Ramesh C Gupta

Ramesh C Gupta
Murray State University · Department of Occupational Safety and Health

DVM, MVSc, PhD, DABT, FACN, FACT, FATS

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385
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Publications

Publications (385)
Chapter
During the past few decades and especially during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of nutraceuticals has become increasingly popular in both humans and animals due to their easy access, cost-effectiveness, and tolerability with a wide margin of safety. While some nutraceuticals are safe, others have an inherent toxic potential. For a large...
Article
Introduction: We previously showed that mitochondrial function in circulating monocytes is abnormal in humans with heart failure (HF) compared to normal controls, and that it correlates to cardiomyocyte mitochondrial function in dogs with HF. But, there is no data in humans supporting a relationship between monocyte mitochondrial function and cardi...
Article
Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by dysfunction of mitochondria (MITO) of the failing heart plays an important role in lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell and MITO membranes resulting in the production of aldehydes, such as malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE). MITO aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (mALDH...
Article
Background: The failing heart manifests abnormalities of mitochondrial (MITO) function characterized by reduced respiration and membrane potential and increased acetylation of MITO proteins. The cause(s) of MITO protein hyperacetylation is unclear, but can be due to reduced sirtuin 3 (Sirt3) possessing deacetylase activity and increased CD38 posses...
Article
Full-text available
Complexes of curcumin with metals have shown much-improved stability, solubility, antioxidant capability, and efficacy when compared to curcumin. The present research investigates the relative bioavailability, antioxidant, and ability to inhibit inflammatory cytokine production of a curcuminoid metal chelation complex of tetrahydrocurcumin-zinc-cur...
Chapter
Trichothecenes are a family of sesquiterpene mycotoxins produced by several genera of fungi. Although there are >180 chemically related members, T-2 toxin/HT-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON) are of major health concern. These mycotoxins cause feed refusal, vomiting, and enteritis, and produce reproductive and developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity,...
Chapter
Despite its essentiality, manganese (Mn) is a common environmental contaminant, which can cause toxic effects in humans. Mn exposure may start before birth from the maternal exposure through inhalation and ingestion of food items from the environmental pollution. Postnatal exposure can also be relevant due to a relative high concentration of Mn in...
Chapter
Marketed products manufactured with the carboxylic ionophores include monensin, lasalocid, salinomycin, narasin, maduramicin, laidlomycin, and semduramicin and generally have been found to be safe and effective in the target species, provided the approved dosage ranges are observed. However, toxicity has resulted from overdosage, misuse, and drug–d...
Chapter
Organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates (CMs) constitute a large class of chemicals that are used worldwide in agriculture, and in human and veterinary medicine. These chemicals exert general toxicity by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inactivation leading to acetylcholine accumulation at the synapses in the brain and neuromuscular junctions. OPs and CMs...
Chapter
The placenta is a complex organ in terms of its structure and function. The structure varies vastly from species to species and according to the developmental stage. The placenta plays multiple roles in maintaining pregnancy and the development of the fetus by serving as the lungs, gut, kidneys, hematopoietic system, and endocrine/exocrine gland. I...
Chapter
Selenium (Se) is an essential nutrient that has a relatively narrow window between ingested amounts that result in deficiencies and those that cause toxicoses. Historically, occurrences of livestock disease that is suggestive of chronic selenium poisoning were recorded in the 13th century. Marco Polo wrote of such cases in western China in 1295. Se...
Chapter
Chlorinated hydrocarbons have lesser mammalian toxicity compared to organophosphate or carbamate insecticides, however, the former are not readily degradable under environmental conditions. As the usage of many chlorinated hydrocarbons has diminished in many parts of the world, synthetic pyrethroids have often served as replacements and are becomin...
Chapter
Aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and citrinin commonly occur naturally in the environment and contaminate food/feed. The prevalence of aflatoxins is greater in Africa and Southeast Asia, whereas ochratoxins and citrinin are prevalent in Europe. Among aflatoxins, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and among ochratoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA), occur with the greatest frequen...
Article
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first officially diagnosed in the city of Wuhan, China in January 2020. In reality, the disease was identified in December 2019 in the same city where patients began showing symptoms of pneumonia of unidentified origin. Very soon the disease became a global pandemic due to the suppression of information in th...
Chapter
Full-text available
Garcinia cambogia, with its active component hydroxycitric acid (HCA), is widely used for weight loss due to its anorexigenic effect, increased fat oxidation, and regulation of endogenous lipid biosynthesis. The potential effectiveness of G. cambogia in reducing body weight and fat has been concluded in several studies in both experimental animals...
Chapter
The naturally occurring bioactive compounds that bridge the gap between food products and drugs are called nutraceuticals. Nutraceutical products may provide health and medicinal benefits, including the prevention and treatment of diseases in addition to the basic nutritional value of the natural source. The term was coined by Stephen L. DeFelice,...
Chapter
Currently, more than 46 million adults in the United States suffer from some form of arthritis. Arthritis is also prevalent in other species, including canine and equine. Among all forms of arthritis, osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form, afflicting nearly 27 million adults. The other common form of arthritis is rheumatoid arthritis. Among a...
Chapter
Full-text available
Withania somnifera, commonly known as Ashwagandha (winter cherry), is an important medicinal plant that has been used in Ayurvedic and indigenous medicine for more than 3000 years. Some herbalists refer to Ashwagandha as Indian ginseng. The plant extract has many bioactive compounds that exert antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and immunomodulatory act...
Chapter
Oxidative stress is implicated in a variety of human diseases. Reactive radicals derived from molecular oxygen (reactive oxygen species) and nitrogen (reactive nitrogen species) readily attack a variety of critical biological molecules, including lipids, DNA, and essential cellular proteins, cause alterations in normal cell and organ physiology, an...
Chapter
Diabetes and diabetes-related complications remain a major health issue in the United States and around the world. Despite the discovery and clinical use of modern antidiabetic medicines, 387 million people were living with diabetes in 2014, and this number is expected to grow to 592 million by 2035. To fight this problem, many patients use complem...
Chapter
Currently, the use of nutraceuticals in the prevention and treatment of animal diseases is as common as it is in humans. The main reasons for this shift to a greater use of nutraceuticals from synthetic modern medicines are: (1) cost-effectiveness, (2) safety, and (3) ease of access. However, due to a lack of quality control and strict regulatory g...
Chapter
This chapter describes the current information regarding the applications, safety, and toxicity of synbiotics in humans and animals. Synbiotics are now considered important tools in maintaining human and animal health and in the prevention and/or alternatives for reducing the risks associated with diseases. The majority of studies dealing with synb...
Chapter
Based on published information, potential health benefits of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), one of the oldest medicinal plants, are reviewed in this chapter. The scientific data are summarized for potential health benefits including management of blood glucose in type II diabetics, cholesterol-lowering effect, effect on growth hormone leadi...
Chapter
Chitosan is a deacetylated derivative of chitin obtained from the exoskeleton of shellfish, including crab, lobster, crayfish, and shrimp. Chitin can also be obtained from edible mushrooms. Chitosan and its derivatives are used in a number of health conditions, such as hypertension, obesity, high cholesterol, Crohn disease, insomnia, wound healing,...
Article
Background Unlike β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors (ARs), β3-AR stimulation inhibits cardiac contractility and relaxation. In the failing left ventricular (LV) myocardium, β3-ARs are upregulated, and can be maladaptive in the setting of decompensation by contributing to LV dysfunction. This study examined the effects of intravenous (i.v.) infusions...
Article
Background Sacubitril/Valsartan (Sac/Val), a combined angiotensin-II receptor blocker (Val) and neprilysin inhibitor (Sac) in a 1:1 molar ratio, was shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death or heart failure (HF) hospitalization in patients with HF and reduced LV ejection fraction (EF). This study examined the effects of Sac/Val on LV struct...
Article
Background: The adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays critical roles in regulating cellular growth and metabolism and is activated when cellular ATP levels decrease. The heterotrimeric structure of AMPK consists of a catalytic alpha (α) subunit and regulatory beta (β) and gamma (γ) subunits. The two isoforms of the...
Chapter
Several genera of cyanobacteria are capable of producing toxins that may be accessible for use as chemical warfare agents. The manner in which cyanotoxins produce their toxic effects can vary among different groups. The principal toxins include those that primarily affect the liver, such as microcystins, nodularins, and cylindrospermopsin. The othe...
Article
Full-text available
PurposeVepoloxamer (VEPO), a rheologic agent, repairs damaged cell membranes, thus inhibiting unregulated Ca2+ entry into cardiomyocytes. This study examined the effects of i.v. infusion of VEPO on LV function in dogs with coronary microembolization–induced heart failure (HF) (LV ejection fraction, EF ~ 30%).Methods Thirty-five HF dogs were studied...
Chapter
Bhopal was the site of the world’s worst industrial disaster, when on December 3, 1984, nearly 40 metric tons of methyl isocyanate (MIC) leaked from the Union Carbide pesticide plant and, being heavier than air, MIC settled on the ground. MIC is the smallest and most toxic of all isocyanates; it affected all life forms, killed nearly 8000 people wi...
Chapter
Skeletal muscle toxicity is caused by a variety of chemicals, most notably organophosphate (OP) nerve agents. Toxic effects on skeletal muscles range from muscle weakness and pain to complete paralysis. The immediate effect of OP nerve agents (i.e., muscle hyperactivity) occurs by virtue of acetylcholinesterase inactivation, leading to acetylcholin...
Article
Full-text available
Gut health is the starting place for maintaining the overall health of an animal. Strategies to maintain gut health are, thus, an important part in achieving the goal of improving animal health. A new strategy to do this involves two molecules: the iron transport protein ovotransferrin (IT) and α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS), whi...
Article
Background: The high-temperature requirement serine peptidase 2 (HtrA2) is a pro-apoptotic mitochondrial serine protease involved in caspase-dependent as well as caspase-independent programmed cell death. When HtrA2 protein is tightly associated with mitochondria (MITO), its protease activity is masked. In contrast, once the protein is released fro...
Article
Background The β3-adrenergic receptor was initially identified in fat and subsequently found in the myocardium. Unlike β1 and β2-adrenergic receptors, β3 receptor stimulation inhibits cardiac contraction and relaxation through its link to inhibitory G proteins (Gi). Stimulation of cardiac β3 receptors has been shown to have a negative effect on the...
Article
Full-text available
Hyaluronic acid (also known as hyaluronan or hyaluronate) is naturally found in many tissues and fluids, but more abundantly in articular cartilage and synovial fluid (SF). Hyaluronic acid (HA) content varies widely in different joints and species. HA is a non-sulfated, naturally occurring non-protein glycosaminoglycan (GAG), with distinct physico-...
Chapter
Full-text available
This chapter describes the current knowledge on the effects of synbiotics on the health and performance of farm and companion animals. The mechanism of action, beneficial effects, and demonstrated study results proving the efficacy of synbiotics in poultry, cattle, pigs, and companion animals are presented. Synbiotics are now being considered impor...
Chapter
Full-text available
With increasing age, humans and animals suffer from partial or complete loss of cognition and memory. As a result, quality of life declines significantly. Among many underlying mechanisms, a significant decline in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), an increase in N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), and oxidative stress are the most recognized event...
Chapter
Full-text available
Diabetes is a serious health issue in dogs and cats that is usually treated through the use of injectable insulin. There are more than 90 million pet dogs in the United States, and 1 in every 400–500 dogs suffers from diabetes. Diabetes typically occurs later in life, usually around 7–10 years of age, with certain breeds being at a higher risk of d...
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Full-text available
Periodontal diseases are the most common diseases of domestic dogs and cats. Conventional treatment of periodontal diseases rests with broad-spectrum antibiotics and antiseptics. Due to rising healthcare costs, severe side effects, and drug resistance, complementary and alternative medicines are a preferable choice for patients with periodontal dis...
Chapter
Full-text available
The ticks, fleas, mosquitoes, and other ectoparasites, in addition of being nuisance, transmit infectious diseases in companion and livestock animals and wildlife. The use of ectoparasiticides on companion and farm animals appears to be inevitable. Currently, synthetic insecticides of various classes are used to combat ectoparasites on animals. Som...
Chapter
Full-text available
The importance of Acacia plants in animal nutrition and in the prevention and treatment of human and animal diseases has been recognized for centuries. Babool extract, obtained from Acacia nilotica (also known as gum Arabica tree), is very rich in secondary metabolites such as tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, fatty acids, etc. These compou...
Chapter
Full-text available
Currently, nutraceuticals, primarily plant extracts or their constituents, are used for prevention and treatment of diseases in both humans and animals. The use of nutraceuticals (commonly referred to as herbal supplements), compared to modern medicines, has become more popular because they (1) offer health benefits, (2) are effective in prevention...
Chapter
Full-text available
The progress in research has prompted a new age for food- and plant-derived products that are of incredible benefit and are widely utilized as immunomodulators and vitality supporters in the form of nutraceuticals. They are even being regarded as agents with the potential to cure numerous diseases. These functional products are processed from plant...
Chapter
Full-text available
The essential oils (EOs) have been used in humans and animals for several millennia, as they represent an important part of folk medicine for their medicinal properties. EOs are a very heterogeneous group of complex mixtures of secondary plant metabolites. The nature of an EO varies from plant to plant, species to species, and within botanical fami...
Chapter
Full-text available
Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid that can be obtained from many plants of genus Berberis, Hydrastis, Coptis, and Argemone. Common plants that are sources for BBR include B. vulgaris (barberry), B. aristata (tree turmeric), B. aquifolium (Oregon grape), B. thunbergii, C. chinensis (Coptis or Chinese goldthread), C. trifolia (American gold...
Chapter
Full-text available
Currently, in the United States, every fifth adult dog or horse suffers from arthritis. The two most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). OA occurs with greater frequency than RA. OA is an inflammatory heterogeneous chronic degenerative joint disease (DJD) characterized by chronic and progressive degradat...
Chapter
Full-text available
Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and the body’s ability to detoxify their toxic effects through antioxidant defense system. Reactive radicals derived from molecular oxygen or nitrogen are generated internally in animal and human body systems or through externa...
Presentation
Full-text available
Keynote lecture on “Current trends in nutraceuticals with special reference to osteoarthritis” and co-chaired the scientific session at 16th International Conference on Nutrition and Health. Paris, France.
Article
Full-text available
Aims Elamipretide (ELAM), an aromatic–cationic tetrapeptide, interacts with cardiolipin and normalizes dysfunctional mitochondria of cardiomyocytes. This study examined the effects of ELAM on skeletal muscle mitochondria function in dogs with chronic heart failure (HF). Methods and results Studies were performed in skeletal muscle biopsy specimens...
Book
Full-text available
This unique work compiles the latest knowledge around veterinary nutraceuticals, commonly referred to as dietary supplements, from ingredients to final products in a single source. More than sixty chapters organized in seven sections collate all related aspects of nutraceutical research in animal health and disease, among them many novel topics: co...
Article
Introduction: The failing heart manifests abnormalities of mitochondrial function characterized by reduced respiration, reduced membrane potential and opening of permeability transition pore (mPTP). Recent studies have shown that velosin containing protein (VCP), an ATPase associate protein, preserves mitochondrial respiration and prevents opening...
Article
Full-text available
Purpose: Abnormalities of MITO dynamics occur in HF and have been implicated in disease progression. This study describes the broad range abnormalities of mitochondrial (MITO) dynamics in Heart Failure with reduced ejection fraction (HF) and evaluates the effects of long-term therapy with elamipretide (ELAM), a MITO-targeting peptide, on these abn...
Article
Introduction Ongoing loss of cardiomyocytes occurs in heart failure (HF) and contributes to progressive worsening of the HF state. Sacubitril/Valsartan (S/Val), a combined angiotensin-II receptor blocker (Val) and neprilysin inhibitor (S) in a 1:1 molar ratio, was shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization in patients wi...
Chapter
By the turn of the twenty-first century, the use of nutraceuticals became increasingly popular in both humans and animals due to their easy access, cost-effectiveness, and tolerability with a wide margin of safety. While some nutraceuticals are safe, others have a toxic potential. For a large number of nutraceuticals, no toxicity/safety data are av...
Chapter
Macrocyclic lactones (MLs) comprise a number of compounds (doramectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin, milbemycin, moxidectin, and selamectin) that are commonly used as insecticides, acaricides, and nematicides in various animal species. Any species can be poisoned with a large acute dose of these compounds, but most often dogs are intoxicated following...
Chapter
Mercury is a naturally occurring metal that exists in elemental, inorganic and organic forms. Mercury is released in the environment from fossil fuel combustion, mining, smelting, volcanoes, forest fires, and from solid waste incineration. Mercury is used in a wide variety of household products and medicines, and is also applied as a fungicide on g...
Chapter
Ergot alkaloids produced by the fungus Claviceps purpurea in cereal grains and grasses have a long history of affecting man and animals. Animals may also be affected by ergot alkaloids present in endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum) infected grasses. The risk of exposure to the human and animal population in many countries is reduced because toxic...
Chapter
Rodenticides are broadly classified into two groups: anticoagulants and non-anticoagulants. Anticoagulant rodenticides were discussed in the previous chapter. Common rodenticides of the non-anticoagulants group are strychnine, bromethalin, cholecalciferol, red squill, sodium fluoroacetate, alpha-naphthyl thiourea, zinc phosphide, and thallium. Some...
Chapter
Fungi belonging to several fungal genera produce tremorgenic mycotoxins, which are secondary fungal metabolites that elicit either intermittent or sustained tremors in vertebrate species. Dogs, because of their indiscriminate appetite and roaming behavior, are very susceptible to intoxication by tremorgenic mycotoxins, and mycotoxin-associated stag...
Chapter
Full-text available
Ochratoxins are produced by Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicil verrucosum, and citrinin is produced by Penicillium citrinum. These mycotoxins occur naturally in the environment and thereby commonly contaminate food/feed. Among ochratoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA) occurs with greatest frequency and is the most toxic. Citrinin cooccurs usually with OTA. OT...
Chapter
This chapter discusses zearalenone, a nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by several species of Fusarium fungi. The primary producer of zearalenone is Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph Gibberella zeae). This chapter describes toxicity of zearalenone and its major metabolites in animals. Zearalenone has major effects on reproduction in females...
Chapter
Full-text available
Manganese (Mn) is an essential element for maintaining the proper functions and regulation of many biochemical and cellular reactions. However, Mn is also a common environmental contaminant, which can cause toxic effects in animals and humans. In addition to reproductive and developmental effects, Mn toxicity is primarily associated with neurologic...
Chapter
Full-text available
Fipronil is an insecticide of the phenylpyrazoles class and an active ingredient of Frontline, Certifect, and Parastar Plus. These products are commonly used on dogs and cats to kill fleas and all stages of brown dog ticks, American dog ticks, lone star ticks, which may carry Lyme disease, and mites. Most of the time poisoning cases of fipronil occ...
Chapter
Full-text available
Organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (CM) compounds are commonly used as pesticides in agriculture, industry and in homes, offices and gardens. These compounds are also used as parasiticides in veterinary medicine. In addition, some OPs are employed as chemical warfare agents (CWA), while others are used as flame retardants and plasticizers. Both OPs...
Chapter
Chlorinated hydrocarbons have lesser mammalian toxicity compared to organophosphate or carbamate insecticides; however, the former are not readily degradable under environmental conditions. As the usage of many chlorinated hydrocarbons has diminished in many parts of the world, synthetic pyrethroids have often served as replacements and are becomin...
Chapter
Full-text available
Despite its essentiality, manganese (Mn) is a common environmental contaminant, which can cause toxic effects in humans. Mn exposure may start before birth from maternal exposure through inhalation and ingestion of food items from the environmental pollution. Postnatal exposure can also be relevant due to a relative high concentration of Mn in form...
Chapter
Mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and citrinin, occur naturally in the environment and commonly contaminate food/feed. The prevalence of aflatoxins is greater in Africa and Southeast Asia, whereas ochratoxins and citrinin are prevalent in Europe. Among aflatoxins, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and among ochratoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA) occur with g...
Chapter
Full-text available
Organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates (CMs) constitute a large class of chemicals that are used worldwide in agriculture, and in human and veterinary medicine. These chemicals exert general toxicity by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inactivation leading to acetylcholine accumulation at the synapses in the brain and neuromuscular junctions. OPs and CMs...
Chapter
Full-text available
The placenta is a complex organ in terms of its structure and function. The structure varies vastly from species to species and according to the developmental stage. The placenta plays multiple roles in maintaining pregnancy and the development of the fetus by serving as the lungs, gut, kidneys, hematopoietic gland, and endocrine/exocrine gland. In...
Chapter
Unsuccessful conception and adverse pregnancy outcomes have occurred since the inception of life. The etiology of such disappointing events can often be attributed to common factors such as malnutrition, hyperthermia, or a stressful environment at home or at the workplace. In addition, exposure to biotoxins, chemical toxicants, or radiation seems t...
Article
Background: FoxO (Forkhead box) family of transcription factors play important roles in regulating the expression of genes involved in physiologic cellular functions that include 1) cell proliferation and growth, 2) oxidative stress and DNA repair, 3) apoptosis and autophagy, 4) energy metabolism and 5) immune system function. Many components of al...
Chapter
Horses are monogastrics and more sensitive to mycotoxins because of their limited detoxication capability in the gastrointestinal tract. This chapter describes the toxicity of some commonly occurring mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins, fumonisins, slaframine, trichothecenes, and zearalenone, in equine species. There are many reports that describe delet...
Chapter
Full-text available
This chapter describes the current knowledge regarding safety, toxicity, and applications of synbiotics in humans and animals. Synbiotics are now being considered important tools to help maintaining humans and animals in good health and in prevention and/or alternatives for reducing the risk associated to diseases. The majority of studies dealing w...
Chapter
Garcinia cambogia, with its active component hydroxy citric acid (HCA), is widely used for weight loss due to its anorexic effect, increased fat oxidation, and regulation of endogenous lipid biosynthesis. The potential effectiveness of G. cambogia in reducing body weight and fat has been concluded in several studies in both experimental animals and...
Chapter
Full-text available
Withania somnifera, commonly known as Ashwagandha (winter cherry), is an important medicinal plant that has been used in Ayurvedic and indigenous medicine for more than 3,000 years. Some herbalists refer to Ashwagandha as Indian ginseng. The plant extract has many bioactive compounds and thereby exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodu...
Chapter
Oxidative stress is implicated in a variety of human diseases. Reactive radicals derived from molecular oxygen (reactive oxygen species) and nitrogen (reactive nitrogen species) readily attack a variety of critical biological molecules, including lipids, DNA, and essential cellular proteins, cause alterations in normal cell and organ physiology, an...
Article
Background: Mitochondria (MITO) of failing cardiomyocytes (CMs) manifest structural and functional abnormalities characterized by hyperplasia, reduced organelle size and reduced respiration. These abnormalities lead to reduced rate of ATP synthesis and excess production of reactive oxygen species. We previously showed that chronic therapy with a pa...
Article
Introduction: The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has recently been identified in mitochondria (MITO) of cardiomyocytes (mSTAT3). In STAT3-/- cells, the activities of MITO complexes I and II of the electron transport chain (ETC) were significantly reduced suggesting that mSTAT3 is required for optimal ETC function. In the...
Article
Introduction: Growth-differentiation factor-15 (GDF15) is a stress-responsive cytokine produced in pathological states associated with tissue injury and inflammation. Increased level of GDF15 is an independent predictor of adverse prognosis (disease progression and mortality) in heart failure (HF). As a prognostic biomarker, GDF15 is independent of...
Article
Background: 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE), a reactive aldehyde, is generated in the failing heart and contributes to cardiomyocyte injury and death. Aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) plays a key role in detoxifying mitochondrial (MITO) reactive aldehydes. We showed that chronic therapy with elamipretide (ELA), a novel MITO targeting peptide, improves L...

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