Rebecca Roston

• Ph.D. Biochemistry, UC Davis
• Professor (Associate) at University of Nebraska–Lincoln

Natural genetic variation in photosynthesis-related traits can aid both in identifying genes involved in regulating photosynthetic processes and developing crops with improved productivity and photosynthetic efficiency. However, rapidly fluctuating environmental parameters create challenges for measuring photosynthetic parameters in large populatio...

High-throughput phenotyping is crucial for unraveling the genetic basis of variation in photosynthetic activity. However, the heritability of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters measured during the day is often low as a result of high levels of variation introduced by environmental fluctuations. To address these limitations, we measured fluorescenc...

Low temperatures pose a dramatic challenge to plant viability. Chilling and freezing disrupt cellular processes, forcing metabolic adaptations reflected in alterations to membrane compositions. Understanding the mechanisms of plant cold tolerance is increasingly important due to anticipated increases in the frequency, severity, and duration of cold...

Cotton is an important agricultural crop to many regions across the globe but is sensitive to low-temperature exposure. The activity of the enzyme SENSITIVE TO FREEZING 2 (SFR2) improves cold tolerance of plants and produces trigalactosylsyldiacylglycerol (TGDG), but its role in cold sensitive plants, such as cotton remains unknown. Recently, it wa...

Chilling stress threatens plant growth and development, particularly affecting membrane fluidity and cellular integrity. Understanding plant membrane responses to chilling stress is important for unraveling the molecular mechanisms of stress tolerance. Whereas core transcriptional responses to chilling stress and stress tolerance are conserved acro...

The accumulation of triacylglycerol (TAG) in vegetative tissues is necessary to adapt to changing temperatures. It has been hypothesized that TAG accumulation is required as a storage location for maladaptive membrane lipids. The TAG acyltransferase family has five members (DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERSE1/2/3 and PHOSPHOLIPID:DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRAN...

Microtubule-associated protein 65-1 (MAP65-1) protein plays an essential role in plant cellular dynamics through impacting stabilization of the cytoskeleton by serving as a crosslinker of microtubules. The role of MAP65-1 in plants has been associated with phenotypic outcomes in response to various environmental stresses. The Arabidopsis MAP65-1 (...

Chilling stress threatens plant growth and development, particularly affecting membrane fluidity and cellular integrity. Understanding plant membrane responses to chilling stress is important for unraveling the molecular mechanisms of stress tolerance. Whereas core transcriptional responses to chilling stress and stress tolerance are conserved acro...

Many STEM disciplines are underrepresented to High School students. This is problematic as many students' decisions for college are shaped by their experiences and achievements in high school. Short content-oriented modules have been shown to encourage science identity and otherwise benefit the students' learning. Following the ASBMB's outreach pro...

Severe cold, defined as a damaging cold beyond acclimation temperatures, has unique responses, but the signaling and evolution of these responses are not well understood. Production of oligogalactolipids, which is triggered by cytosolic acidification in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), contributes to survival in severe cold. Here, we investigate...

Plant growth and resilience require balancing an inherently oxidative metabolism with powerful antioxidant systems that help maintain homeostasis. When the environment changes, reactive oxygen species are potent indicators of that change, allowing adaptation through re-balancing metabolism and antioxidant systems. A large body of evidence supports...

Glycerolipids form the largest fraction of all membrane lipids and their composition changes quickly during plant development, the diurnal cycle, and in response to hormones and biotic or abiotic stress. A challenge to accurate glycerolipid measurement is that lipid-degrading enzymes tend to remain active during extraction, and special care must be...

Primary and secondary metabolites exuded from roots are key drivers of root-soil microbe interactions that contribute to the structure and function of microbial communities. Studies with model plants have begun to reveal the complex interactions between root exudates and soil microbes, but little is known about the influence of specialized exudates...

Significance The same gene is often regulated differently in response to stress in even closely related plant species. Directly measuring stress-responsive gene expression can be financially and logistically challenging in nonmodel species. Here, we show that models trained using data on which genes respond to cold in one species can predict which...

Understanding metabolic function requires knowledge of the dynamics, interdependence, and regulation of metabolic networks. However, multiple professional societies have recognized that most undergraduate biochemistry students acquire only a surface-level understanding of metabolism. We hypothesized that guiding students through interactive compute...

Although genome sequence assemblies are available for a growing number of plant species, gene expression responses to stimuli have been catalogued for only a subset of these species. Many genes show altered transcription patterns in response to abiotic stresses. However, orthologous genes in related species often exhibit different responses to a gi...

Our climate is changing due to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases from the production and use of fossil fuels. Present atmospheric levels of CO2 were last seen 3 million years ago, when planetary temperature sustained high Arctic camels. As scientists and educators, we should feel a professional responsibility to discuss major scientific i...

Ensuring undergraduate students become proficient in relating protein structure to biological function has important implications. With current two‐dimensional (2D) methods of teaching, students frequently develop misconceptions, including that proteins contain a lot of empty space, that bond angles for different amino acids can rotate equally, and...

Internal cellular membranes must have their lipid composition remodeled for plants to survive low temperatures. One mechanism necessary for freezing tolerance of the chloroplast envelope membranes is well defined. An enzyme named “Sensitive to Freezing 2” (SFR2) changes monogalactolipid into oligogalactolipids at temperatures below freezing. Intere...

Understanding metabolic function requires knowledge of the dynamics, interdependence, and regulation of biochemical networks. However, current approaches are not optimal to develop the needed mechanistic understanding, and misconceptions about biological processes persist even after graduation. To address these issues, we developed a computational...

"Flagella Base Model" and "Flagellin monomer" Description: This is a teaching model of the proteins that make a bacterial flagella. All models are depicted in space-fill. The Flagellin monomer and the Flagella base can slot together to show protein quaternary structure and filamentous protein assembly. Printable models are already uploaded to Shape...

Chloroplasts adapt to freezing and other abiotic stresses in part by modifying their membranes. One key-remodeling enzyme is SENSITIVE TO FREEZING2 (SFR2). SFR2 is unusual because it does not respond to initial cold stress or cold acclimation, instead it responds during freezing conditions in Arabidopsis. This response has been shown to be sensitiv...

Artificial selection has produced varieties of domesticated maize which thrive in temperate climates around the world. However, the direct progenitor of maize, teosinte, is indigenous only to a relatively small range of tropical and sub‐tropical latitudes and grows poorly or not at all outside of this region. Tripsacum, a sister genus to maize and...

Understanding the relationship between molecular structure and function represents an important goal of undergraduate life sciences. Although evidence suggests that handling physical models supports gains in student understanding of structure–function relationships, such models have not been widely implemented in biochemistry classrooms. Three‐dime...

Photosynthetic membranes provide much of the usable energy for life on earth. To produce photosynthetic membrane lipids, multiple transport steps are required, including fatty acid export from the chloroplast stroma to the endoplasmic reticulum, and lipid transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the chloroplast envelope membranes. Transport of h...

The primary energy resource of life on earth is the sun, whose energy is captured in the form of usable carbons by a process called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis occurs within a cellular organelle adapted to that purpose, called the chloroplast. Chloroplasts are unique metabolic and sensory organelles restricted to plants, algae, and a few protist...

3D printing represents an emerging technology with significant potential to advance life-science education by allowing students to directly explore the relationship between macromolecular structure and function. In this article and supplemental video guide, we describe our development of a model-based instructional module on DNA supercoiling and ou...

This is a teaching model of cytochrome c (PDB: 2FD7). It is designed in a stick representation to explore protein secondary structure and how much space the protein takes up. The printable model is already uploaded to Shapeways.com in the MacroMolecules shop under the name “Crambin” and is intended to accompany the “Lipoprotein signal peptidase II”...

This is a teaching model for protein primary structure. It consists of four amino acids (tryptophan, proline, arginine, and glycine) depicted in stick and space-fill representations, five peptide bonds depicted in space-fill, and an N-terminus and a C-terminus depicted in space-fill. It is designed so that students can make various peptides to expl...

This is a teaching model of lipoprotein signal peptidase II (PDB: 5DIR). It is designed with different regions of the protein depicted in space-filling, ribbon, stick, and backbone-only representations to explore protein secondary structure and illustrate how much space the protein takes up. The printable model is already uploaded to Shapeways.com...

This is a teaching model of 3 water molecules depicted in space-fill. It is designed to the same scale as the “Lipoprotein signal peptidase II”, “Crambin”, and “Cytochrome c” models to illustrate the amount of space taken up by proteins. The printable model is already uploaded to Shapeways.com in the MacroMolecules shop under the name “3 water mole...

This is a teaching model of cytochrome c (PDB: 1B7V). It is designed in a stick representation to explore protein secondary structure and how much space the protein takes up. The printable model is already uploaded to Shapeways.com in the MacroMolecules shop under the name “Cytochrome c” and is intended to accompany the “Lipoprotein signal peptidas...

This is a teaching model of human Hexokinase I in a surface representation with small molecules ADP and G6P included (PDB: 1DGK). It is designed to be hollow with a lever to mimic allosteric regulation. The printable model is already uploaded to Shapeways.com in the MacroMolecules shop under the name “Human Hexokinase I - Allosteric regulation mode...

Artificial selection has produced varieties of domesticated maize which thrive in temperate climates around the world. However, the direct progenitor of maize, teosinte, is indigenous only to a relatively small range of tropical and sub-tropical latitudes and grows poorly or not at all outside of this region. Tripsacum , a sister genus to maize and...

Model file name: 1lmb-DBD-TFmono.stl Authors: Michelle E Howell, Karin van Dijk, Rebecca L Roston This is a teaching model of the DNA binding domain of a Lambda repressor transcription factor monomer that accompanies the full color DNA helix (PDB: 1lmb). It is in a cartoon ribbon representation with key amino acid residues in stick representation t...

Model file name: 1lmb-DNAlong_fordimer-test6b.stl Authors: Michelle E Howell, Karin van Dijk, Rebecca L Roston This is a teaching model of the 19-bp segment of DNA to which Lambda repressor transcription factor interacts (PDB: 1lmb). It is in a stick representation and has been designed with sites to add magnets to illustrate binding interactions w...

Model file name: alpha helix pro-gly 0.7.dae Authors: Michelle E Howell, Rebecca L Roston This is a teaching model of a stick representation of a protein α-helix with proline and glycine residues highlighted (PDB: 3vjo). This model is designed to accompany a straight α-helix in space fill representation, a straight α-helix in stick representation,...

Model file name: 1ehz-tRNA(thick).stl Authors: Michelle E Howell, Karin van Dijk, Rebecca L Roston This is a teaching model of Phe-tRNA in a thick stick-representation (PDB: 1ehz), designed to go with a teaching module comparing DNA and RNA basic structures and functions. The printable model is already uploaded to Shapeways.com under the name “tRNA...

Model file name: 1ehz-tRNA(thin-big).x3d Authors: Michelle E Howell, Karin van Dijk, Rebecca L Roston This is a teaching model of Phe-tRNA in a large, but thin stick-representation (PDB: 1ehz), designed to go with a teaching module comparing DNA and RNA basic structures and functions. The printable model is already uploaded to Shapeways.com in the...

Model file name: alpha helix 0.7.dae Authors: Michelle E Howell, Rebecca L Roston This is a teaching model of a stick representation of a protein α-helix (PDB: 3vjo). This model can accompany a corresponding space fill representation, a kinked α-helix, and a β-sheet. These models were designed to accompany a teaching module illustrating protein sec...

Model file name: 1lmb-TFdimer-manif-sc1-8-parts-v3b.stl Authors: Michelle E Howell, Karin van Dijk, Rebecca L Roston This is a teaching model of a ribbon and stick representation of the transcription factor lambda repressor (PDB: 1lmb). Key amino acid residues are in stick representation to illustrate the interactions between the repressor and the...

Model file name: beta-sheet_rod 0.7.dae Authors: Michelle E Howell, Rebecca L Roston This is a teaching model of a stick representation of a protein β-sheet (PDB: 3vjo). This model is designed to accompany three other α-helix models: a space-fill representation of a straight α-helix, a stick representation of a straight α-helix, and a stick represe...

Model file name: DNA-294bp-handle-supercoil.stl Authors: Michelle E Howell, Karin van Dijk, Kalika Mahato, Rebecca L Roston This is a teaching model of a long, thin representation of double stranded DNA (294 bp). The DNA model has small handles on the ends to aid in holding and manipulating the model. The model is designed to go with a teaching mod...

Model file name: DNA-294bp-magnet-supercoil.stl Authors: Michelle E Howell, Karin van Dijk, Kalika Mahato, Rebecca L Roston This is a teaching model of a long, thin representation of double stranded DNA (294 bp). The DNA model has small sites on the ends where the user can glue magnets to mimic circular DNA, and to aid in manipulating the model. Di...

Model file name: DNA-420bp-handle-supercoil.stl Authors: Michelle E Howell, Karin van Dijk, Kalika Mahato, Rebecca L Roston This is a teaching model of a long, thin representation of double stranded DNA (420 bp). The DNA model has small handles on the ends to aid in holding and manipulating the model. The model is designed to go with a teaching mod...

Model file name: DNA-420bp-magnet-supercoil.stl Authors: Michelle E Howell, Karin van Dijk, Kalika Mahato, Rebecca L Roston This is a teaching model of a long, thin representation of double stranded DNA (420 bp). The DNA model has small sites on the ends where the user can glue magnets to mimic circular DNA, and to aid in manipulating the model. Di...

Model file name: Helix_H2O_sphere2.dae Authors: Michelle E Howell, Rebecca L Roston This is a teaching model of a space fill representation of a protein α-helix (PDB: 3vjo). A space fill water molecule is also represented to illustrate the lack of space down the axis of an α-helix. This model can accompany a corresponding stick representation, a ki...

Model file name: Nucleosome.stl Authors: Michelle E Howell, Karin van Dijk, Rebecca L Roston This is a teaching model of a crude representation of a nucleosome intended to accompany the H1 histone protein and a long, thin double stranded DNA helix model in order to illustrate DNA packaging and supercoiling. This model is designed to go with a teach...

Model file name: DNA-short-helix.x3d Authors: Michelle E Howell, Karin van Dijk, Rebecca L Roston This is a teaching model of a DNA helix in which the atoms are colored by heteroatom (PDB: 1lmb). This model is designed to go with a teaching module comparing DNA and RNA basic structures and functions, and with one that studies transcription factor-D...

Model file name: RNA-short-helix.x3d Authors: Michelle E Howell, Karin van Dijk, Rebecca L Roston This is a teaching model of a DNA helix in which the atoms are colored by heteroatom (PDB: 1lmb). This model is designed to go with a teaching module comparing DNA and RNA basic structures and functions. The printable model is already uploaded to Shape...

Model file name: Video guide to design flexible DNA.mp4 Authors: Michelle E Howell, Karin van Dijk, Christine S Booth, Tomas Helikar, Brian A Couch, Rebecca L Roston This 30-minute video includes step-by-step instructions to design and 3-D print a long flexible DNA model that mimics the structure and function of DNA. The instructions are applicable...

Model file name: H1-protein.stl Authors: Michelle E Howell, Karin van Dijk, Rebecca L Roston This is a teaching model of a crude representation of an H1-protein intended to accompany the nucleosome and a long, thin double stranded DNA helix model in order to illustrate DNA packaging and supercoiling. This model is designed to go with a teaching mod...

Model file name: ssRNA.stl Authors: Michelle E Howell, Karin van Dijk, Rebecca L Roston This is a teaching model of a single stranded piece of RNA in stick representation (PDB: 1ehz). This model is designed to go with a teaching module comparing DNA and RNA basic structures and functions. The printable model is already uploaded to Shapeways.com in...

Model file name: TF-monomer-stick.stl Authors: Michelle E Howell, Karin van Dijk, Rebecca L Roston This is a teaching model of a ribbon and stick representation of a Lambda repressor transcription factor monomer that accompanies the full color DNA helix (PDB: 1lmb). This model is designed to go with a teaching module illustrating transcription fact...

Facing adverse conditions such as nitrogen (N) deprivation, microalgae enter cellular quiescence, a reversible cell cycle arrest with drastic changes in metabolism allowing cells to remain viable. Recovering from N deprivation and quiescence is an active and orderly process as we are showing here for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We conducted comparat...

Short title: Gene regulatory changes between maize and sorghum One-sentence summary: The response of the same genes to cold stress often varies between maize and sorghum, but the set of genes with conserved patterns of regulation show greater evidence of functional constraint. ABSTRACT Identifying interspecies changes in gene regulation, one of the...

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003064.].

Gene annotation. (A) Annotation Edit Distance (AED) distribution of gene models in the first annotation set after eliminating entries with AED = 1. (B). AED distribution of gene models in the second annotation after eliminating entries with AED = 1. (C) Proportion of gene models with protein domain hits in different heterokonts (abbreviated as indi...

Cross-species comparisons of transcriptional regulation have the potential to identify functionally constrained transcriptional regulation and genes for which a change in transcriptional regulation correlates with a change in phenotype. Conventional differential gene expression analysis and a different approach based on identifying differentially r...

PolyGly is present in many proteins in various organisms. One example is found in a transmembrane β-barrel protein, translocon at the outer-envelope-membrane of chloroplasts 75 (Toc75). Toc75 requires its N-terminal extension (t75) for proper localization. t75 comprises signals for chloroplast import (n75) and envelope sorting (c75) in tandem. n75...

Effects of incubation time on thermolysin-susceptibility of imported proteins. Radiolabeled t75-EGFP or precursors of proteins indicated at left were imported into isolated chloroplasts for 30 min, followed by incubation with thermolysin at varying concentrations and for varying times indicated at top, and analyzed as described in Fig 2B. Proteins...

Confocal microscopy analysis of N. benthamiana leaves transiently expressing t75-EGFP at higher magnification. Leaves of N. benthamiana expressing t75-EGFP visualized at 5× zoom. Scale bars represent 10 μm. (PDF)

Confocal microscopy analysis of N. benthamiana leaves transiently expressing t75-EGFPGGA at higher magnification. Leaves of N. benthamiana expressing t75GGA-EGFP visualized at 5× zoom. Scale bars represent 10 μm. (PDF)

Import of Tic22 and Tic40 into isolated chloroplasts followed by protease treatments. Radiolabeled precursors of proteins indicated at left were imported into isolated chloroplasts and their sensitivity to thermolysin (tlysin) or trypsin (tryp) with or without the presence of 1% Triton X-100 (TX) was analyzed as described in the legend to Fig 2B. P...

Confocal microscopy analysis of N. benthamiana leaves transiently expressing Plsp1, t75-EGFP, or t75-EGFPGGA at lower magnification. Leaves of N. benthamiana were agroinfiltrated with constructs encoding proteins shown at left and analyzed as in Fig 4. In the overlay, signals from the GFP and chlorophyll channels are depicted as green and magenta,...

Preparation of pB-CG. (PDF)

Primers used for cloning. (PDF)

Import of Tic22 into isolated chloroplasts followed by fractionation. Radiolabeled precursor of Tic22 was imported into isolated chloroplasts and its distribution to the total chloroplasts (T), soluble fraction (S1), peripheral membrane fraction (S2), and integral membrane fraction (P) was analyzed as described in the legend to Fig 2A. pr and m ind...

The primary sequences of tp75-mSS and tp75-EGFP. In both sequences, the N-terminal 35 residues corresponding to n75 are in the shaded box. In the t75-mSS sequence, residues deleted in t75?86–103 are double-underlined, the N-terminal five residues of mature psToc75 are underlined, and C-terminal six His residues derived from the pET23 vector are ita...

Significance Establishment of the progenitor of chloroplasts by the host plant cell during endosymbiosis required the integration of two sets of biological membranes, the endoplasmic reticulum and the chloroplast envelopes, participating in the synthesis of galactolipid precursors for the photosynthetic membranes. Galactolipid synthesis is unequall...

Low temperature is a seasonal abiotic stress which restricts native plant ranges and crop distributions. Two types of low temperature stress can be distinguished: chilling and freezing. Much work has been done on the mechanisms by which chilling is sensed, but relatively little is known about how plants sense freezing. Recently, SENSITIVE TO FREEZI...

In plants, lipids of the photosynthetic membrane are synthesized by parallel pathways associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the chloroplast envelope membranes. Lipids derived from the two pathways are distinguished by their acyl-constituents. Following this plant paradigm, the prevalent acyl composition of chloroplast lipids suggests t...

Mechanical wounding of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves results in modifications of most membrane lipids within 6 hours. Here, we discuss the lipid changes, their underlying biochemistry, and possible relationships among activated pathways. New evidence is presented supporting the role of the processive galactosylating enzyme SENSITIVE TO FREEZING2 in t...

In plants, neutral lipids are frequently synthesized and stored in seed tissues, where the assembly of lipid droplets (LDs) coincides with the accumulation of triacylglycerols (TAGs). In addition, photosynthetic, vegetative cells can form cytosolic LDs and much less is known about the makeup and biogenesis of these LDs. Here we focus on Chlamydomon...

Triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism is a key aspect of intracellular lipid homeostasis in yeast and mammals, but its role in vegetative tissues of plants remains poorly defined. We previously reported that PHOSPHOLIPID:DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE1 (PDAT1) is crucial for diverting fatty acids (FAs) from membrane lipid synthesis to TAG and thereby pr...

SENSITIVE TO FREEZING 2 (SFR2) is classified as a family I glycosyl hydrolase but has recently been shown to have galactosyltransferase activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Natural occurrences of apparent glycosyl hydrolases acting as transferases are interesting from a biocatalysis standpoint, and knowledge about the interconversion can assist in eng...

Lipid trafficking is essential for chloroplast membrane lipid synthesis in land plants. Based on lipid compositional analyses, it has been suggested that Chlamydomonas reinhardtii does not possess a eukaryotic pathway for chloroplast membrane lipid synthesis, i.e. there is no trafficking of lipid precursors from the ER to the chloroplast. However,...

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins belong to a large family of proteins which mostly catalyze ATP-driven membrane translocation. They are found throughout the tree of life, from Archaea to Eukarya. In plants, they are known to perform essential functions in multiple subcellular compartments, though the locations of each ABC protein in a given spec...

Plant cells contain unique organelles such as chloroplasts with an extensive photosynthetic membrane. In addition, specialized epidermal cells produce an extracellular cuticle composed primarily of lipids, and storage cells accumulated large amounts of storage lipids. As lipid assembly is associated only with discrete membranes or organelles, there...

The two most abundant photosynthetic thylakoid membrane lipids are monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG). Understanding galactolipid metabolism is therefore critical to understanding thylakoid formation and subsequent photosynthetic activity. The first enzymatic activity described to synthesize DGDG was named gal...

Diacylglycerol (DAG) is an intermediate in metabolism of both triacylglycerols and membrane lipids. Probing the steady-state-pools of DAG and understanding how they contribute to the synthesis of different lipids is important when designing plants with altered lipid metabolism. However, traditional methods of assaying DAG pools are difficult, becau...

HECTAR test set protein sequences. (TXT)

Nuclear Transformation. Southern Hybridization of CCMP 1779 transgenic clones transformed pSelect100 plasmid. C, DNA digested with BamHI restriction endonuclease, U, DNA probed undigested. Lower panel depicts a schematic map of the SnaBI linearized plasmids with the basic features indicated. P LDSP, Promoter region of LDSP (NannoCCMP1779_4188), ORF...

AED distributions of conserved and N. oceanica-specific genes. (A) AED distribution of N. oceanica genes in a conserved OG; (B) AED distribution of N. oceanica-specific genes. (EPS)

Phylogenetic analysis of Nannochloropsis AUREO proteins. Phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining method of a ClustalW alignment of 18 proteins was performed in MEGA 5. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1000 replicates) is shown next to the branches. The evolutionary dis...

Number of resistant colonies achieved by electroporation of N. oceanica CCMP1779 cells in the presence of linearized pHyg3, pSelect100 plasmids per µg linearized plasmid DNA and transformation rates. Arithmetic means are given from three (pSelect100) or four (pHyg3 and no plasmid control) independent experiments with standard deviation. All transfo...

Comparison of biosynthetic pathways of Asp-derived, aromatic and branched-chain amino acids between Arabidopsis and N. oceanica. (A) biosynthesis of Asp-derived amino acids Lys, Met and Thr; (B) biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids Phe, Tyr and Trp; (C) biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids Ile, Leu and Val. The first number (red) in parenthes...

Fused genes in essential amino acid biosynthesis in N. oceanica genome. (A), Asp kinase and homoserine kinase genes; (B), dehydroquinate dehydratase and shikimate dehydrogenase genes; (C), arogenate dehydratase and arogenate dehydrogenase genes; (D), anthranilate synthase alpha and beta subunit genes; (E), indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase and p...

Comparison of the effect of selected antibiotics on different Nannochloropsis species. Shown are the lethal doses in µg/mL determined by plating dilutions of cell suspensions on half salinity f/2 agar plates. ‘>’ indicates the highest concentration of the respective antibiotic tested and no detectable impact on cell growth observed. All of the Nann...