness consequences for the offspring. In oviparous species prenatal maternal investment is fixed at the time of laying. To ensure the best survival chances for most of their offspring, females must equip their eggs with the resources required to perform...

Curly parsley is widely applied as a culinary herb. Due to its growth close to ground level and its curly leaf structure, it is inherently affected by high counts of autochthonous microbiota, which may include pathogens. Washing of leaves prior to freezing is the only step in the processing of deep-frozen parsley enabling the reduction of viable co...

The composition of soluble carbohydrates such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS) in onions ( Allium cepa L.) plays a role regarding their digestibility, long-term storability, and processability. Qualitative and quantitative profiles of soluble carbohydrates were determined in 23 different onion samples comprising 20 cultivars grown at two different l...

Zusammenfassung Zucker werden heute meist über verarbeitete Lebensmittel aufgenommen. Nur etwa 10 % des jährlichen Zuckerabsatzes in Höhe von ca. 3 Mio. Tonnen gelangt als sogenannter Haushaltszucker an den Verbraucher. Neben den gustatorischen Eigenschaften erfüllen Zucker eine Reihe technologischer Funktionen. Zucker erzeugen Aroma und Farbe, bew...

Food producers thrive towards the satisfaction of today’s consumers who demand natural, safe, and sustainable food products. Thereby, the application of food colorants is a major issue. In this article we aimed at giving insights in the evaluation of natural and artificial food colorants and revealed weaknesses within the value chain by use of a Ho...

Irvingia gabonensis kernels are a promising oleiferous source. Their total lipid content was 72.3%. C14:0 and C12:0 represented the most abundant fatty acids. Triacylglycerols with ECN 32 and 46–48 were identified for the first time by HPLC‐DAD‐ESI‐MSⁿ. Comprehensive GC‐FID and GC‐MS analyses revealed novel insights into minor lipids like phytoster...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into the consumers’ perception of natural and artificial food colourants. Furthermore, attitudes towards the application of carmine, being technically important and ubiquitously used to impart red shades, are assessed and analysed. Originating from insects, carmine is considered as natural but...

Pistachio hulls, important by-products of pistachio processing, were extracted using an environmentally friendly process with subcritical water (SCW) at a pressure of 6.9 MPa in the range of 110 and 190 °C, and flow rate of 4 ml/min. Detailed HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn analyses allowed the identification of 49 phenolic compounds in the SCW extracts. Total ga...

Volatiles of papaya purees from four Costa Rican cultivars were analysed by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 83 volatiles was assigned in the purees, of which 19 were detected for the first time as papaya constituents. As revealed by multivariate statistics, i.e., principal component analysis (PCA) an...

Carotenoid profiles, by means of HPLC-PDA-MSn, and CIE-L*C*h° colour values of yellow and red nance fruits from Costa Rica were elucidated. Among 16 carotenoids detected, (all-E)-lutein was the most abundant accounting for >80% of the total carotenoids, followed by (all-E)-zeaxanthin (9–11%) and (all-E)-β-carotene (2–9%). Minor constituents were (Z...

Sugar-containing beverages like orange juice can be a risk factor for obesity and type 2 diabetes although the underlying mechanisms are less clear. We aimed to investigate if intake of orange juice with or in-between meals differently affects energy balance or metabolic risk. Twenty-six healthy adults (24.7 ± 3.2 y; BMI 23.2 ± 3.2 kg/m2) participa...

Carotenoids and tocopherols were characterised in the meso- and exocarp of wild-growing Costa Rican Acrocomia aculeata fruits. Comprehensive profiling of these lipophilic micronutrients in fruits of three varying maturity stages was conducted for the first time. A method for the simultaneous extraction and quantitation of carotenoids and α-tocopher...

Background: Higher consumption of sugar-containing beverages has been associated with an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes and gout. Whether this equally applies to cola with an unhealthy image and orange juice (OJ) having a healthy image remains unknown. Methods: In order to investigate whether OJ and cola differently affect metabolic risk 26 he...

As hydrolysis of carotenoid esters is believed to be highly efficient in vivo, their insufficient hydrolysis in in vitro-digestion models, particularly, regarding zeaxanthin diesters, is a current issue. Therefore, in this study, several factors related to the enzymatic hydrolysis were investigated in an adapted version of the standardized INFOGEST...

To exploit the full potential of industrial mango peel waste (MPW0) as a starting material for the recovery of bioactive and functional coproducts despite its seasonality, it must be processed efficiently into a storable dried byproduct of uniform high quality, irrespective of impacts of different cultivars and ripeness. The focus of this feasibili...

https://idus.us.es/xmlui/handle/11441/68953 Libro sobre pigmentos carotenoides editado en el marco de la RED TEMÁTICA IBERCAROT (referencia 112RT445) http://carotenoides.us.es. PROGRAMA IBEROAMERICANO DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGIA PARA EL DESARROLLO – CYTED.

Carotenoid bioavailability from plant and animal food is highly variable depending on numerous factors such as the physical deposition form of carotenoids. As the carotenoid zeaxanthin is believed to play an important role in eye and brain health, we sought to compare the human bioavailability of an H-aggregated with that of a J-aggregated depositi...

Alterations of volatiles during accelerated light-induced ageing of pineapple juice were assessed by HS-SPME-GC–MS in a non-targeted profiling analysis over a 16-week period. Multivariate statistics permitted to reveal substantial chemical markers generally describing the effect of light storage. Volatiles generated comprised phenylpropenes, carbon...

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) in foods are controversially discussed due to their probiotic activity and their putative contribution to the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Besides their nutritional relevance, the genuine composition of carbohydrates in onions has high impact on non-enzymatic browning during thermal processing of onions. In the prese...

Carotenoid deposition in gac fruit aril, carrot root, and tomato fruit was investigated in situ using a combination of light microscopy, UV/Vis transmission spectroscopy, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Reflectance data was transformed to absorbance data using the Kubelka-Munk function. As shown by light microscopy, carotenoids of gac fruit a...

Carotenoid profiles of fruits and calyces of red (Physalis alkekengi L.) and yellow (P. pubescens L.) Physalis were characterized by HPLC-DAD-APCI-MSⁿ. Altogether 69 carotenoids were detected in red Physalis, thereof, 45 were identified. In yellow Physalis, 40 carotenoids were detected and 33 were identified. Zeaxanthin esters with various fatty ac...

Three methods for the recovery of purified pectins from directly dried mango peel were developed, using selective precipitation of mango pectin in propan-2-ol (IPA) of adequate volume concentrations for purification. Yields, composition, macromolecular and gelling properties of the resultant pectins were compared. Effluent analyses proved postextra...

Spectral characteristics and heat stability (90°C, 5h) of six isolated, structurally related cyanidin-3-O-glycosides from black carrot were investigated in aqueous solutions (pH 3.6 and 4.6) supplemented with chlorogenic acid (molar anthocyanin:co-pigment ratios 1:62.5-1:250). Chlorogenic acid supplementation generally increased absorbance of non-a...

A method for the simultaneous extraction and quantitation of gallotannins, flavonoids and anacardic acids from pistachio hulls is presented. After screening of various extraction parameters and solvent systems with variable polarity and acidity, a three-fold repeated extraction with methanol/water/formic acid (80/19/1, v/v/v) at a sample-to-solvent...

Morphological traits, total lipid contents, and fatty acid profiles were assessed in fruits of several accessions of Elaeis oleifera [Kunth] Cortés, Elaeis guineensis Jacq., and their interspecific hybrids. The latter featured the highest mesocarp-to-fruit ratios (77.9–78.2%). The total lipid contents of both E. guineensis mesocarp and kernel were...

Anthocyanin profiles and contents of three purple sweet potato provenances were investigated by HPLC-DAD-MSⁿ. In contrast to widely uniform profiles, the contents of total (558-2477 mg/100g DM) and individual anthocyanins varied widely. Furthermore, quantitative and qualitative effects of intermolecular co-pigmentation were studied by adding chloro...

Enzyme inhibitors were studied as adjuvant treatments in the control of litchi pericarp browning by protection against desiccation during reefer transport. Various organic acids (acetic, malic, citric, and oxalic acid) and inorganic salts (NaCl, CaCl2) were investigated for in vitro inhibitory effects on the peroxidases (POD) and phenol oxidases (i...

Anthocyanins in two Chilean maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz) clones named Luna Nueva and Morena were isolated and characterized by a core-shell column-based HPLC–DAD–ESI/MSⁿ method and 2D–NMR spectroscopy, focusing on the yet not fully elucidated glycosylation pattern of the aglycones. For the first time, 2D–NMR spectroscopic data...

Sensory, physiological, and microbial quality of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and endive (Cichorium endivia L.) produced by ultra-high-pressure water jet cutting was compared to that obtained by conventional blade cutting. Two settings of water pressure (2500, 3300 bar) and nozzle size (0.10, 0.12 mm) were investigated at pilot-pla...

Superficial short-wavelength ultraviolet (UV-C) treatment (1.2 kJ/m2) of fresh-cut endive was combined with conventional cold (4 °C, 120 s) and innovative warm (45 °C, 120 s) water washing prior to and after irradiation in order to improve its microbial and sensory quality including physiological properties. UV-C doses applied exerted only minor ph...

Using a simulated digestion procedure in vitro, liberation and bioaccessibility of β-carotene (29.5 ± 1.7% and 22.6 ± 0.9%, respectively) and lycopene (51.3 ± 2.6% and 33.2 ± 3.1%, respectively) from gac fruit aril were found to be significantly higher than from carrot root (β-carotene, 5.2 ± 0.5% and 0.5 ± 0.2%, respectively) and tomato fruit (lyc...

Although different genotypes of mamey sapote with distinct pulp colors are consumed in countries from Central to South America, in-depth knowledge on genotype-related differences of their carotenoid profile is lacking. Since the fruit was found to contain the potentially vitamin A-active keto-carotenoids sapotexanthin and cryptocapsin, we sought to...

Non-thermal pasteurization of orange juices using a continuous pressure change technology (PCT) device was investigated on pilot plant scale for the first time. PCT treatment was conducted by pressurizing orange juice and nitrogen at moderately high pressures (P = 25 or 50 MPa) in a tubular continuous reactor. Abrupt decompression was achieved by a...

The objective of the present study was to compare extracts from two different plant sources regarding their suitability as antioxidant cosmetic ingredients. Both, Garcinia mangostana pericarp, in Europe being widely considered as the non-edible part of a ‘superfruit’, and Riesling grape pomace accruing from vinification, represent important by-prod...

Goji berries (Lycium barbarum L.) have been known to contain strikingly high levels of zeaxanthin, while the physical deposition form and bioaccessibility of the latter was yet unknown. In the present study, we associated ripening-induced modifications in the profile of carotenoids with fundamental changes of the deposition state of carotenoids in...

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the applicability of Quillaja saponaria extract (QSE) and Nα-lauroyl-l-arginine ethyl ester (LAE) as antimicrobial wash water additives in fresh-cut lettuce processing. Antibacterial activities of LAE and QSE against selected strains of the foodborne pathogens Salmonella enterica, Bacillus cereus, Staphy...

Scope: Orange juice contains flavanones including hesperidin and narirutin, albeit at lower concentrations as compared to orange fruit. Therefore, we compared bioavailability and colonic catabolism of flavanones from orange juice to a 2.4-fold higher dose from fresh oranges. Methods and results: Following a randomized two-way cross-over design,...

Since products made of ancient wheat species are enjoying increasing demand by consumers, reliable and rapid methods for the automatable differentiation of flours and kernels of costly ancient species from less expensive bread wheat are required. In the present study, we demonstrate near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy to represent a rapid...

Dietary intake of fermentable oligo-, di- and monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) has previously been shown to aggravate the symptoms of the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), furthermore being associated with wheat sensitivity and a bread wheat-specific intolerance. FODMAP in whole grain flours and breads made of different varieties of bread wheat,...

Due to consumers' increasing health awareness, food industry aims at replacing synthetic dyes by natural counterparts. The substitution of blue synthetic dyes is particularly challenging since current natural alternatives such as phycocyanin (Spirulina) suffer from poor stability. Jagua blue (produced from Genipa americana L. fruit) might represent...

Kernel fibre from narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), exhibiting multiple health benefits as a food ingredient, suffers from undesirable formation of off-odours during storage at 20 °C. To study the impact of lipoxygenase (LOX), involved in quality changes during processing and storage in many legumes, an aliquot of the raw material was...