Reidar Mykletun

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• PhD
• Professor Emeritus at University of Stavanger

Introduction: Surfing has grown since the 1960s to become a global marine leisure activity. Traditionally, surfing is associated with tropical and temperate climates and a sea, sand, and sun setting. However, surfing's geographical spread now includes polar and sub-polar regions, areas where the cold and sea-conditions provide challenges to human s...

The last decade has seen growth in numbers of hikers to the iconic cliff Trolltunga, a spectacular peak hanging horizontally 700 m above ground in Hardanger, Norway, and to similar mountain attractions elsewhere in Norway. An increase in accidents and rescue operations followed, justifying this study that, applying perspectives from adventure touri...

Why do some tourists leave the beaten track and spend time and energy working in remote farms for food and accommodation through the WWOOF (World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms) network? WWOOF now celebrates its 50th anniversary. This study draws on a Norwegian survey of 1184 WWOOF respondents from 92 countries. It is the first large-scale qua...

This paper assesses the psychometric qualities of the Patient Experience Questionnaire (PEQ), thereby validating a patient-oriented measurement model in a hospital environment, and modifies the model based on empirical results. This study employed survey data gathered by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health from adult inpatients at somatic hosp...

More affordable travel opportunities have facilitated a swift rise in surf tourism, which is a growing multi-billion dollar global business niche within the broader sport tourism industry. It is argued that a growing number of surfers who are searching for the perfect wave without the crowds found in well-established surfing destinations are shifti...

Background- This paper assesses the psychometric qualities of the Patient Experience Questionnaire (PEQ), thereby validating a patient-oriented service climate measurement model in a hospital environment, and modifies the model based on empirical results. This study employed survey data gathered by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health from adul...

The research output during the last two decades suggests that events and festivals are of major importance for society both internationally and in a Nordic context. Existing literature, primarily published in a Nordic context, is reviewed and organized according to three broad areas: The event and festival consumer, the event or festival as organiz...

Some travellers “want to make a difference” and develop themselves while exploring the world through programmes offered by international volunteer organisations, such as the WWOOF initiative (WorldWide Opportunities on Organic Farms). This international network promotes organic farming and sustainable lifestyles by connecting hosts and volunteers w...

Purpose Drawing on the resource-based view, the purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which the level of the organization’s human resource management (HRM) practices, perceived financial resources and organizational size predict the existence of a well-developed ethical infrastructure against workplace bullying. Design/methodology/app...

This study investigates the extent to which Norwegian adolescents (age 15–16 years) choose vocational foundation classes for high school related to the hospitality industry and intend to complete their certificate of apprenticeship in this field. Departing from the concepts of beliefs, behavioral intentions, and background factors, the study explor...

The present study examines the extent to which the topics of sustainability – considered innovative subjects in guiding – are included in guide training programmes in eight European countries. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind in Europe. It is assumed that tourist guides have the unique opportunity to improve visitor...

Antecedents and consequences of workplace bullying are well documented. However, the measures taken against workplace bullying, and the effectiveness of such measures, have received less attention. This study addresses this knowledge gap by exploring the role of ethical infrastructure in perceived successful handling of reported workplace bullying....

div class="page" title="Page 1"> Antecedents and consequences of workplace bullying are well documented. However, the mea- sures taken against workplace bullying, and the effectiveness of such measures, have received less attention. This study addresses this knowledge gap by exploring the role of ethical infrastructure in perceived successful handl...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify psychosocial benefits that the race participants gained from participating in an adventure race (AR). The sample studied were participants of the Patagonian Expedition Race (PER), a multi-day AR that takes place in Chilean Patagonia. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected in the 2012 prior...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the antecedents of volunteer commitment and intention to remain volunteering for the same event in the future, in the context of two annually held Norwegian cycling race events. Design/methodology/approach – A cross-sectional design was used, applying a questionnaire that was developed and distribu...

Objectives: While poor health contributes to early work exits, it is less clear how early work exits affect health. This study therefore examines changes in health associated with retirement. Method: Survey data from gainfully employed individuals aged 57 to 66 in 2002 were used to assess changes in health status and behaviors associated with retir...

What are the benefits that visitors gain from participating in a non-profit food festival? Festival benefit is defined here as the ultimate value that people place on what they believe they have gained from observation or participation in activities and interaction with settings provided by festivals. Previous research has mainly focused on motivat...

This study addresses the socialisation processes taking place during the apprenticeship period within the hospitality industry, searching for explanations of drop-out and early staff turnover in the personal, social and educational experiences of the apprentices during their organisational socialisation process and vocational training. Data were co...

Theories on the relations between leaders and subordinates have been of interest to researchers for decades; however, these theories have received less attention in the Nordic countries. The aim of this study is twofold: to investigate the validity of the Leader-Member-Exchange Scale, LMX-7, in three Norwegian samples, and to explore potentially ne...

The aim of this longitudinal qualitative interview study (3 waves of interviews) was to examine the nature of older workers’ late career decision-making processes, including the main drivers and obstacles for prolonging working life or retiring. Late career decision-making is regarded as a process of reflecting and deciding on whether to continue i...

The overall objective of this study was to explore perceived organisational injustice through the lens of learnt helplessness in a Norwegian post-merger case study focusing on an ageing knowledge-based workforce. The case describes a lucrative large-scale early retirement organisational downsizing deployed only in the headquarters, located in Norwa...

Research on the correspondence between retirement intentions and subsequent behaviours is scarce. We aimed to explore possible associations between retirement intentions and behaviours, using 5-year high quality quantitative panel data on Norwegian senior workers. Intentions operate at different levels of firmness: i) considerations; ii) preference...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how experiences, sport careers and biographic variables predict: enjoyment, satisfaction and memories from the unique and spectacular Extreme Sport Week (Ekstremsportveko), Voss, Norway, as reported by the extreme sport athletes. Design/methodology/approach – An electronic questionnaire was dis...

The meeting industry may have negative influence on the environment; however, the research in this field is limited. The current study contributes to the gap by being the first to compare the perceptions of green meetings, their importance, and behaviour intentions by three main stakeholder groups: meeting venue managers, meeting organizers, and me...

Research on spouses’ joint work exits is scarce, although household factors such as spouses’ work status, marital quality, and caregiving burdens are likely to affect seniors’ work engagement. We therefore examine whether the work exit probability of one spouse affects that of the other. Discrete-time hazard regression analyses of survey data linke...

This article addresses the sustainability of festival populations from the perspective of organizational ecology theory, and in particular age and density dependence. Data from whole populations of festivals in three Norwegian counties are examined. Analyses of festival start-ups demonstrate that the number of events in each county had risen faster...

This article contributes to event management theory and practice, and more generally to sponsorship research, by examining grant and sponsorship revenue for festivals. In particular, a number of factors that appear to influence the amounts and sources of external revenues are examined for significant differences. Data obtained from 260 festival man...

Research has suggested that festivals may influence the identities of the people involved and the host community itself. This impact may be a result of the events functioning as occasions to express collective belonging to a group or a place, and provide opportunities to create united histories, cultural practices, and ideals, but there is little e...

The importance and definition of festival size is first considered. Then data on whole festival populations in three Norwegian counties are analyzed. The analysis reveals a clear pattern in all three counties that is termed the “festival size pyramid” in which the base consists of a large number of small, recurring festivals, and the apex includes...

This article aims at illuminating the contemporary glacier tourism scene, and does so by showing how glacier tourism in Norway has developed as an adventure tourism activity over the past 7 years. In total, 17 companies offered guided glacier activities for approximately 20–30,000 visitors per year. Data were collected by repeated interviews, websi...

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Purpose This paper aims to explore relationships between consumers' sustainable purchasing practices and their related cognitions, evaluations, and beliefs when considering purchases of tourist products or general goods. Design/methodology/approach “Cognitions” refers to consumers' familiarity with the concept of “environmentally‐friendly”, their...

AbSTRAcT This paper aims to describe and explain the beliefs of public sector managers regarding measures to promote active ageing within organizations and how these beliefs can relate to their own atti tudes, age, gender, organizational roles, and structures. Data were collected by mailed questionnaires from 672 managers on operative and administr...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of leaders’ creativity as a predictor of organizational creativity. The authors expected that creative leaders would promote creativity directly by functioning as a model and inspiration for their followers and indirectly by promoting a creativitysupporting work climate. Design/methodology/...

Mykletun, R.J. 1984. Teacher Stress: Perceived and Objective Sources, and Quality of Life. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 28, 17‐45. Results from a questionnaire study of 917 comprehensive school teachers in Norway are reported. A 74‐item Job stress rating scale (JSRS) was designed to identify stressors in teachers' work, and the Gene...

The overall aim of this case study was to further the understanding of tour guides' contribution to sustainable tourism. First, it expands on Cohen's (198513. Cohen , E. 1985. The tourist guide: The origins, structure and dynamics of a role. Annals of Tourism Research, 12: 5–29. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(85)90037-4 [CrossR...

This chapter is based on a study of the effects of different exit routes from working life on the individual worker's self-esteem. We compared three exit routes, retirement or exit on disability pension (life-long option based on medical evaluation), retirement or exit on optional age pension (available between age 62 and 66), and ordinary old age...

The hospitality industry has a young workforce with a rapid turnover and depends on good access to a new workforce. Hence, many young people have their first experience of paid employment in this industry. One issue that has been little addressed is the quality of these meetings between the newcomer and the organisation. Departing from theories on...

Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is important for survival after cardiac arrest. We hypothesized that elderly laypersons would perform CPR poorer in a realistic cardiac arrest simulation, compared to a traditional test. Sixty-four lay rescuers aged 50-75 were randomized to realistic or traditional test, both with ten minutes of telepho...

The Stavanger Food Festival (the Gladmatfestival) provides the empirical context for a case study on festival safety. Annually the festival gathers 250,000 participants and 500 staff involved as exhibitors and the like in a small area in the harbour area in central Stavanger. Social gatherings like this constitute significant safety challenges, as...

This study investigated the relationship between supervisor personality and subordinate reports of exposure to bullying and harassment at work. Three research questions were examined: (a) Is there a direct relationship between supervisor personality and reports of workplace bullying? (b) Is there an interaction between supervisor personality and su...

In response to decreasing retirement ages, greater attention is paid to ways of extending older workers' careers without inflicting them with unacceptable strain. Workplace management is supposed to be a key success factor and possible solutions have been coined ‘age management’. The purpose of this article is to assess the extent to which managers...

Due to population ageing, Western societies' future economageic growth may have to rely on the capacity of older workers in the labour market(Ilmainen, 2009). However, research suggests that stereotyping, age discrimination and negative manager attitudes may lead to early retirement and workforce losses(Furunes & Mykletun, 2007, 2010). Previous res...

Basic skills and educational level are closely related, and both might affect employment. Data from the Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey were used to examine whether basic skills in terms of literacy and numeracy predicted youth unemployment (16–24 years) while controlling for educational level. Stepwise logistic regression showed that in Cana...

Attempts have been made to make traditional local foods a part of the tourists' experiences, but few have caught great interest among the tourist and leisure consumers. An exception is the Norwegian traditional Sheep's-head meal. This article focuses on driving factors behind this success. Sheep's heads have been continuously available and used at...

Girls attend less education in mathematics than boys when the subject becomes an elective in upper secondary schools and above. One explanation for this might be gender differences in mathematical self-concept, which are the focus of the present study. Data from the Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey (ALL) were used to examine whether young adul...

Early cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) improves survival after cardiac arrest, but there is a discrepancy between the age group normally attending CPR-classes and the age group most likely to witness a cardiac arrest. We wanted to study if elderly lay persons could perform 10min of CPR on a realistic manikin with continuous chest compressions (C...

Furunes, T. & Mykletun, R. J. (2010). Age discrimination in the workplace: Validation of the Nordic Age Discrimination Scale (NADS). Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51, 23–30. Due to population ageing, older workers will make up a larger proportion of the workforce. However, recent reports show an increase in perceived age discrimination among...

This article portrays the changing status and use of a traditional Norwegian meal, Smalahove, in designing tourist experiences. Against all odds, this peculiar relic of Nordic gastronomy (salted, smoked and cooked sheep's head) has become a part of the destination brand of Voss, a small West Norwegian township, renowned for its topographic qualitie...

Food festivals play a minor role in the recent Norwegian surplus of festivals. As niche events they face less competition than the dominating field of music festivals, however their success cannot be taken for granted. The purpose of this study was to illuminate success factors of festivals by presenting a case study of the Gladmatfestival in Stava...

The diversity of festivals in Finnmark, Norway, was researched with the aim of creating a festival map of the county's Festivalscape. Data were collected by questionnaires to the registered festival managers. It was concluded that Finnmark is a festive county where 72,000 people share close to 60 festivals arranged annually in 19 municipalities acr...

There are four published studies in international journals of the work situation of accommodation service workers in hotels, and additionally three unpublished were found, spanning from the 1970s to date. As a fifth published study the present one aimed at identifying central problem factors of room-attendants' work in the hotel business. Thirteen...

This study aims to explore the central success factors behind the growth and prosperity of festivals. In line with resource dependency theory and the model of competitive strategies, it was assumed that successful festivals both adapt to, and influence, their contexts to their own advantage while also providing benefits for their environment. A cap...

Vattenfall AB Nordic experienced dropping average retirement ages. Facing an increase in average ages for the workforce, increased expenses and shortage of competence and workers were foreseen. Retaining senior workforce, promoting workability and transferring competence to facilitate the generation relays became an organisational challenge. The Ge...

The aim of the study was to investigate possible effects of a total smoke-ban in Norwegian bars and restaurants (introduced on June 1st 2004) on employees' job satisfaction. A national representative sample was randomly selected from the public registry of all companies in the hospitality business. A baseline survey was conducted in May 2004, follo...

Relationships between two types of occupational stress, one chronic and one acute, and plasma immunoglobulin and complement components were measured. The first group comprised female primary school teachers (N=40) subjected to long-lasting work stress. The second group comprised male merchant navy students (N=38) subjected to a series of short-last...

The aim of this study was to explore the occurrence of bullying in the restaurant sector and its potential consequences. The sample consisted of 207 superiors and employees in 70 restaurants. The findings indicated that bullying prevails in the restaurant industry, with apprentices as a risk group. Bullying was negatively related to job satisfactio...

Through analysing managers’ use of metaphorical images, this study is the first to reveal negative stereotyping of a senior hospitality workforce. In-depth analyses indicate that age discrimination exists towards seniors; managers seem to be biased. Some have positive experiences with a senior workforce, but when it comes to recruiting new employee...

BASE jumping is an extreme sport activity that employs rare natural or man‐made resources from where the participants can legally leap and perform a free flight before landing on the ground, assisted by opening their parachute canopies at the last possible moment. The 1000‐metre high Kjerag Cliff in Lysefjord, Norway was first used for this sport i...

This study investigates how managers direct issues of an ageing workforce, and whether this has implications for the hospitality industry. Managers' experiences with managing age‐mixed workforces are outlined, and implications of an ageing workforce for the hospitality industry are discussed. The study is centred on five human‐resource areas; (1) J...

The purpose of the study was to investigate how managers direct issues of an aging workforce, and whether this has implications for the hospitality industry. Further, managers' experiences with managing age-mixed workforces are outlined. Implications of an aging workforce for the hospitality industry are also discussed. Qualitative data were gather...

This paper discusses narratives of polar adventure tourism from a multidisciplinary perspective of play. Reviewing discussions on the motivation behind this subject, it examines two concurrent approaches in particular: risk and insight theories. Based on empirical evidence obtained from a winter trekking trip to an Artic tourism destination, the pa...

Background The present paper reviews staff stress, burnout and job satisfaction. Methods A longitudinal, quasi experimental study was carried out among staff working with people with intellectual disabilities in two municipalities in Norway. The purpose was to measure mean differences of stress, burnout and job satisfaction after different interven...

Burnout among people working with intellectually disabled persons: a theory update and an example The paper offers an overview of the burnout literature connected to work stress and is specially aimed at professionals with responsibilities for persons with intellectual disabilities. In the paper different important key concepts in the burnout liter...

The market segmentation process is a critical component of positioning tourist destinations whereby marketers identify within an existing market distinct groups of visitors that best maximize value to the destination and assess their ability to serve and grow the targeted segment(s). Dividing a visitor market into homogenous groups is often based u...

Earlier research established that non-verbal training videos work as well as the traditional verbal training films among Americans. Many hospitality companies hire expatriates for domestic operations. English is not the primary or secondary language for many of these hires. Furthermore, many hospitality companies have a growing presence abroad, oft...

Retaining employees is a major goal of internal marketing. Internal marketing is often performed through direct interpersonal communication. Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory informs how such communication and retention may take place. The Leader-Member Exchange measurement model and a proposed structural equation model are tested. The test produ...

Risk of early exit from work for teachers was operationalized as high burnout scores, working part-time due to heavy burden and illness or working part-time while also receiving partial disability pension. Data were collected by mailed questionnaires in a cross-sectional study to a random sample of Norwegian comprehensive schoolteachers, response r...

In this survey investigation we have asked 288 nursing teachers i 32 Norwegian nursing colleges concerning experienced work overload. This study is a follow-up study from 1988 and 1990. In all three studies we've focused on five areas: A) Heavy workload, B) The relationship between theory and practice, C) Low level of education among nursing teache...

A total of 547 female hospital staff participated in a study on the associations of perceived stress and effort with the experience of moods (dysphoric: DM; euphoric: EM) and musculoskeletal back pain. Significant bivariate coefficients of correlation emerged between (i) stress, efforts, dysphoric mood and (ii) back pain for the whole sample of sub...

On the basis of findings of high levels of alcohol consumption and risk of alcohol-related disease among employees of the restaurant business, the ability of the Karasek work-strain model to predict heavy drinking was investigated in a cross-sectional study of 3204 Norwegian male and female waiters and cooks. In the logistic regression analyses, no...

Selection into the restaurant business based on personality characteristics and its possible impact on the risk of heavy drinking was investigated in a sample of 3283 male and female waiters and cooks. Neuroticism and extraversion were assessed by an abbreviated version of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Restaurant employees scored significa...