Reinhard Hickel

• Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich

Endodontic access preparation is one of the initial steps in root canal treatments and can be hindered by the obliteration of pulp canals and formation of tertiary dentin. Until now, methods for direct intraoperative visualization of the 3-dimensional anatomy of teeth have been missing. Here, we evaluate the use of shortwave infrared radiation (SWI...

Objectives This in vitro study analyzed the diagnostic performance of short-wave infrared reflection at 1050, 1200, 1300 and 1550 nm for proximal caries detection. Materials and Methods 250 extracted posterior teeth with sound or carious proximal surfaces were examined using reflection imaging at 1050–1550 nm. Digital bitewing radiography served a...

Objectives To assess root canal localization accuracy using a dynamic approach, surgical guides and freehand technique in vitro. Materials and methods Access cavities were prepared for 4 different 3D printed tooth types by 4 operators (n = 144). Deviations from the planning in angle and bur positioning were compared and operating time as well as t...

Dental restorative procedures remain a cornerstone of dental practice, and for many decades, dental amalgam was the most frequently employed material. However, its use is declining, mainly driven by its poor aesthetics and by the development of tooth-coloured adhesive materials. Furthermore, the Minamata Convention agreed on a phase-down on the use...

Several artificial intelligence-based models have been presented for the detection of periodontal bone loss (PBL), mostly using convolutional neural networks, which are the state of the art in deep learning. Given the emerging breakthrough of transformer networks in computer vision, we aimed to evaluate various models for automatized PBL detection....

Interest in machine learning models and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for diagnostic purposes is steadily increasing in dentistry. Here, CNNs can potentially help in the classification of periodontal bone loss (PBL). In this study, the diagnostic performance of five CNNs in detecting PBL on periapical radiographs was analyzed. A set of anony...

People with severe intellectual or multiple disabilities (PIMD) have been receiving dental care in a specialized unit offering special care dentistry. For most of these adult patients, the initial consultation is complaint driven. In addition, the limited ability to cooperate due to their disabilities often means that dental treatment for these pat...

Caries and molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) are among the most prevalent diseases worldwide and need to be reliably diagnosed. The use of dental photographs and artificial intelligence (AI) methods may potentially contribute to realizing accurate and automated diagnostic visual examinations in the future. Therefore, the present study aimed to...

Objectives Evaluation of cumulative survival and complication rate of monolithic lithium disilicate inlays and partial crowns performed by supervised undergraduate students up to 8.3 years of clinical service. Materials and methods In this retrospective clinical study 143 lithium disilicate posterior restorations (IPS e.max Press) were examined ac...

Objective While HA is present naturally in periodontal tissues, its molecular weight can vary widely in vivo. The objective of this study was to directly compare the biological reactions of periodontal ligament cells to four distinct molecular weights of hyaluronic acid (HA). Materials and methods Immortalized human periodontal ligament cells (PDL...

Objectives: Amelogenins are clinically used in periodontal regeneration as main components of root surface modifying agents, even without specifically preventing the premature colonization of the healing tissue defect by means of a physical barrier membrane. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of human amelogenin on the prol...

1) Background: Caries, periapical lesions, periodontal bone loss (PBL), and endo-perio lesions are common dental findings that require an accurate diagnostic assessment to allow appropriate disease management. The purpose of this reliability study was to compare the inter-and intra-rater reliability for the detection of the above-mentioned patholog...

The term bioactivity is being increasingly used in medicine and dentistry. Due to its positive connotation, it is frequently utilised for advertising dental restorative materials. However, there is confusion about what the term means, and concerns have been raised about its potential overuse. Therefore, FDI decided to publish a Policy Statement abo...

(1) Background: This in vitro reliability study aimed to determine the inter- and intra-examiner reliability for the detection of direct fillings, indirect crown restorations, root canal fillings and implants on periapical radiographs. (2) Methods: Fourteen dentists (<2 years of clinical experience = 11; >2 years of clinical experience = 3) partici...

Objectives: Bioactive restorative materials were developed on the premise that direct restorations should not only serve the purpose of reconstructing dental hard tissue defects but also exhibit biological features that prevent secondary caries development, without having adverse effects on the host cells. This study focuses on assessing the in vi...

Objective Since peri-implantitis differs clinically and histopathologically from periodontitis, implant wear debris is considered to play a role in the destructive processes. This work aims to systematically review if titanium particles affect oral-related cells through changes in molecular signatures (e.g., transcriptome, proteome, epigenome), the...

Objectives The FDI criteria for the evaluation of direct and indirect dental restorations were first published in 2007 and updated in 2010. Meanwhile, their scientific use increased steadily, but several questions from users justified some clarification and improvement of the living document. Materials and methods An expert panel (N = 10) initiate...

Objective: Since peri-implantitis differs clinically and histopathologically from periodontitis, implant wear debris is considered to play a role in the destructive processes. This work aims to systematically review if titanium particles affect oral-related cells through changes in molecular signatures (e.g., transcriptome, proteome, epigenome), t...

The term bioactivity is being increasingly used in medicine and dentistry. Due to its positive connotation, it is frequently utilised for advertising dental restorative materials. However, there is confusion about what the term means, and concerns have been raised about its potential overuse. Therefore, FDI decided to publish a Policy Statement abo...

Objectives The purpose of this in vitro reliability study was to determine the intra- and inter-examiner agreement of the revised FDI criteria including the categories “fracture of material and retention” (F1) and “caries at restoration margin” (B1). Materials and methods Forty-nine photographs of direct tooth-coloured posterior (n = 25) and anter...

Objective: To review our experience with a standardized dental management approach in patients with planned radiotherapy of the head and neck region based on preradiation and follow-up data. Material and methods: Records of patients who underwent radiotherapy between June 2016 and November 2020 were reviewed. Data on dental findings and therapeu...

Objectives The aim of this randomized clinical trial (RCT) was to explore the clinical survival of a new, Bis-GMA-free pit and fissure sealant (Helioseal F Plus) in comparison to an established control material (Helioseal F). Material and methods This in vivo study was designed as a prospective, 2-year, two-centre RCT with a split-mouth design. Th...

Objectives Several materials for 3D printing of fixed dental prostheses (FDP) have been recently introduced. This study aims to evaluate the initial biocompatibility of novel printable resins for manufacturing temporary and permanent FDP. Methods Specimens of five printable resins (VarseoSmile Crown plus, NextDent C&B MFH, VarseoSmile Temp, Temp P...

Objective In this retrospective clinical study, we investigated the long-term survival and success of indirect gold restorations, placed by undergraduate students. Material and Methods The study included 72 gold restorations in 45 patients, placed in a five-year period between 2009 and 2013. Two experienced dentists performed the evaluation follow...

The aim of this 3-year, randomized clinical trial (RCT) in split-mouth design was to explore the clinical survival of a Bis-GMA-free pit and fissure sealant (Helioseal F Plus) in comparison to a control material (Helioseal F). The initial population consisted of 92 adolescents. Follow-ups took place after one year (N = 85), two years (N = 82) and t...

Purpose: This retrospective study investigates oral health and oral care in patients with neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) treated in a dental facility for people with disabilities. Methods: Oral health indices decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT), periodontal screening index (PSI), treatment spectrum, and oral hygiene...

Objectives To evaluate the biological and physicochemical features of bioactive root canal sealers. Materials and methods Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLF) and human osteoblasts (hOB) were exposed to eluates of three bioactive root canal sealers, GuttaFlow® bioseal (GF), BioRoot™ RCS (BR), and TotalFill® BC Sealer (TF), and the epoxy...

Purpose: In view of the still high prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH), the restoration of teeth with hypersensitivity and enamel and dentin breakdown remains relevant in everyday practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent of clinical hypersensitivities in MIH teeth and to compare different restorative strategies...

Objective The aim of this study was to develop and validate a deep learning–based convolutional neural network (CNN) for the automated detection and categorization of teeth affected by molar-incisor-hypomineralization (MIH) on intraoral photographs. Materials and methods The data set consisted of 3241 intraoral images (767 teeth with no MIH/no int...

Objectives : Intraoral photographs might be considered the machine-readable equivalent of a clinical-based visual examination and can potentially be used to detect and categorize dental restorations. The first objective of this study was to develop a deep learning-based convolutional neural network (CNN) for automated detection and categorization o...

Objective The aetiology of molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is currently unclear. A major hurdle in MIH research is the lack of adequate model systems. The study investigated the feasibility of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) as a novel model to screen potential MIH-related factors. Methods In four experiments with overall 46 groups (n =...

Maßgeblich bei der Überkronung von Zähnen ist eine sichere Fassung der gesunden Zahnhartsubstanz unter Berücksichtigung der biologischen Breite. Die Anforderung ist bei subgingival frakturierten oder zerstörten Zähnen meist schwer umsetzbar, sodass diese Zähne häufig nicht erhalten werden können. Die forcierte kieferorthopädische Extrusion mit Gumm...

Objectives Self-adhesive dual cured resin cements provide easier clinical application than conventional resin cements but release higher amounts of unreacted monomers, potentially affecting their biocompatibility. This study aimed to compare the cytotoxic effects of self-adhesive dual cured resin cements with two conventional resin cements. Method...

Objective Previous studies have shown that particles can be released from dental titanium (Ti)- and zirconia (ZrO2)-implants. Titanium dioxide (TiO2)- and ZrO2-particles were compared regarding their toxicity and intranuclear cell uptake as well as the adhesion of various anaerobic bacteria on Ti- and ZrO2-implants. Methods Cyto- and genotoxicity...

Spinal cord injuries lead to physical limitations, and the resulting levels of dependency and emotional distress have devastating consequences on individuals’ oral health. A 46-year-old patient with incomplete quadriplegia due to a complicated medical history presented for prosthetic rehabilitation. The patient's ability and tolerance to be treated...

Modern teaching formats have not been considered necessary during the COVID-19 pandemic with uncertain acceptance by students. The study’s aim was to describe and evaluate all measures undertaken for theoretical and practical knowledge/skill transfer, which included objective structured practical examinations (OSPEs) covering a communication skills...

Objectives To investigate the impact of different cleaning methods on the fracture load and two-body wear of additively manufactured three-unit fixed dental prostheses (FDP) for long-term temporary use, compared to the respective outcomes of milled provisional PMMA FDPs.Materials and methodsShape congruent three-unit FDPs were 3D printed using thre...

Tooth hypersensitivity is a common symptom in patients with molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH). Therefore, this clinical study aimed to assess potential associations between patient- and tooth-related variables and the intensity of hypersensitivity in MIH-affected permanent teeth compared to healthy controls. Fifty-seven MIH patients and 20 hea...

The aim of the present study was to investigate the diagnostic performance of a trained convolutional neural network (CNN) for detecting and categorizing fissure sealants from intraoral photographs using the expert standard as reference. An image set consisting of 2352 digital photographs from permanent posterior teeth (461 unsealed tooth surfaces/...

Although visual examination (VE) is the preferred method for caries detection, the analysis of intraoral digital photographs in machine-readable form can be considered equivalent to VE. While photographic images are rarely used in clinical practice for diagnostic purposes, they are the fundamental requirement for automated image analysis when using...

Antimicrobial peptides are receiving increasing attention as potential therapeutic agents for treating biofilm-related infections of the oral cavity. Many bacteria residing in biofilms exhibit an enhanced antibiotic tolerance, which grants intrinsically susceptible microorganisms to survive lethal concentrations of antibiotics. In this study, we ex...

The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has challenged dental health professions. This study analyzes its impact on urgent dental care in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Munich and Bavaria, Germany. Patient numbers without and with positive/suspected COVID-19 infection, their reasons for attendance, an...

Zusammenfassung Die Molaren-Inzisiven-Hypomineralisation (MIH) – mittlerweile auch bekannt unter dem Begriff der Kreidezähne – stellt heute neben der Karies eine häufige Erkrankung der Zähne im Kindes- und Jugendalter dar. Neben den ästhetischen Einschränkungen insbesondere an den Frontzähnen sind Hypersensibilitäten und Schmelzeinbrüche an bleiben...

The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of adolescents with severe caries to analyze the prevalence of caries and to visualize the unequal distribution. Data from three epidemiological studies (10- and 15-year-olds: GINIplus and LISA cohorts in Munich, Bavaria; 12-year-olds: LAGZ survey in Bavaria, Germany) with 2875 adolescents were...

Early childhood caries is one of the prevalent diseases in childhood. Besides the frequent intake of cariogenic drinks and food, it can be caused by frequent or permanent breastfeeding. In addition, exclusive breastfeeding beyond an age of 6 months leads to malnutrition. We report on a child with severe caries already in the second year of life, ac...

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-biofilm effect of polyhexanide mouth rinses against oral pathogens in vitro. Material and methods Biofilms of Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces naeslundii, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Fusobacterium nucleatum were gr...

Background The purpose of this prospective clinical diagnostic study with validation was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of near-infrared transillumination (NIRT), laser fluorescence measurement (LF), alternating current impedance spectroscopy (ACIS) and their combinations as adjunct methods to visual examination (VE) for occlusal caries detecti...

Aim: The transfer of 3D implant position planning to the clinical site is challenging. The aim of this study was to compare in vitro this transfer accuracy by using dynamic real-time navigation or static surgical guides. Materials and methods: Deviations between planned and actual pilot drill positions were calculated (Denacam and NobelGuide; ea...

Purpose: To investigate the influence of different cleaning methods for additively manufactured fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) for long-term temporary use on the degree of conversion (DC), surface roughness, Martens parameters, and biaxial flexural strength. Materials and methods: A total of 180 specimens per material (3Delta Etemp, DeltaMed; Fr...

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of printing direction and aging on the mechanical strength of 3D-printed temporary resin-based composites. Three hundred and sixty specimens (2×2×25 mm³) out of three materials were DLP printed. Specimens were either stored in distilled water for 24 h at 37°C or additionally subjected to the...

Objectives The objectives of this retrospective clinical study were to describe characteristics of crown fractures in permanent teeth and to investigate the survival of pulp vitality and restorations in uncomplicated and complicated crown fractures.Materials and methodsThis retrospective study collected information from patients suffering from dent...

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of CAD/CAM-fabricated bite splints in dependence of fabrication method (milling vs 3D printing), positioning (horizontal vs vertical), selection of material, and method of deviation measurement.Materials and methodsBite splints were 3D-printed in either horizontal or vertical position...

The aim of this study was to assess near-infrared transillumination with high dynamic range imaging (NIRT-HDRI) for occlusal caries detection in vitro and to compare it with visual inspection using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System II (ICDAS) and digital bitewing radiography (BWR). Sixty-one extracted permanent molars with so...

Objectives The purpose of this in vitro study was to assess the two-body wear and fracture behaviour of an experimental additive manufactured composite crown in comparison to zirconia and stainless steel crowns and its cementation protocol for primary molars. Material and methods Three different paediatric crowns – experimental composite crowns (C...

Objectives To analyze retrospectively the clinical performance and survival of lithium disilicate inlays, partial crowns and crowns placed by undergraduate students. Methods 250 lithium disilicate posterior restorations (IPSTM Emax Press) were evaluated. Mean service time was 6.6 years (79 months) with a maximum observation time of 8.5 years (102...

This study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of the antimicrobial peptides (AMP) LL-37 and human Lactoferricin (LfcinH) on the planktonic growth and biofilm formation of oral pathogenic anaerobes related to caries and periodontitis. Multi-species bacterial suspensions of either facultative anaerobic bacteria (FAB: Streptococcus...

Background/Aim When patients have saved tooth fragments in case of crown fractures, reattachment is considered as the treatment of choice. With respect to the need to provide clinical outcome data regarding adhesively reattached fragments, the aim of this practice‐based clinical study was to evaluate the survival of reattached fragments after crown...

Objective The objective of this in vitro study was to investigate fracture load, fracture types, and impact of chewing simulation of human molars restored with 3D printed indirect polyetheretherketone (PEEK) inlays and compare these with milled indirect PEEK inlays, direct resin composite fillings, and sound teeth. Materials and methods A total of...

Objectives To define an expert Delphi consensus on when to intervene in the caries process and existing carious lesions. Methods Non-systematic literature synthesis, expert Delphi consensus process and expert panel conference. Results Lesion activity, cavitation and cleansability determine intervention thresholds. Inactive lesions do not require tr...

Objectives: To provide consensus recommendations on how to intervene in the caries process in adults, specifically proximal and secondary carious lesions. Methods: Based on two systematic reviews, a consensus conference followed by an e-Delphi consensus process were held with EFCD/ORCA/DGZ delegates. Results: Managing an individual’s caries risk us...

Objectives The corona disease (COVID-19) is developing into one of the greatest challenges for healthcare professionals around the world. In this article, we report the detailed actions taken in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany, during the early ph...

Introduction This article describes the features that should be considered when describing, purchasing and using a light‐curing unit (LCU). Methods The International System of Units (S.I.) terms of radiant power or radiant flux (mW), spectral radiant power (mW/nm), radiant exitance or tip irradiance (mW/cm²), and the irradiance received at the sur...

PurposeThe effect of Actovegin® was investigated on PMA- and LPS-induced human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).MethodsPBMCs (1 × 106 cells/ml) from five blood donors (2 f, 3 m; 45–55 years) were grown in medium and exposed to Actovegin® in the presence or absence of PMA or LPS. Supernatants were collected to assess the concentration of c...

This in vitro study evaluated the shear bond strength (SBS), failure mode and microleakage of fissure sealing materials in relation to different etching times on aprismatic and prismatic enamel. Ninety-six healthy human third molars were randomly allocated to the following groups: 1) prismatic or aprismatic enamel; 2) etching: 15, 30, 45, 60 s. Aft...

Objectives Long-term survival of two highly viscous glass ionomer cements (Fuji IX GP Fast and Equia Fil) over a period of 6 years in vivo. Methods A total of 85 two- or three-surface class II restorations, comprising 43 Equia Fil / Equia Coat and 42 Fuji IX GP Fast / Fuji Coat LC, were placed in 34 patients. The restorations were re-evaluated aft...

Background: Sugar-sweetened drinks (SSDs) are known to be cariogenic, but this association has not been well investigated in population-based repeated cross-sectional studies in recent years. Therefore, this study examined whether SSD intake is associated with higher caries experience in 10- and 15-year-olds. Methods: The study sample included p...

Background: There is little information available on the longevity of non-invasive glass-ionomer cement (GIC) and composite restorations as well as conventional composite and ceramic restorations placed on permanent teeth with enamel breakdowns due to molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH). Aim: To compare the longevity of the abovementioned tre...

This retrospective clinical study investigated the survival probability of avulsed and replanted permanent teeth in relation to functional healing, replacement and inflammatory resorption. The explorative data analysis included data from 36 patients and 49 replanted permanent teeth with a minimum observation time of 60 days; the patients were gener...

Objective To investigate the impact of 3D print material, build direction, post-curing, and artificial aging on fracture load of fixed dental prostheses (FDPs). Materials and methods Three-unit FDPs were 3D-printed using experimental resin (EXP), NextDent C&B (CB), Freeprint temp (FT), and 3Delta temp (DT). In the first part, the impacts of build...

Objectives Although dental trauma and its unfavorable sequelae are considered major public health problems worldwide, the published data on the prevalence of traumatic crown injuries (TCIs) in Germany are lacking. Therefore, the present study assessed the prevalence of TCIs among adolescents in Bavaria, Germany. Material and methods Ethical approv...

Objective: This systematic literature review and meta-analysis compared the clinical retention of primed or adhesively bonded sealants to that of conventional sealant materials. Methods: A search of the MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL databases identified 3707 abstracts published prior to 12/31/2017, of which 335 clinical publications were analysed...

Objective: Ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate (bisEMA) is a base monomer in several dental resin composites. It was the main aim of the present study to determine if bisEMA can reach the dental pulp by generally passive diffusion through the coronal dentinal tubules stimulated via eluent liquids surrounding the root structures only. Methods:...

Objective: Titanium (Ti)- and Zirconia (ZrO2)-implants in mini pig maxillae were compared with respect to Ti/zirconium (Zr) release into the surrounding bone tissues, the resulting short term tissue responses and the potential toxicity. Methods: Ti/Zr release from Ti- and ZrO2-implants in mini pig maxillae was determined with inductively coupled...

Objective: To compare the clinical performance of two glass-ionomer cements in combination with two light-cured coatings in Class II cavities. Method and materials: In total, 43 Equia Fil/Equia Coat and 42 Fuji IX GP Fast/Fuji Coat LC restorations were placed, in 34 patients. Only Class II cavities with two- or three-surface restorations were in...

The aim of this study was the in‐vitro validation of VistaCam iX HD, which uses near‐infrared reflection (NIRR), for proximal caries detection. It was compared with digital bitewing radiography (BWR), and micro‐computed tomography (µCT) was used as the reference standard. One‐hundred teeth with either sound (n = 54) or carious (n = 46) proximal sur...

Objectives The aim of the present in vitro study was to determine the ability of Diagnocam to detect caries at an early stage and to compare it with digital radiography. Materials and methods One hundred twenty proximal surfaces composed equally of sound and decayed surfaces were evaluated by assessing images captured with Diagnocam (Kavo, Biberac...

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the three-body wear of different additively manufactured temporary materials, one temporary PMMA material for CAD/CAM milling and one resin-based composite for direct restorations as a control group by using an ACTA machine. Methods: Specimens (n=8) of the 3D printing materials 3Delta temp, Nex...

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of artificial aging on the Martens parameters of different 3D printed and milled polyaryletherketon (PAEK) materials. Methods: In total 120 specimens of 4 different polyetheretherketon (PEEK) materials (Essentium PEEK, KetaSpire PEEK MS-NT1, VICTREX PEEK 450G and VESTAKEEP i4 G) wer...

Objectives To define an expert Delphi consensus on when to intervene in the caries process and on existing carious lesions using non- or micro-invasive, invasive/restorative or mixed interventions. Methods Non-systematic literature synthesis, expert Delphi consensus process and expert panel conference. Results Carious lesion activity, cavitation...

The manifestation of periodontitis-related inflammatory reaction is inevitably bound to the production of prostaglandins E2 and D2 which have been suggested to mediate osteoclastic and osteogenic effects within the affected tissue. We demonstrated the presence of PGE2 and PGD2 receptors on hMSCs on RNA level and with immunofluorescence. For each Pr...

Objective: To compare the clinical performance of two glass-ionomer cements in combination with two light-cured coatings in Class II cavities. Method and materials: In total, 43 Equia Fil/Equia Coat and 42 Fuji IX GP Fast/Fuji Coat LC restorations were placed, in 34 patients. Only Class II cavities with two- or three-surface restorations were in...

Aesthetic alternatives to stainless‐steel crowns for restoring primary molars attain growing interest. We studied the mechanical properties of prefabricated zirconia crowns and conventional crowns. Three brands of prefabricated zirconia crowns were compared with computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) zirconia crowns, preveneer...

Objective: The fracture resistance of different ultrathin occlusal computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) veneers was investigated under cyclic mechanical loading to restore combined enamel-dentin defects. Methods: Eighty-four molars were reduced occlusally until extensive dentin exposure occurred with a remaining enamel ri...

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a rapidly developing technology that has gained widespread acceptance in dentistry. Compared to conventional (lost-wax technique) and subtractive computer numeric controlled methods, 3D printing offers process engineering advantages. Materials such as plastics, metals, and ceramics can be manufactured using variou...

Objectives To evaluate the effect of bioactive glass 45S5 (BG) in experimental composites on flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), modulus of resilience (MR), and material reliability after artificial aging in water for 1, 7, and 30 days, and an additional accelerated aging for 3 days in a 75 vol% ethanol-water solution. Materials and met...

Objective: To assess the cytocompatibility of five commercially available xenogenic barrier membranes used for oral regenerative procedures and to determine the growth factor content of these membranes in-vitro. Methods: Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and immortalized periodontal ligament stem cells (PDL-hTERTs) were used to determine the...

Background: Little is known about evaluation practices as well as performance-oriented allocation of resources according to teaching quality at German medical schools. For this reason, the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany and the German Association of Medical Faculties aimed to analyse current practices at German medical s...