Reidar P. Lystad

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• Ph.D.
• Researcher at Macquarie University

Background Game of Thrones is a popular television series known for its violent and graphic portrayal of the deaths of its characters. This study aimed to examine the mortality and survival of important characters in Game of Thrones. Methods Important characters appearing in Seasons 1 to 7 of Game of Thrones were included, and data on sociodemogra...

Introduction: Some individuals over their life course will experience significant health-related events, such as a physical or mental illness, that can alter their life pathways or trajectories, known as “turning-point” events. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the evidence from population-based data collections for: (a) parent health-rela...

Objective To examine concussion experiences and knowledge among top-level youth karate athletes. Methods This cross-sectional study collected data during the 12th World Karate Championships for cadets, juniors and under-21 athletes (held in Konya, Turkey, 2022). All 1414 registered athletes from 95 countries were invited to complete a 16-item pape...

Objectives To examine factors associated with indicators of potentially burdensome care provided in hospital, and use of hospital services in the last 12 months of life for people who had a death from cancer. ApproachA population-based retrospective cohort study of people aged ≥20 years with a cancer-related cause of death during 2014-2019 in New S...

Key predictors of three trajectory group membership of potentially preventable hospitalisations were age, the number of comorbidities, the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and congestive heart failure, and frailty risk at the occurrence of hip fracture. These predictors of their trajectory group could be used in targeting preventio...

Background Variation persists in the quality of end-of-life-care (EOLC) for people with cancer. This study aims to describe the characteristics of, and examine factors associated with, indicators of potentially burdensome care provided in hospital, and use of hospital services in the last 12 months of life for people who had a death from cancer. M...

Objectives The SNAP-CTE Study aims to identify features and characteristics of the in-life experience of those who may be suffering from Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) and correlated Traumatic Encephalopathy Syndrome (TES). A cohort of 20 participants were included in the preliminary findings. Methods 20 participants with a history of mTBI...

Aim: To examine the impact of concussion on objective measures of school performance. Materials & methods: Population-based matched cohort study using linked health and education records of young people aged ≤18 years hospitalized with concussion in New South Wales, Australia, during 2005-2018, and matched comparisons not hospitalized with any i...

Background Hearing loss can have a negative impact on individuals’ health and engagement with social activities. Integrated approaches that tackle barriers and social outcomes could mitigate some of these effects for cochlear implants (CI) users. This review aims to synthesise the evidence of the impact of a CI on adults’ health service utilisation...

Objective This study aimed to compare academic performance and high school completion of young people hospitalised for a burn compared with young people not hospitalised for an injury. Design A retrospective population-based matched case-comparison cohort study. Participants Young people aged ≤18 years hospitalised for a burn during 2005–2018 in...

Background: As their health declines, many older adults require additional care and move to residential aged care facilities. Despite efforts to reduce it, variation persists in care quality at the end-of-life (EOL) between facilities. Indicators to monitor care variation are therefore required. This rapid systematic review aims to identify popula...

Objectives To describe if there has been a change in the reporting of adverse events associated with spinal manipulation in randomised clinical trials (RCTs) since 2016. Design A systematic literature review. Data sources Databases were searched from March 2016 to May 2022: MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase, CINAHL, ICL, PEDro and Cochrane Library. The foll...

This study aimed to quantify changes in paediatric injury-related Emergency Department (ED) presentations at a large metropolitan paediatric hospital during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic (i.e., 2020 and 2021). This retrospective cohort study included children aged ≤15 years who presented to the ED at the Children’s Hospital at Westme...

Objectives: To quantify changes in sport-related concussion and traumatic brain injury claims in New Zealand during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic (i.e., 2020 and 2021). Design: Population-based cohort study. Methods: This study included all new sport-related concussion and traumatic brain injury claims that were registered with...

Objective To synthesise the best available epidemiological data on competition and training injuries in amateur boxing. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Pooled estimates of competition injury incidence rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (IIRAE) and per 1000 min of exposure (IIRME), and training injury incidence rates per 1000 h of exposur...

Background To inform healthcare planning and resourcing, population-level information is required on the use of health services among young people with a mental disorder. This study aims to identify the health service use associated with mental disorders among young people using a population-level matched cohort. Method A population-based matched...

Introduction: While the majority of adults with severe-to-profound hearing loss and poor speech perception outcomes with hearing aids benefit from receiving a cochlear implant, the long-term health and social benefits for implant recipients are yet to be explored. The objective of the ARCHS research is to provide a better understanding of the heal...

Background: Burn injuries can have a detrimental impact on a young person’s health and social development, which may affect their academic performance. This study aimed to compare academic performance and high school completion of young people hospitalised for a burn compared to young people not hospitalised for an injury. Methods: A population-bas...

Objectives To compare scholastic performance and high school completion of young people hospitalised with a mental disorder compared to young people not hospitalised for a mental disorder by sex. ApproachA population-based matched case-comparison cohort study of young people aged ≤18 years hospitalised for a mental disorder during 2005-2018 in New...

This retrospective cohort study aimed to examine the characteristics, incidence, temporal trends, and seasonality of paediatric injury-related Emergency Department (ED) presentations at a large metropolitan paediatric hospital. It included children aged ≤15 years who presented to the ED at The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Australia, with...

Background Traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES) is considered a long-term, neurodegenerative consequence of repetitive head injury (RHI). This cohort study aimed to characterise the episodic memory profiles (specifically, immediate and delayed memory) of individuals with RHI history through neuropsychological assessment. Hypotheses included part...

Objective To examine the availability and content of publicly available concussion information published by peak amateur and professional combat sport governing bodies in Australia. Design Cross-sectional study; document analysis. Methods Publicly available concussion information was retrieved from the websites of eleven peak Australian amateur a...

Abstract Background Commercial delivery cyclists represent a uniquely vulnerable and poorly understood road user. The primary aim of this study was to pilot whether cycling injuries could be categorised as either commercial or non-commercial using documentation entered into routine hospital medical records, in order to determine the feasibility of...

Background Children and young people who sustain injuries resulting in a hospital admission may experience adverse effects for months or years following the event. Understanding the attributable burden and health service needs is vital for public health planning as well as individual care provision. This study aims to identify the hospitalised morb...

Objectives: To compare academic performance and high school completion of young people admitted to hospital with epilepsy and matched peers from the general population not admitted to hospital with epilepsy during the study period. Methods: A population-based matched case-comparison cohort study of young people aged ≤18 years hospitalised with epil...

Background: The impact of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) on academic performance is inconclusive. This study aims to compare scholastic performance and high school completion in young people hospitalised with T1D compared to matched peers not hospitalised with diabetes. Method: A population-level matched case-comparison study of people aged ≤18...

Aim: This study aims to identify the hospitalised morbidity associated with three common chronic health conditions among young people using a population-based matched cohort. Methods: A population-level matched case-comparison retrospective cohort study of young people aged ≤18 years hospitalised with asthma, type 1 diabetes (T1D) or epilepsy du...

Background With the increasing use of mobile technology, ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) may enable routine monitoring of patient health outcomes and patient experiences of care by health agencies. This rapid review aims to synthesise the evidence on the use of EMAs to monitor health outcomes after traumatic unintentional injury. Method A...

Background Emerging adulthood is a distinct segment of an individual’s life course. The defining features of this transitional period include identity exploration, instability, future possibilities, self-focus, and feeling in-between, all of which are thought to affect quality of life, health, and well-being. A longitudinal cohort study with a comp...

Objective To quantify and describe boxing-related deaths in Australia. Design Retrospective analysis of news media reports of all boxing-related fatalities in Australia during 1832 to 2020. Methods Australia and New Zealand Newsstream, Factiva, Informit, Google News, Fairfax Media Archive, and Trove were searched from inception to December 31, 20...

Background Young people with a mental disorder often perform poorly at school and can fail to complete high school. This study aims to compare scholastic performance and high school completion of young people hospitalised with a mental disorder compared to young people not hospitalised for a mental disorder health condition by gender. Method A pop...

People with disabilities are often subject to intersecting layers of social and economic disadvantage and other barriers that drive health inequity. As a result, they frequently experience worse health than people without disabilities, beyond the direct effects of their health condition or impairment. The aim of this overview of systematic reviews...

Introduction: Notwithstanding the widespread popularity and public concerns regarding athlete safety in amateur boxing, previous efforts to investigate the epidemiology of injuries in the sport are either limited in scope or outdated. This review aims to systematically review and synthesise the best available epidemiological data on competition and...

Background Exploring the impact of injury and injury severity on academic outcomes could assist to identify characteristics of young people likely to require learning support services. This study aims to compare scholastic performance and high school completion of young people hospitalised for an injury compared to young people not hospitalised for...

Background: Commercial delivery cyclists represent a uniquely vulnerable and poorly understood road user. The aim of this study was to determine whether cyclists could be categorised as commercial or non-commercial from routine medical records and which key demographic, incident and injury characteristics could be identified and attributed to each...

Objectives: To describe and compare the epidemiology of competition injuries in unarmed combat sports (ie, boxing, judo, taekwondo and wrestling) in three consecutive Olympic Games. Methods: Prospective cohort study using injury data from the IOC injury surveillance system and exposure data from official tournament records at three consecutive Oly...

Background There is inconclusive evidence of the effect of asthma on the academic performance of young people. This study aims to compare scholastic performance and high school completion of young people hospitalised with asthma compared to matched peers not hospitalised with asthma. Method A population-based matched case-comparison cohort study o...

Objective To identify the risk factors associated with complaints, malpractice claims and impaired performance in medical practitioners. Design Systematic review. Data sources Ovid-Medline, Ovid Embase, Scopus and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from 2011 until March 2020. Reference lists and Google were also handsear...

BACKGROUND Emerging adulthood is a distinct segment of an individual’s life course. The defining features of this transitional period include identity exploration, instability, future possibilities, self-focus, and feeling in-between, all of which are thought to affect quality of life, health, and well-being. A longitudinal cohort study with a comp...

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) has been identified at post-mortem in Australian football codes players. Detailed and objective clinical and radiological characterization of patients at-risk of sporting and non-sporting repetitive concussive and subconcussive traumatic brain injury (RC/SCI) is important to our understanding of traumatic ence...

Ultimate is a high-intensity, non-contact team sport played with a flying disc (e.g., frisbee). Despite the growing popularity of ultimate worldwide, there is limited information about the epidemiology of injury in the sport. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview and synthesis of the literature on the epidemiology of inj...

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted a wide range of health services. This study aimed to quantify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on manual therapy service utilization within the Australian private healthcare setting during the first half of 2020. Quarterly data regarding the number and total cost of services provided were extracted for each man...

Objective Team-based learning (TBL) is an active learning method in which student teams participate in individual work, teamwork, and the application of learned concepts to problem solving. It has been widely adopted in the education of health professions. The aim of this study was to assess whether TBL in tutorials would be beneficial to students'...

Introduction Value-based healthcare delivery models have emerged to address the unprecedented pressure on long-term health system performance and sustainability and to respond to the changing needs and expectations of patients. Implementing and scaling the benefits from these care delivery models to achieve large-system transformation are challengi...

Background: Better understanding of the dynamics and temporal changes in manual therapy service utilisation may assist with healthcare planning and resource allocation. The objectives of this study were to quantify, describe, and compare service utilisation trends in the manual therapy professions within the Australian private healthcare setting b...

Objective To report the epidemiology of injuries in Olympic-style karate competitions. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Pooled estimates of injury incidence rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (IIR AE ) and per 1000 min of exposure (IIR ME ) were obtained by fitting random-effects models. Data sources MEDLINE, Embase, AMED, SPORTDiscus an...

Background Fractures represent the most common injury-related hospitalisations of children. Injured children often miss days from school, may experience ongoing pain and disability, as well as a reduced quality of life. To monitor temporal trends, and to enable targeted strategies to prevent fracture-related hospitalisation, an examination of the c...

Background Emerging adulthood is a unique segment of an individual’s life course. The defining features of this transitional period include identity exploration, instability, future possibilities, self-focus, and feeling in-between adolescence and adulthood, all of which are thought to affect quality of life, health, and well-being. A longitudinal...

Objectives: This study aimed to examine five-year trajectories of hospital service utilization among individuals living with epilepsy in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, and to identify factors predictive of trajectory group membership. Methods: This study used group-based trajectory modeling of hospital admissions over a five-year period for i...

Background context: Despite its potential to cause serious and life-long disability or death, population-based data on traumatic spinal injury in pediatric populations is scarce. Purpose: To quantify and describe the incidence and cost of hospitalizations for traumatic spinal injury among Australian children, and to examine the trend over a ten-...

This study examined hip fracture hospitalisation trends and predictors of access to rehabilitation for adults aged ≥ 65 years living with and without dementia. The hospitalisation rate was 2.5 times higher for adults living with dementia and adults who lived in aged care were between 4.8 and 9.3 times less likely to receive rehabilitation. Introdu...

This study aimed to operationalise and use the World Health Organisation's International Classification for Patient Safety (ICPS) to identify incident characteristics and contributing factors of deaths involving complications of medical or surgical care in Australia. A sample of 500 coronial findings related to patient deaths following complication...

Introduction Children who have sustained a serious injury or who have a chronic health condition, such as diabetes or epilepsy, may have their school performance adversely impacted by the condition, treatment of the condition and/or time away from school. Examining the potential adverse impact requires the identification of children most likely to...

Background Prospective studies on injuries in martial arts competitions are scarce, especially those involving time-loss injuries. The upsurge of karate athletes competing in top-level karate competitions warrants elucidation of the time-loss injury risk. Purpose To determine the time-loss injury proportion and incidence rate, describe the injury...

Purpose: To enhance understanding of access to rehabilitation services in Australian and New Zealand acute care facilities for older adults living with dementia and/or living in residential aged care facilities (RACFs) following a hip fracture. Methods: Information on hip fracture rehabilitation was obtained from an online survey of 40 health profe...

Objective: To determine the injury incidence rate (IIR) and injury pattern, and to identify risk factors for injury, among elite adult European judo athletes. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: The 2015 Under 23 European Judo Championships, Bratislava, Slovakia. Participants: All registered athletes (N = 295). Independent variables: Sex...

Fatal injuries caused by assault and operations of war are commonplace in the lands of Westeros and Essos. Switching allegiances is a key factor to increasing chances of survival.

Objective: To quantify and describe excess mortality attributable to traumatic brain injury (TBI) during the 12 months after hospitalization. Design: Population-based matched cohort study using linked hospital and mortality data. Setting: Australia. Participants: Individuals 18 years and older who were hospitalized with a principal diagnosis...

OBJECTIVES: To quantify and describe the incidence, cost, and temporal trends of sports injury-related hospitalisations in Australian children over a 10-year period. DESIGN: Retrospective population-based cohort study. METHODS: This study used linked hospitalisation and mortality data of children aged ≤16 years who were hospitalised for sports-rela...

This study quantifies the incidence and characteristics of work-related injury and disease in the aquaculture and related service industries in Australia. Information on serious (i.e. one or more weeks off work) injury/disease claims was obtained from the National Data Set of Workers’ Compensation-based Statistics during 1 July 2012–30 June 2016. T...

Background Childhood injury remains a significant public health problem responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. However, injury has been found to increase with socioeconomic disadvantage for some injuries. The current study examines the 10-year epidemiological profile of injury hospitalisations of children ≤16 years by socioeconomic st...

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Although many factors have been associated with increased risk of death among individuals with TBI, it is unclear to what extent they contribute to excess mortality. Objective: To quantify and describe excess mortality attributable to TBI during the 12 m...

Introduction: Injury is a leading cause of death and disability among children worldwide, and participation in sport and active recreation is a common contributor to this burden. To date there have been no nationwide population-based study examining trends in sports-related injury among Australian children. This study aims to (1) quantify and descr...

INTRODUCTION: There is a high risk of injury in full-contact combat sports (Lystad, 2015). Direct comparisons of injury risk across combat sports has been hampered by methodological heterogeneity (e.g. operational injury definitions, measures of exposure, and context of injury surveillance) across studies. In the present study, the challenges with...

Issue addressed Child head injuries can cause life‐long disability and are a major cause of mortality globally. The incidence and impact of child head injuries in Australia is unknown. This study aims to quantify the incidence, characteristics and treatment cost, and to identify factors associated with the severity of hospitalisations of head injur...

The World Federation of Chiropractic supports the involvement of chiropractors in public health initiatives, particularly as it relates to musculoskeletal health. Three topics within public health have been identified that call for a renewed professional focus. These include healthy ageing; opioid misuse; and women’s, children’s, and adolescents’ h...

Introduction: Injury is a leading cause of death and disability among children and young people. Recovery may be negatively affected by unwarranted clinical variation such as representation to an emergency department (ED), readmission to a hospital, and mortality. The aim of this study was to examine unwarranted clinical variation across providers...

Background: Muay Thai kickboxing is a full-contact combat sport with a high incidence of head trauma, yet little is known about these athletes’ concussion knowledge and attitudes. This study aims to describe and quantify concussion knowledge, attitudes, and reporting intention among adult competitive Muay Thai kickboxing athletes. Results: This cr...

Background: There is limited research that explores health and injuries of surfers. The aim of this study is to describe the health and injury profile of adult Australian competitive surfers. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, all registered participants at the 2014 Australian Surfing Titles were invited to complete an online survey compris...

Vulnerable road users (VRU)-pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists account for a large proportion of road fatalities and injuries. The current study identifies injury risk factors associated with the severity of injury outcomes for VRUs. A retrospective analysis was conducted of transport injuries using linked hospitalisation and mortality records...

The primary aim of this position statement is to encourage Taekwondo governing bodies to develop and implement evidence-informed, best practice concussion protocols and guidelines. It is envisaged that this will: 1) improve safety and health outcomes for athletes who suffer concussive injuries while participating in Taekwondo activities; 2) assist...

HHITT (Handheld Head Injury Treatment Tool). Sports medicine, Health and Fitness. Requires iOS 6.0 or later or Android 4.1 and later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad and iPod touch. Free. Concussion stories are now endemic in mainstream media. Multimillion dollar class action lawsuits have been filed against sport governing bodies such as the Nati...

Purpose: The aim of this study is to quantify and describe the 12-month mortality of older persons presenting to hospitals in Australia with a hip fracture. Methods: Population-based matched cohort study using linked hospital and mortality data from four Australian states (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, and Tasmania). Individuals...

Aim To determine the injury incidence rate and injury pattern among youth karate athletes competing in national tournaments in Slovakia, and to identify risk factors for injury. Methods Data were collected at nine national youth karate tournaments in Slovakia in 2015 and 2016. Injury incidence rates were calculated per 1000 athlete-exposures (IIRA...

While spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) is recommended for the treatment of spinal disorders, concerns exist about adverse events associated with the intervention. Adequate reporting of adverse events in clinical trials would allow for more accurate estimations of incidence statistics through meta-analysis. However, it is not currently known if the...

Background: Reporting of adverse events in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) is encouraged by the authors of The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement. With robust methodological design and adequate reporting, RCTs have the potential to provide useful evidence on the incidence of adverse events associated with spinal manipu...

Background: Muay Thai is a style of kickboxing that allows full-contact blows to an unprotected head, torso and legs, and, as in any combat sport, there is an inherent risk of injury. Previous observational studies have shown there is a substantial risk of injury in competitive kickboxing. None of these studies, however, have investigated the poten...

Background: The majority of Rugby Union (rugby) players participate at the amateur level. Knowledge of player characteristics and injury risks is predominantly ascertained from studies on professional or junior athletes in rugby. The objectives of the current study are to: (1) describe the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and physical charact...

Background context: Spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) is commonly used to treat spinal disorders. Although clinical practice guidelines recommend the use of SMT in the treatment of neck and back disorders, concerns exist about the nature and incidence of adverse events associated with the intervention. Comprehensive reporting of adverse events in...

Background: Spinal intramedullary ependymomas are very rare and occur more commonly in the cervical and upper thoracic regions. These neoplasms tend to manifest in young adulthood, and patients typically present with mild clinical symptoms without objective evidence of neurologic deficits. The mean duration of symptoms is 40 months until the lesion...

Objective: The purpose of this case report is to describe the chiropractic management of an 8-year-old girl with nonorganic, primary nocturnal enuresis. Clinical features: An 8-year-old female patient presented to a chiropractic clinic with persistent nighttime bedwetting. The patient experienced enuresis, on average, 7 nights per week. The pati...

Background: Kickboxing is a group of full-contact combat sports that allows both kicking and punching from a standing position. Despite its popularity, there is a scarcity of published data elucidating the injury epidemiology in kickboxing. Purpose: To determine the injury incidence, describe the injury pattern, and identify potential risk factors...

The purpose of this study was to examine the psychological profile of Taekwondo athletes competing at the 2011 Australian National Championships and to explore the potential relationship between psychosocial variables and injury risk. Forty-five athletes aged 16 years and older consented to complete a pre-tournament survey comprising demographic in...

As in any sport, there is an inherent risk of injury to practitioners of combative martial arts. Notwithstanding the potential for injury, there has not been a concerted effort to clearly elucidate the injury problem in full-contact combat sports. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the injury incidence, injury pattern, and inju...

The purpose of this study was to examine the perception of injury risk in the taekwondo community. Members of the taekwondo community (N=298) completed an online survey in which they rated the perceived risk of injury across a range of different sports, including taekwondo. Overall, the respondents perceived the risk of injury in their own sport to...

The objectives of this study were to estimate the incidence and describe the pattern and severity of training injuries in taekwondo, and to compare pattern and severity of training injuries with competition injuries. One hundred and fifty-two active Australian amateur taekwondo athletes, aged 12 years or over, completed an online survey comprising...