Raymond P Goodrich

Colorado State University | CSU · Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology

Background Transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) are a global health challenge. One new approach to reduce TTIs is the use of pathogen reduction technology (PRT). In vitro, Mirasol PRT reduces the infectious load in whole blood (WB) by at least 99%. However, there are limited in vivo data on the safety and efficacy of Mirasol PRT. The objective...

Background and objectives Convalescent plasma (CP) has been embraced as a safe therapeutic option for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), while other treatments are developed. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is not transmissible by transfusion, but bloodborne pathogens remain a risk in regions with high endemic prevale...

The COVID-19 pandemic has generated intense interest in the rapid development and evaluation of vaccine candidates for this disease and other emerging diseases. Several novel methods for preparing vaccine candidates are currently undergoing clinical evaluation in response to the urgent need to prevent the spread of COVID-19. In many cases, these me...

Background Accelerated development of the platelet (PLT) storage lesion upon pathogen inactivation (PI) is associated with the release of proteins from granules and platelet microvesicles (PMVs). Whether PI treatments alter the interaction between PLT factors and the vessel endothelium is of interest in understanding the risk profile of these techn...

SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, is a global pandemic and to date, has caused more than 16.1 million infections and over 645,000 deaths. Therefore, the urgent need for vaccines prompted an international response, with more than 200 candidate anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development. However, no vaccine is licensed till date for human use...

SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, is a global pandemic and to date, has caused more than 16.1 million infections and over 645,000 deaths. Therefore, the urgent need for vaccines prompted an international response, with more than 200 candidate anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development. However, no vaccine is licensed till date for human use...

Background and Objective: Convalescent plasma (CP) has been embraced as a safe therapeutic option for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) while other treatments are developed. However, transfusion-transmitted disease is a risk, particularly in regions with high endemic prevalence of transfusion-transmissible diseases. Pathogen reduction can mitigat...

The COVID-19 pandemic has generated intense interest in the rapid development and evaluation of vaccine candidates for this disease and other emerging diseases. Several novel methods for preparing vaccine candidates are currently undergoing clinical evaluation in response to the urgent need to prevent the spread of COVID-19. In many cases, these me...

Background: We are developing cancer immunotherapy based on the use of autologous tumor tissue that has been rendered replication-incompetent but maintains phenotype and metabolic activity post-preparation. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate safety and tolerance to injection of the inactivated tumor cell and adjuvant preparation (Innocel...

p>With the recent interest in personalized medicine for cancer patients and immune therapy, the field of cancer vaccines has been resurrected. Previous autologous, whole cell tumor vaccine trials have not produced convincing results due, in part, to poor patient selection and inactivation methods that are harsh on the cells. Such methods can inadve...

BACKGROUND: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has recently been identified as the causative agent for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The ability of this agent to be transmitted by blood transfusion has not been documented, although viral RNA has been detected in serum. Exposure to treatment with riboflavin and ultra...

Background With the recent interest in personalized medicine for cancer patients and immune therapy, the field of cancer vaccines has been resurrected. Previous autologous, whole cell tumour vaccine trials have not produced convincing results due, in part to poor patient selection and inactivation methos that are harsh on the cells. These methods c...

Background: The application of riboflavin/UV-based pathogen inactivation (PI) to whole blood (WB) is currently limited by its negative impact on red blood cell (RBC) quality. The generation of reactive oxidative species in RBC products contributes to increased hemolysis. This study evaluated the impact of deoxygenation of WB prior to riboflavin/UV...

Background: The Mirasol system for whole blood (WB) is a non-toxic, non-mutagenic pathogen reduction technology (PRT) that treats WB units with riboflavin (vitamin B₂) and ultraviolet (UV) light to alter nucleic acids, thereby reducing pathogen infectivity and inactivating white blood cells. This study evaluates the quality of red blood...

The use of whole blood products for treatment of patients under austere conditions. Discussion about the best blood product and technology to be utilized on the basis of local conditions and requirements.

Blood transfusion safety has been increasingly improving during the past two decades. However, threats from both known and emerging pathogens require continual improvement and re-assessment of blood safety measures. In this respect, we are currently witnessing the broader implementation of Pathogen reduction technology (PRT) for blood complements....

Pathogen inactivation of platelet concentrates reduces the risk for blood-borne infections. However, its effect on platelet function and hemostatic efficacy of transfusion is unclear. We conducted a randomized noninferiority trial comparing the efficacy of pathogen-inactivated platelets using riboflavin and UV B illumination technology (interventio...

Pediatric patients requiring transfusion constitute one of the most challenging areas of transfusion practice. Due to the limitations posed by their particular physiological conditions they routinely require specialized component support and more personalised transfusion care than what is routinely utilized in the care of adult patients. Pediatric...

Worldwide safety of blood has been positively impacted by technological, economic and social improvements; nevertheless, growing socio-political changes of contemporary society together with environmental changes challenge the practice of blood transfusion with a continuous source of unforeseeable threats with the emergence and re-emergence of bloo...

Background: Pathogen reduction (PR) of whole blood (WB) may increase blood safety when applied before component separation. This study evaluates the in vivo performance of red blood cells (RBCs) derived from WB treated with the riboflavin and ultraviolet (UV) light PR (Mirasol) system. Study design and methods: This was a prospective, two-center...

Background: Allogeneic blood transfusion can result in an immune response against major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, potentially complicating future transfusions or transplants. We previously demonstrated that pathogen reduction of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) with riboflavin and ultraviolet light (UV+R) can prevent alloimmunization in...

Background: Transfusion-transmitted malaria (TTM) has not been studied with molecular means in hyperendemic areas where it is assumed to occur frequently. The African Investigation of the Mirasol System (AIMS) trial provided the opportunity to study TTM from standard whole blood (WB) units. Study design and methods: The Plasmodium genome in tran...

Background: Dengue viruses (DENV 1-4) are emerging across the world, and these viruses pose a risk to transfusion safety. Pathogen inactivation may be an alternative approach for managing the risk of DENV transfusion transmission. This study aimed to investigate the ability of riboflavin and UV light to inactivate DENV 1-4 in platelet concentrates...

Purpose: Pathogen inactivation technologies (PITs) were introduced into blood banking to further improve the safety of blood products. However, the UV light used in PITs to terminate pathogen growth might alter the functionality of the cells in the blood product as well as the protein profile of the blood components. This study employed proteomic...

Background: Transfusion-transmitted malaria is a frequent but neglected adverse event in Ghana. We did a randomised controlled clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of a whole blood pathogen reduction technology at preventing transfusion transmission of Plasmodium spp parasites. Methods: For this randomised, double-blind, parallel-gro...

Background: Allogeneic transfusion can result in alloimmunization, leading to platelet (PLT) refractoriness and rejection of solid organ transplants. Previously we demonstrated that pathogen reduction using UV light and riboflavin (UV + R) eliminates the immunogenicity of white blood cells (WBCs) in vitro, blocks alloimmunization from transfusion...

Background: Transfusion of plasma from recovered patients after Ebolavirus (EBOV) infection, typically called "convalescent plasma," is an effective treatment for active disease available in endemic areas, but carries the risk of introducing other pathogens, including other strains of EBOV. A pathogen reduction technology using ultraviolet light a...

Background: Ultraviolet (UV) illumination/pathogen reduction effectively inactivates white blood cells (WBCs) in whole blood. Given that cotransfused WBCs may impact recipient immune responses, we hypothesized that pathogen reduction of whole blood may alter responses to RBC antigens. Study design and methods: Transgenic mice expressing a model...

Background: Across sub-Saharan Africa, blood supplies are threatened by numerous pathogens. In some locations, Plasmodium parasitemia prevalence in donor blood is nearly 50%. Donor testing for malaria in these areas is not effective and the risk of transfusion-transmitted malaria (TTM) is high. The Mirasol® PRT System for Whole Blood (WB) is a medi...

Contamination of platelet units by bacteria has long been acknowledged as a significant transfusion risk due to their post-donation storage conditions. Products are routinely stored at 22 °C on an agitating shaker, a condition that can promote bacterial growth. Although the total number of bacteria believed to be introduced into a platelet product...

Multilayered blood safety programs reduce the risk of transfusion-transmitted diseases; however, there remains a risk of window period transmission of screened viruses and transmission of unscreened and emerging viruses from asymptomatic donors. To reduce this risk, a riboflavin-and-UV-light-based pathogen reduction process was evaluated against ei...

Background The Mirasol system has been demonstrated to effectively inactivate white blood cells (WBCs) and reduce pathogens in whole blood in vitro. The purpose of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of Mirasol-treated fresh whole blood (FWB) to untreated FWB in an in vivo model of surgical bleeding.Study Design and MethodsA total of...

Background Arboviruses are an emerging threat to transfusion safety and rates of infection are likely to increase with the increased rainfall associated with climate change. Arboviral infections are common in Australia, where Ross River virus (RRV), Barmah Forest virus (BFV), and Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV), among others, have the poten...

Sub-Saharan African countries utilize whole blood (WB) to treat severe anemia secondary to severe blood loss or malaria on an emergency basis. In many areas with high prevalence of transfusion-transmissible agents, blood safety measures are insufficient. Pathogen reduction technology (PRT) applied to WB might considerably improve blood safety. WB f...

Background Pathogen inactivation (PI) technologies are currently licensed for use with platelet (PLT) and plasma components. Treatment of whole blood (WB) would be of benefit to the blood banking community by saving time and costs compared to individual component treatment. However, no paired, pool-and-split study directly assessing the impact of W...

Background Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania sp. that is transmitted by sandflies. Travelers to endemic areas, and US military personnel stationed in the Middle East, are at risk for contracting the disease.Study Design and Methods Whole blood (WB) units were spiked with human monocytes infected wit...

Within the last decade new technologies have been developed and implemented which employ light, often in the presence of a photosensitizer, to inactivate pathogens that reside in human blood products for the purpose of transfusion. These pathogen reduction technologies attempt to find the proper balance between pathogen kill and cell quality. Each...

Background and Objectives Transfusion is associated with a risk of infection and alloimmunization. Pathogen reduction using riboflavin and UV light (Mirasol treatment) inactivates pathogens and leucocytes. With increasing adoption of the technology in clinical use, regulatory agencies have recommended the introduction of quality control measures to...

Methods are provided for treating a vaccine containing infectious particles which may be viral, bacterial, and/or cellular in nature. Preferred methods include the steps of adding an effective, non-toxic amount of an endogenous photosensitizer to the fluid and exposing the fluid to photoradiation sufficient to inactivate the infectious particles bu...

The methods of this invention involve preventing the formation of a complex between adenine and riboflavin by reducing the amount of adenine in a solution containing blood or blood components to be pathogen reduced.

Background/Case Studies: A number of pathogens (viruses, bacteria, and parasites) can be transmitted through blood or blood products. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is now mandatorily tested on blood donors worldwide due to the potential serious chronic clinical sequelae (fibrosis and hepatic-carcinoma) associated with its transmission. Despite testing, t...

Treatment of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) by riboflavin (RB) and ultraviolet (UV) light inhibits nucleic acid replication, leading to inactivation of white blood cells (WBCs) and pathogens. The goal of this study was to compare the effects of pathogen reduction technology (PRT) treatment on the plasma protein content based on biochemical, immune and h...

Background Transfusion of allogeneic blood products can lead to alloimmunization, impacting success of subsequent transfusions and solid organ transplants. Pathogen reduction using riboflavin and ultravioletB (UVB) light has been shown to eliminate the immunogenicity of white blood cells (WBCs) in vitro through down regulation of surface adhesion m...

Background Photochemical treatment of blood products could help prevent transfusion-transmitted malaria and reduce the need for donor deferrals. In this study we evaluated the effectiveness of riboflavin and ultraviolet (UV) light against both Plasmodium falciparum, which causes the most severe form of human malaria, and Plasmodium yoelii, an in vi...

Background Whole blood (WB) has been used in combat since World War I as it is readily available and replaces every element of shed blood. Component therapy has become standard; however, recent military successes with WB resuscitation have revived the debate regarding wider WB use. Characterization of optimal WB storage is needed. We hypothesized t...

Background In the United States, blood components are commonly used for patients in need of massive transfusion after blood loss. In combat situations, when severe traumatic injuries occur far from a hospital, fresh whole blood is a valuable transfusion therapy because components may not be available. The risk of infectious or immunological complic...

Background: Platelet (PLT) support is critical to the care of patients with thrombocytopenia, but allogeneic transfusions carry risk. Pathogen reduction mitigates some transfusion risks, but effects on PLT function remain a concern. This clinical pilot study assessed the effect of pathogen reduction technology with riboflavin plus ultraviolet ligh...

1179 Background Previous studies by our laboratory have demonstrated changes in apheresis collected, PLT concentrates during storage that are enhanced by Mirasol®PRT treatment. These include increased expression of P-selectin on PLTs and increased formation of neutrophil (PMN)/PLT aggregates. To explore the effect of these changes in a microvascul...

2288 Introduction Platelet concentrates develop biologically active compounds during storage which may play a role in adverse events of transfusion. Although many studies have focused on release of soluble pro-inflammatory compounds, changes in cells such as platelets may contribute to the response or pro-inflammatory effects of transfusion produc...