R.C. Dubey

• M.Sc., Ph.D., F.B.S.,F.P.S.I,
• Professor at Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya

Nanotechnology (NT), based on matter at nanometre scales, has emerged as a transformative field in agriculture by manipulating atomic and molecular levels to innovate novel associations with unique properties. Due to global population growth and worsening environmental conditions, traditional agriculture confronts unprecedented challenges. While fe...

Application of nanotechnology to biologically derived products has become an attractive possibility in the direction of sustainable agricultural approaches. The current research explores the intricate area of PGPR-based nano-biofertilizers and how they have revolutionized the modern agriculture. For a considerable amount of time, it has been known...

Nanomaterials (NMs) are a new frontier in soil research with far-reaching implications for agriculture and environmental management. The current state of NMs in soil science investigates how nanoscale materials and processes might improve soil health, and agricultural production, and reduce environmental impact. The investigation looks at the inter...

Soil-borne fungal pathogens pose significant challenges to crop production worldwide, leading to substantial crop losses and economic damage. Traditional methods of control, such as chemical fungicides, are often inadequate, environmentally harmful and result in the emergence of resistance in pathogens. In recent years, nanoparticles have emerged a...

Aloe- emodin is an anthraquinone derivative mainly obtained from Aloe vera plant. It is reported to have several pharmacological activities including antiviral, antiproliferative, analgesic, antidiarrheal etc. Several formulations are available in market in combination with other phytoconstituents. Hence, there is a need for an analytical method fo...

Phosphorus (P), an essential macronutrient for various plant processes, is generally a limiting soil component for crop growth and yields. Organic and inorganic types of P are copious in soils, but their phyto-availability is limited as it is present largely in insoluble forms. Although phosphate fertilizers are applied in P-deficit soils, their un...

The practice of performing hawan in India is not a new concept, it is old age practice. Nowadays people used to perform Hawan on several occasions such as housewarming ceremonies, childbirth, marriage, birthday, cremation, and other functions. While performing hawan there is customary to use hawan samagri made up of important medicinal herbs and wo...

Cooking oil is an important source of essential nutrients for human health. Prolonged heating of vegetable oil can lead to the emergence of health conditions. This study examined the physicochemical characteristics of sesame seed oil after heating at 180°C for 4 or 8 hours. We assessed the acid value, iodine value, peroxide value, p -anisidine valu...

Aloe emodin, an anthraquinone derivative, mainly obtained from Aloe vera, possesses an extensive spectrum of pharmacological properties, including anti-proliferative, anticancer, wound healing, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. The objective of the present study was to prepare aloe emodin-loaded topical hydrogel...

Last few decades have witnessed enormous explosion of human population which is putting strain on utilization of natural resources. Particularly, agriculture is under pressure to ensure food security for this expanding population. To combat this demand chemical fertilizers are being used to enhance the crop yield but it poses serious impact on ecos...

Probiotics have several beneficial effects for human health. These probiotic bacteria in the human gut prevent harmful bacteria from adhering to the intestinal mucosa. Some studies report that the secondary metabolites of spices have an effect on common pathogenic bacteria, but their impact on beneficial probiotic bacteria is still not entirely und...

Agriculture is a science and art of cultivating crops to mitigate global food demands. The quantum of agricultural research has been shifted toward discovering biological solutions in the management of soil fertility and sustainable crop protection and production. Though very recent advancements in science and innovations in chemical science have i...

Biosurfactants (BSs) are active molecules synthesized outside the cell or as a fraction of cellular membranes by a diverse range of microbes (mainly bacteria and fungi) that primarily lessens surface and interfacial tensions at the surface and can dissolve in both polar and nonpolar solvents. BSs are acquired from microbial actions through fermenta...

Enzyme histidine kinase (HK) is essential to a bacterial two-component system. Due to its exclusive presence in microorganisms, it is considered a critical antimicrobial target. The primary role of HK is to take part in transducing signals in an NTP-dependent manner. As a phosphoryl donor HK family popularly uses Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). Enzym...

β-lactamase production with vast catalytic divergence in the pathogenic strain limits the antibiotic spectrum in the clinical environment. Class A carbapenemase shares significant sequence similarities, structural features, and common catalytic mechanisms although their resistance spectrum differs from class A β-lactamase in carbapenem and monobact...

The continuously increasing drug resistance necessitate the search for new antibacterial drugs by exploiting natural resources. The lack of awareness and indiscriminate use of antibiotics are one of the major causes of the development of drug resistance. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of a bioactive compound, 1-heneicosa...

Protein kinase G (PknG), a eukaryotic-like serine-threonine protein kinase produced by pathogenic mycobacteria to prevent mycobacteria from degradation by lysosomes, is a critical virulence factor for intracellular survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The practice of daily Hawan (Yajña) has been found to alter the microbiome by eradicating harmf...

A total of 50 root colonising bacterial endophytes were identified from a medicinal plant in this investigation (Barleria lupulina), and characterized based on morphologically selected isolates, BLR41 were Gram-negative motile, rod-shaped and BLR45 was Gram-positive, rod-shaped, and light yellow in color. The BLR41 isolate was motile and the BLR45...

This study was aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles using an endophytic bacterium Enterobacter roggenkampii BLS02, which was isolated from a medicinal plant Barleria lupulina. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles was confirmed visually by the silver-impregnated bacterial culture changing color from transparent white to dark brown. The morphology o...

Probiotic attributes of lactic acid bacteria isolated from goat and sheep milk samples were analysed by culturing them on an MRS agar medium. The most potential isolates, GMB24 and SMB16, were identified by biochemical tests which had ability to tolerate different concentrations of acid and bile and phenol resistance. They were further identified a...

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes hepatitis, a life-threatening disease responsible for liver cirrhosis. Urgent measures have been taken to develop therapeutics against this deadly pathogen. NS3/4A protease is an extremely important target. A series of inhibitors have been developed against this viral protease including Faldaprevir. Unfortunately, the...

Plant growth stimulating and antagonistic properties of 7 bacterial isolates of beneficial Enterobacter spp. (EPR1- EPR7) screened from the rhizospheric soil of Phaseolus vulgaris plants growing in Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India was studied against soil borne phytopathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes root rots in various crops. Among the...

Barleria lupulina Lindl. (Hop-headed) is a popular medicinal plant that has been used as drug plant since the ancient time. It is a large genus comprising of over 300 species of shrubs, and many of which are known for their ornamental and or medicinal values. The plant is commonly known as Sornomukhi, Hophead Philipine violet, Vishalyakarni, etc. I...

The present study is aimed to evaluate the integrated effects of the chemical fungicide Bavistin (carbendazim 50% WP) on adaptive variants of rhizospheric actinobacteria in providing protection to the chickpea from wilt caused by Fusarium oxsysporum. Actinobacterial isolates recovered from the rhizospheric region were screened for their antibiosis...

Camellia sinensis and Camellia assamica are well known for their medicinal and therapeutic potential. The purpose of this work is to assess the flavonoid content and antioxidant potential of methanol extracts of C. sinensis (MES) and acetone extract of C. assamica (AEA) experimentally and computationally. Qualitative analysis was done to assess the...

Camellia sinensis of high altitude region possesses wide-range of antimicrobial activity due to the presence of various bioactive components. The qualitative screening of C. sinensis was carried out to detect the presence of various phytocompounds viz., carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, amino acids and steroids. T...

This study was aimed to isolate bacterial endophytes from Barleria lupulina and to assess their plant growth-promoting activities. A total of fourteen endophytic bacterial isolates (BLS01–BLS14) were screened from the stem of B. lupulina and characterized based on morphology, biochemical reaction, and plant growth-promoting attributes, such as the...

Rhizosphere Engineering is a guide to applying environmentally sound agronomic practices to improve crop yield while also protecting soil resources. Focusing on the potential and positive impacts of appropriate practices, the book includes the use of beneficial microbes, nanotechnology and metagenomics. Developing and applying techniques that not o...

Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) hold great potential for the advancement of future medicine but suffer from unsatisfactory clinical success due to the challenges accompanied with their delivery. Nucleic acid mediated nanomaterials have riveted the researchers from past two decades and exhilarating tasks have prevailed. Nucleic acid nanotechnology offer...

Nitrogen is the most essential macronutrient for the growth of plants. The current scenario of soil engineering is based on synthetic nitrogen fertilizer and imposing economical as well as environmental stress. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is the only strategy to fulfill the nitrogen demand of plants in a sustainable manner. BNF provides N, w...

Plant growth-promoting bacterial strains (LEP1-LEP31) were isolated from rhizosphere of Lycopersicon esculentum L. (Tomato) and screened for their plant growth promoting (PGP) activities. On the basis of morphological, physiological, biochemical, carbon source utilization and molecular characterization, these strains were identified as Pseudomonas...

Cox protein plays a critical role in deciding the lytic-lysogenic switch of P2 enteric phages. This phenomenon makes Cox protein one of the most important candidates in developing novel phage-based therapeutics against antibacterial resistant pathogens. The principle focus concerning protein and its decision making is a DNA binding event, which hel...

With the expansion of immune-impaired people during second wave of Covid-19 the case of mucormycosis and aspergillosis caused by different fungi such as Rhizopus oryzae, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger arose in different states. The current study reveals the molecular interaction of ligand and protein to find the novel and natural drug. The...

The study was designed in order to isolate the pesticide-degrading beneficial bacteria from agricul�tural land of Punjab, India. Among the isolated bacterial strains, two were capable of solubilizing tricalcium phosphate on Pikovskaya’s agar. They also had the potential to degrade all the three selected pesticides viz., 20% metsulfuron-methyl (Knoc...

Rhizobacteria are vital component of soil–plant interfaces which helps in plant growth responses and disease management. Precisely, the role of biosurfactant production by rhizobacteria in biocontrol mechanisms is underscored. The current study explores the destructive effect of a biosurfactant-producing bacterium Bacillus cereus BS14 on fungal gro...

Psoriasis may emerge at any stage of life irrespective of age, sex or geographic location. It is identified as a chronic immune-linked inflammatory skin disease that affects all human races. Psoriasis is often more Caucasian than non-Caucasian groups of human races and in geographic areas, like higher latitudes and Western countries. Therefore, att...

The immunomodulatory activities of medicinal plants are well-known. Medicinal plants found natural components enhance the immune system. However, both the Camellia sinensis is found a large number of bioactive compounds that make it strong to fight against ailments. It plays a significant role in cell-mediated and humoral immunity. The immunomodula...

The methanol extract of Camellia sinensis (MES) and acetone extract of Camellia assamica (AEA) were subjected to the thin layer chromatography to separate the bioactive compounds. The antimicrobial activity of all the fractions was carried out against pathogenic microorganisms by the agar-well diffusion method. The most effective bioactive fraction...

Probiotic attributes of lactic acid bacteria isolated from goat and sheep milk samples were analysed by culturing them on MRS (de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe) agar media. The most potential isolates, GMB24 and SMB16, were identified by biochemical tests, which were further identified as Enterococcus faecium GMB24 and Enterococcus hirae SMB16 by 16S rRNA...

The Cadmium tolerance by root nodulating bacteria Ensifer adhaerens KS23 inhabiting in Pisum sativum L. var. Arkel revealed linear relationship with inorganic salt cadmium sulphate (CdSO 4 ) upto 200 μg/ml, corresponding to growth and survival in solid as well as liquid Yeast Extract Mannitol (YEM) medium with LC50 value of 107.2 μg/ml and LC95 of...

A study was conducted to determine the suitability of the endophytes as probable next-generation biofertilizers and novel biostimulants. Enterobacter turicensis RCT5 and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia RCT31 showed a zone of solubilization, of phosphate, potassium, silicate, and zinc, produced phytase. Among the three media used for phosphate solubili...

The present study demonstrates that the antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of probiotic bacterial strains, E. faecium and E. hirae. These bacteria exhibited the greatest antioxidant activity estimated through the scavenging of free radicals such as DPPH. Due to its potent antioxidant properties, free-radical scavenging in probiotic bacterial str...

Rhizobacteria are important component of soil-plant interfaces and help in the management of plant diseases by various means. Precisely, the role of biosurfactant is underscored in biocontrol. The current study showed the exploration of biosurfactant-producing bacteria and its effect in indirect reduction of disease severity in pulse crops. In this...

A phytohormone producing, N2-fixing and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase synthesizing bacterium Ensifer adhaerens KS23 effectively increased the yield and nutritional contents of Pisum sativum var. Arkel. The isolate KS23 showed positive ACC deaminase activity with 174.2 (nmol of α-ketobutyrate/g-1 biomass½ h−1) a 9.7-fold increase...

Objective: In vitro antioxidant activity, in vivo antidiabetic property and intestinal attachment by two potential probiotic bacterial strains, namely, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus hirae were studied using albino rats. Methods: Antioxidant the activity was assessed using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals scavenging assay. Alloxan was...

The main emphasis of this study was to identify the bioactive compounds responsible for antibacterial activity of Badri cow urine were isolated by thin layer chromatography. The most effective bioactive fraction was analysed by FT-IR and GC-MS analysis. Among the four major fractions (EW1, EW2, CA1 and CA2) obtained by TLC profiling, EW1 was found...

Three potential rhizobacteria namely Burkholderia gladioli (MTCC 10216), Pseudomonas sp. (MTCC 9002) and Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 8528) procured from IMTECH, Chandigarh (India) were evaluated individually and as consortia for its phosphate (P) solubilizing ability and effect of growth of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) and tomato (Lycopersi...

The effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (Bacillus sp.) and silver nanoparticles on Zea mays was evaluated. The silver nanoparticles were synthesized from Tagetes erecta (Marigold) leaf and flower extracts, whereas PGPR isolated from spinach rhizosphere. The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were purified using ultra centrifugation and were ch...

examined for their probiotic potential and safety parameters. For this purpose, isolated bacterial cultures were screened based on certain parameters, viz., sugar fermentation, tolerance to temperature, salt, low pH, bile salts, and phenol resistance. After that, these bacterial cultures were more estimated in vitro for auto-aggregation, cell surfa...

Tea (Camellia sinensis and C. assamica) possess antimicrobial property due to the presence of bioactive compounds. Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals of both tea species such as alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, saponins, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides was carried out. The antimicrobial activity of both plant species e...

Cow urine occupies a holy place in Indian rituals and Ayurveda due to its effective application against various diseases since Vedic period. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Badri cow urine. The antibacterial potential was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, E...

Rhizobia and plant legumes have been potentially associated by an essential process symbiosis for biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). However, compatibility and responsible factors for symbiosis are poorly understood. The present study revealed the 55 indigenous rhizobacterial isolates from root nodules of Crotalaria juncea from three different agr...

Nonrhizobial root nodule endophytic bacteria are known to have beneficial effects on host plants and are also considered contaminants or opportunists. They grow either individually or as a co-occupant of the root nodules of legumes. In this study, a nonrhizobial endophytic bacterial strain was isolated from the root nodules of the medicinal legume...

Water quality parameters of Holy River Ganga was analyzed at two major sites, namely, Triveni Ghat (Rishikesh) and Har ki Pauri (Haridwar) situated at Uttarakhand (India) between March 2016 and February 2018 to find out the extent of pollution in the river by using water quality index (WQI). Values of most of the parameters, viz., turbidity (7.79 N...

Plant beneficial rhizobacteria (PBR) is a group of naturally occurring rhizospheric microbes that enhance nutrient availability and induce biotic and abiotic stress tolerance through a wide array of mechanisms to enhance agricultural sustainability. Application of PBR has the potential to reduce worldwide requirement of agricultural chemicals and i...

Plant growth-promoting (Indole acetic acid producing, phosphate solubilizing and siderophore producing) and chemical fertilizer adaptive variants of endophyte Acidovorax valerianellae CCR1 (JQ424873) with cross nodulating Sinorhizobium fredii SSR1 (JQ424873) were blended with a half dose of fertilizers for integrated nutrient management (INM) to en...

The book contains nine chapters, such as Introduction, origin of cosmos, concept of microorganisms (sukshmajiv, names and classification, origin and distribution of krimis, human health and pathogenic krimis, krimi destruction by sun rays, krimi-destruction by medicinal plants, holy yajna and references

Camellia sinensis and Camellia assamica are used as the traditional beverages generally called tea. The present study deals with the nutritive value, antioxidant, total phenolic content and anti-diabetic activity of Camellia species. Both the species of Camellia have its own nutritive values that fulfill the requirement of the human body. The organ...

River Ganga is considered as one of the most pious rivers of the world since the ancient time due to its self-cleansing property. Therefore, its water has traditionally been used for religious purposes. A total of 4×103 cfu/ml of residential microflora from Ganga water of Haridwar was screened on selective media. The three standard pathogenic bacte...

The compatibility between rhizobia and legumes for nitrogen-fixing nodules and the stages of root hair curling, formation of infection thread, and nodulation initiation have been vitally studied, but the factors for the sustainable root surface colonization and efficient symbiosis within chickpea and rhizobia have been poorly investigated. Hence, w...

The food-borne antibacterial activity of Murraya koenigii, acetone leaves extract (ALE) was investigated against standard strains of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus causing various food-borne diseases in human. The ALE showed a signifi cant inhibition of the L.monocytogenes, S. auresus but the low inhibition of E....

This study emphasizes the beneficial role of rhizo-competitive Bacillus spp. isolated from rhizospheric and non-rhizospheric soil in plant growth promotion and yield improvement via nitrogen fixation and biocontrol of Sclerotium rolfsii causing foot rot disease in Eleusine coracana (Ragi). The selection of potent rhizobacteria was based on plant-gr...

The present research is aimed to evaluate buffalo dung inhabiting potassium solubilising bacteria (KSB) comprising characteristics of plant growth promotion to improve growth and yield of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. As buffalo dung has been used from ancient time in agricultural practices, it was selected as a source to harness the KSB that may enhanc...

Food security is a burning problem before scientists, which mainly concern with the scarcity and accessible food for all. Scientists are ever-involved to find-out the solutions to overcome on these hurdles, majorly by boosting soil fertility. Over the last 20 to 30 years, the role of soil microbiome in the improvement of soil fertility and crop pro...

Lactic acid bacteria isolated from indigenous milk of different animals were investigated for their efficacy, safety, and probiotic potential. The most potential isolate MMP4 was screened from mare’s milk, which was further identified as Lactobacillus pentosus by using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogeny. The probiotic potential of strain MMP4 w...

Green tea is a un-fermented product of Camellia species. Leaves of Camellia sinensis and Camellia assamica are used for the production of green tea but C. assamica is widely used for black tea. It contain many active compounds such as theaflavins, tea polyphenols, epigalloctocatenin (EGCG), epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), gallocatechingal...

The present study was carried out for the evaluation of in-vitro antioxidant potential of alcoholic stem bark (ALSB) extract of Bauhinia variegata Linn. Dried stem bark extract of B. variegata Linn. was screened to evaluate its free radical scavenging effect. Various methods like DPPH assay, reducing power assay, percentage scavenging activity of h...

This study aimed to harness the benefits of sulfur-oxidizing beneficial bacteria from buffalo dung to improve crop yields of Foeniculum vulgare. A total of 61 bacterial isolates were screened from buffalo dung, of which 40 isolates exhibited plant-growth-promoting attributes, such as phosphate solubilization, indole-3-acetic acid production, and hy...

Medicinal plants are the prominent source of therapeutic agents used to prevent the human pathogenic bacteria. In the present investigation, comparative analysis on antibacterial activity of Camellia sinensis and Camellia assamica was done against human pathogenic bacteria viz., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Liste...

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are being used as bioinoculant for enhancing plant growth and productivity. But their failure to survive and influence plant growth is a major hurdle because of rhizospheric rejection and crop-specific nature which can be overcome by field first strategy, as a revision of the existing protocol. The resear...

Rhizosphere microfungi were isolated by using serial dilution plate method. The highest fungal population was recorded in rainy season as compared to other seasons. Thirty-six fungal species belonging to fifteen genera were recovered throughout the seasons with the highest population and relative abundance of Cuninghamella burtholletiae (8.4%) foll...

Medicinal and pesticidal properties of neem (Aadirachta indica) have been described for more than 4,000 years. In the present study, antibacterial properties of Aadirachta indica seed oil have been investigated against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilus, Rizobium meliloti and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by disc diffusion method. At 100% concentration,...

The aim of the present study was to characterize rhizobia isolated from the root nodules of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) cultivated in the sub-himalayan region of Uttarakhand by means of morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular characteristics to know their phylogenetic relationships. The genetic relatedness amongst twenty r...

Host-specific bacteriophages against some enteric human pathogens were isolated from Ganga water collected from Har Ki Pauri of Haridwar. Development of clear plaques on the host bacteria, i.e., Escherichia coli ATCC27 853, Salmonella typhi MTCC 733 and Klebsiella pneumoniae MTCC 432, indicated the presence of lytic bacteriophages. All the three ba...

This experiment has been designed to assess the effects of consortium and individual strain on growth promotion, biocontrol and nutrient uptake by wheat growing in Punjab. Fifteen rhizobacteria were isolated from rhizospheric soil of farmer's field of Punjab. Based on their ability to produce siderophore and strongly inhibition of phytopathogen (Fu...

Fifty two lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from milk of Desi and crossbreed cows of India and its functional characteristics were investigated on the basis of morphological and biochemical properties. Among them four bacterial isolates were screened on the basis of in vitro probiotic attributes. Isolate CP-12 d and CP-8 d which were isolate...

The two bacterial isolates, Pseudomonas putida CRN-09 and Bacillus subtilis CRN-16, were isolated, characterized and identified as potential plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) of Vigna radiata on the basis of different plant growth promoting (PGP) portrayals. The synergistic interaction between both the isolates was evaluated to develop bi...

Background Antibacterial, immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties of aerial parts of Barleria lupulina Lindl were investigated in the present communication. Methods The antibacterial, antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties of B. lupulina (methanol soluble leaf and stem extracts) was analyzed by minimum inhibitory concentration, total phen...

Chitinase and surfactin-mediated biocontrol of Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum causing wilt and root rot of Fagopyrum esculentum respectively has been studied in this communication. Bacillus pumilus MSUA3 as a potential bacterial strain strongly inhibited the growth of R. solani and F. oxysporum involving the chitinolytic enzymes and an a...

Strain RT1 was isolated from root nodules of Lens culinaris (a lentil) and characterized as Rhizobium etli (a Gram-negative soil-borne bacterium) by 16S rDNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The signaling molecules produced by R. etli (RT1) were detected and identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with mass spectrom...

Root-nodulating bacteria are intimate associates of legumes. From a pool of rhizobia isolated from root nodules of Mucuna pruriens (Velvet bean/Kaunch), RMP66 and BMP17 were found to be capable of promoting siderophore and IAA production and phosphate solubilization (insoluble tri-calcium). Both symbionts were studied further to determine their abi...

A good plant growth promoting (PGPR) isolate, Pseudomonas putida CRN-09 was screened from the rhizosphere of Vignaradiataon the basis of several attributes like production of phytohormone(indole acetic acid), siderophore, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and solubilisation of phosphate. Dual culture technique and scanning electron microscopy revealed the in...