Ravi Sheshala

Universiti Teknologi MARA | UiTM · Department of Pharmaceutics

Purpose: Intravitreal administration of drug molecules is one of the most common routes for treating posterior segment eye diseases. However, the properties of vitreous humour changes with the time. A number of ocular complications such as liquefaction of the vitreous humour, solidification of the vitreous humour in the central vitreous cavity and...

New and re-emerging infectious diseases caused by pathogenic organisms spread rapidly due to the emergence of resistance to existing antimicrobials. Rapid advances in nanotechnology presented sustainable developments in delivering antimicrobials with improved activity, stability, and bioavailability. Bioactive nanomaterials capable of responding to...

The delivery of drugs to the posterior segment of the eye remains a tremendously difficult task. Prolonged treatment in conventional intravitreal therapy requires injections that are administered frequently due to the rapid clearance of the drug molecules. As an alternative, intraocular implants can offer drug release for long-term therapy. However...

Introduction: Gymnema sylvestre (GS) is a medicinal plant commonly used in complementary medicine to treat diabetes mellitus. This plant is proven scientifically to reduce blood glucose levels in the diabetic condition. However, till date, only little literature is published about the efficacy of GS prepared homoeopathically. Objective: In this stu...

Anti-glaucoma latanoprost-loaded ocular implants provide prolonged delivery and enhanced bioavailability relative to the conventional eye drops. This study aims at the development and validation of a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for quantitative analysis of nanogram levels of latanoprost in the eye, and for the first...

This review highlights in vitro drug dissolution/permeation methods available for topical and transdermal nanocarriers that have been designed to modulate the propensity of drug release, drug penetration into skin, and permeation into systemic circulation. Presently, a few of USFDA-approved in vitro dissolution/permeation methods are available for...

Chitosan has not been able to be formulated as sustained-release crosslinked/coacervated drug carrier in the form of spheroids prepared by extrusion-spheronisation technique. This study re-visits chitosan spheroids and their drug (water-soluble chlorpheniramine maleate) release profiles as a function of crosslinking reaction and coacervation betwee...

The objectives of this study were to develop biodegradable poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) based injectable phase inversion in situ forming system for sustained delivery of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and to conduct physicochemical characterisation including in vitro drug release of the prepared formulations. TA (at 0.5%, 1% and 2.5% w/w loadi...

The objectives of present research were to develop and characterize thermosensitive and mucoadhesive polymer-based sustained release moxifloxacin in situ gels for the treatment of periodontal diseases. Poloxamer- and chitosan-based in situ gels are in liquid form at room temperature and transform into gel once administered into periodontal pocket d...

For treatment of periodontal diseases, the local delivery of antimicrobials into periodontal pocket has been shown to be more effective than the systemic delivery. However, the major challenge for the formulators is the removal of the delivery system from the application side due to the salivation as well as the movement of the tongue. Mucoadhesive...

The objective of this study was to prepare periodontal gels using natural polymers such as badam gum, karaya gum and chitosan. These gels were tested for their physical and biochemical properties and assessed for their antibacterial activity against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Streptococcus mutans, two pathogens associated with period...

Background: The drug delivery of macromolecules such as proteins and peptides has become an important area of research and represents the fastest expanding share of the market for human medicines. The most common method for delivering macromolecules is parenterally. However parenteral administration of some therapeutic macromolecules has not been...

The aim of this research was to formulate effervescent floating drug delivery systems of theophylline using different release retarding polymers such as ethyl cellulose, Eudragit® L100, xanthan gum and polyethylene oxide (PEO) N12K. Sodium bicarbonate was used as a gas generating agent. Direct compression was used to formulate floating tablets and...

In the past few years, there are number of researchers carrying out their research on the excipients derived from polysaccharides and some of these researches show that natural excipients are comparable and can serve as an alternative to the synthetic excipients. Hence, the objectives of this research are to characterize the naturally sourced chick...

This study aimed to develop gastroretentive floating tablets of diltiazem hydrochloride, using a release retarding polymer and to apply statistical approach of response surface methodology for further formulation optimization. Response surface methodology using the central composite design was used to study the effect of formulation variables on th...

Ophthalmic drug delivery system is very interesting and challenging due to the normal physiologically factor of eyes which reduces the bioavailability of ocular products. The development of a new ophthalmic dosage forms with the existing drugs to improve efficacy and bioavailability including better patients' compliance and convenience has become t...

Natural products like plants and its components have been in use for treatment and cure of diseases all around the globe from ancient times much before the discovery of the current modern drugs. These substances from the nature are well known to contain components which have therapeutic properties and can also behave as precursors for the synthesis...

Punctal plugs (PPs) are miniature medical implants that were initially developed for the treatment of dry eyes. Since their introduction in 1975, many PPs made from different materials and designs have been developed. PPs, albeit generally successful, suffer from drawbacks such as epiphora and suppurative canaliculitis. To overcome these issues int...

Abstract The objective of the study was to enhance the solubility of carvedilol phosphate and to formulate it into non-effervescent floating tablets using swellable polymers. Solid dispersions (SD) of carvedilol were prepared with hydrophilic carriers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone and poloxamer to enhance solubility. Non-effervescent floating tablet...

The objective of the present investigation is to study the in vitro dissolution effects of choline dichloride (CDC) co-precipitation of glucosyl-β-cyclodextrin (G1-β-CD) molecular inclusion complexed Riboflavin (RF) .The molecular inclusion complexes of RF with Gl-β-CD co-precipitated with CDC were prepared using different methods. Physicochemical...

The aim of the present study was to formulate a non-effervescent floating drug delivery system of glipizide, a poorly water soluble drug. The solubility of glipizide was initially enhanced using a solid dispersion (SD) strategy with the help of hydrophilic carriers such as poloxamer, cyclodextrin, and povidone. The optimized core material/SD was fu...

In order to achieve a better treatment for local wounds and bacterial infections, topical formulations containing Cocos nucifera Linn. were developed and evaluated for their physicochemical properties and antimicrobial efficacy against various strains of microorganisms. Semisolid formulations containing 5% w/w of Cocos nucifera Linn. were prepared...

In an attempt for better treatment of bacterial infections and burn wounds, semisolid formulations containing norfloxacin (NF) and natural wound healing agent Curcuma longa were prepared. The rationale behind employing combination of NF and Curcuma longa is to obtain synergistic wound healing effect. The prepared formulations were compared with sil...

At present, approximately 25% of drugs in modern pharmacopoeia are derived from plant sources (phytomedicines) that can be developed for the treatment of diseases and disorders. Many other drugs are synthetic analogues built on the prototype compounds isolated from plants. Cocos nucifera Linn. (Arecaceae), which is commonly known as coconut, is a p...

A simple, specific and selective RP-HPLC-UV method with Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) was developed for the quantification of cefepime in Total Nutrient Admixtures (TNAs). Chromatographic separation was achieved on C18 column using a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of ammonium acetate, acetonitrile and methanol. The flow rate was set to 0.9 mL...

A new, sensitive and specific isocratic reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RPHPLC) method with fluorescence detection was developed and validated for the determination of sumatriptan in rabbit plasma using sulpiride as an internal standard (IS). Sumatriptan was extracted from plasma by a liquid-liquid extraction with a mixture of...

A new, sensitive and specific isocratic reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with fluorescence detection was developed and validated for the determination of sumatriptan in rabbit plasma using sulpiride as an internal standard (IS). Sumatriptan was extracted from plasma by a liquid-liquid extraction with a mixture o...

A new sensitive and specific isocratic RP-HPLC-UV method was developed and validated for the determination of ondansetron in rabbit plasma using risperidone as an internal standard (IS). The sample preparation involved a simple deprotenization procedure with a mixture of 1 mL of acetonitrile and 50 mu L of 10% w/v zinc sulfate. Analysis was perform...

The aim of this study was to formulate cost effective taste-masked orally disintegrating tablets of ondansetron, a bitter drug using different superdisintegrants by a wet granulation technique. Microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel) as a diluent and disintegrant in addition to aspartame as a sweetener were used in all formulations. The prepared tablet...

The aims of the present research were to mask the intensely bitter taste of sumatriptan succinate and to formulate orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) of the taste masked drug. Taste masking was performed by coating sumatriptan succinate with Eudragit EPO using spray drying technique. The resultant microspheres were evaluated for thermal analysis,...

This paper reviews the recent developments in bioanalysis sample preparation techniques and gives an update on basic principles, theory, applications and possibilities for automation, and a comparative discussion on the advantages and limitation of each technique. Conventional liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), protein precipitation (PP) and solid-pha...

The aim of this study was to prepare insulin-loaded poly(lactic acid)-polyethylene glycol microspheres that could control insulin release at least for 1 week and evaluate their in vivo performance in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. The microspheres were prepared using a water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion solvent evaporation techniqu...

An isocratic RP-HPLC-UV method for analysis of sumatriptan succinate in pharmaceutical dosage forms has been developed and validated. Best separation was achieved on a Thermo Hypersil C4 column (250 mm X 4.6 mm, 5 mu m) using a mobile phase of 20 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate adjusted to pH 4.0 with orthophosphoric acid and acetonitrile (65: 35...

A new, simple, rapid, sensitive and specific isocratic RP–LC–UV method was developed and validated for the determination of ondansetron in pharmaceutical dosage forms of orally disintegrating tablets, oral solution and injection. The LC separation was achieved on a Hypersil C4 column (250×4.6mm, 5μm) using a mobile phase of 50mM potassium dihydroge...

The aim of the present work was to investigate the preparation of microspheres as potential drug carriers for proteins, intended for controlled release formulation. The hydrophilic bovine serum albumin was chosen as a model protein to be encapsulated within poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (50:50) microspheres using a w/o/w double emulsion solvent ev...

A simple, sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic method with UV detection was developed and validated for determination of insulin in rat plasma, using methyl paraben as an internal standard. Insulin was extracted from plasma by a liquid–liquid extraction with a mixture of dichloromethane and n-hexane (1:1, v/v) followed by an acidic bac...