Ram Swaroop Verma

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• Ph.D.
• Senior Principal Scientist at Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Annona squamosa L. is widely cultivated for its edible fruits in India. After the fruit pulp is removed, the peel that remains is a municipal waste. The purpose of the study was to examine the chemical and biological activity profiles of A. squamosa fruit waste’s hydrodistilled essential oil (ASEO) and supercritical carbon dioxide extract (ASSFE)....

To enhance the yield and quality of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) essential oil, an experiment was carried out in the subtropical conditions of North India. The crop was harvested under varying soil moisture levels (9.5-26.0%). The yield and essential oil composition of rose-scented geranium varied significantly with these moisture...

Cannabis sativa L. is an important medicinal plant with high commercial value. In recent years, the research interest in cannabidiol (CBD) and terpene‐rich cannabis has been rapidly expanding due to their high therapeutic potential. The present study aims to explore the phytocannabinoids and terpenes diversity in C. sativa collected from different...

Abelmoschus moschatus L. (muskdana) is an orphaned aromatic herb found in nature, boasting exceptional medicinal and industrial potential. Despite substantial demand in the fragrance industry, research efforts aimed to uncover the yield potential of Indian muskdana remain unknown, requiring attention to introduce new cultivars into commercial farmi...

Development of non-psychoactive Cannabis sativa L. genotype in half sib seed progeny segregation through diversity analysis.

Roses have been valued for their exquisite colour, shape, fragrance, nutrition, and medicinal properties since ancient times. Two species of roses, Rosa indica L. and Rosa damascena Mill., are farmed in India to produce high-end fragrance materials. The floral, leaf, and seed metabolite profiles were developed using different extraction methods and...

The study examined the effects of herb drying, salt concentration, pH, and sampling approach on essential oil yield and composition in Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. Fresh samples yielded higher essential oil (EO) (1.25%) than shade-dried ones. Increasing NaCl concentration correlated with higher EO yields, while a basic pH favoured superior yields. Gas...

Plants biosynthesize essential oils (EOs), which are a complex mixture of volatile hydrophobic compounds. They are extracted from aromatic plants (APs) using physical methods like distillation and cold pressing. EOs are now widely used in perfumery, flavouring, pharmaceutics, and aromatherapy. Monoterpenes (C10), sesquiterpenes (C15), and their oxy...

Cymbopogon distans (Nees ex Steud.) Will. Watson (Poaceae) is a promising aromatic plant distributed in the Himalayas. In this study, five acyclic monoterpenoids, namely geranyl acetate (RS1), neral (RS2), geranial (RS3), citral (RS4) and geraniol (RS5) were isolated from the essential oil of C. distans. The isolated compounds were tested for in-vi...

Zingiber zerumbet Sm. (Family: Zingiberaceae) is an important perennial medicinal oil-bearing herb that is native to the Southeast Asia. This study examines the impact of different durations of post-harvest shade drying (ranging from 1 to 12 months) on essential oil yield and chemical composition of Z. zerumbet, in comparison to the freshly collect...

Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin), is an industrially important aromatic plant that produces patchouli oil. The present experiment aimed to generate polyploid plants of patchouli with increased herb yield, oil production, and higher patchouli alcohol content. In the present study, colchicine, a chemical compound known to induce polyploidy was used at c...

Key message Thchit42 constitutive expression for fungal resistance showed synchronisation with leaf augmentation and transcriptome analysis revealed the Longifolia and Zinc finger RICESLEEPER gene is responsible for plant growth and development. Abstract Pelargonium graveolens essential oil possesses significant attributes, known for perfumery and...

Artemisia pallens Wall. ex DC (Asteraceae) is cultivated for the production of high‐value essential oil from its aerial biomass. In this study, the chemical composition of the root (crop‐residue) essential oil was investigated for the first time, using column‐chromatography, GC−FID, GC−MS, LC−QTOF, and NMR techniques, which led to the identificatio...

Lemongrass, a highly aromatic herb rich in citral content within its essential oil, serves diverse industries like fragrance, culinary, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Traditional Indonesian cuisine benefits from its use as a spice, while it also contributes to Vitamin A production. Forecasts indicate a projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)...

Rose scented geranium, a South-African aromatic herb, is cultivated in both sub-tropical and temperate countries for its essential oil derived from the aerial parts that conveys a strong rosy-minty odour with a greenishyellow colour. The oil is a treasure trove of versatile chemicals with extensive applications in the high grade perfumery, pharmace...

Peppermint (Mentha piperita L., Lamiaceae), is an essential oil-bearing crop cultivated in temperate and sub-tropical countries for perfumery and aroma industries. The plant is vegetatively propagated through runners derived from mother stalks of the plants, resulting in a low genetic base. Induced mutagenesis is a unique and supplemental breeding...

The topical application of essential oils is considered an effective treatment for skin diseases. Cymbopogon distans (Nees ex Steud.) Wats (Poaceae) is a promising aromatic grass widespread in the Himalayan temperate zone. Therefore, using in-vitro and in-vivo bioassays, we examined the chemical and pharmacological characteristics of essential oil...

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus L.) is an important multi-harvest aromatic grass that grows mainly in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. Wider plant geometry of lemongrass provides a better opportunity for intercropping at the crop commencement stage. Intercropping will restore and maximize resource use efficiency thereby it enhances pro...

Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) is a well-known spice with many applications in the flavoring business. Various liquor preparations, tomato sauces, condiments, baked meals like pizza, and salad dressings all contain dried Oregano leaves and essential oil. Due to no commercial cultivars or varieties, Oregano cultivation is currently not widespread in...

Citral oil holds a 41.5 % market share in the booming global essential oil industry (CAGR of 9.57%). Citral (3,7, dimethyl-2,6-Octadienal), is a chemical compound made up of the aldehydes citral A (Geranial) and citral B (Neral). Ocimum basilicum which can produce a short duration, quick bumper supply with minimal resources and fits in the crop cyc...

Abstract Magnifying the productivity of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) ultimately relies on the ability to scale from Farm to Laboratory and Laboratory to Industry. Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) W.Watson (Poaceae), popularly known as palmarosa, Indian geranium, ginger-grass, and rosha-grass is rich in volatile secondary metabolites having an ind...

Ethnobotanical relevance: Rosa damascena Mill. (Rosaceae), commonly known as damask rose, is an ancient medicinal and perfumery plant used in Traditional Unani Medicine due to various therapeutic effects, including cardiovascular benefits. Aim of the study: This study aimed to evaluate the vasorelaxant effect of the 2-phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA)...

Objectives: Cuscuta reflexa is parasitic plant of subtropical and temperate areas, commonly named as amarbel or akasvel in India. Present study is to investigate the In-vivoanti-inflammatory potential of C. reflexa seed essential oil. Materials and methods: In this study the essential oil was hydro-distilled from dried seeds and analyzed for chemic...

CIM-Suras: A menthol rich, sucker producing and hign yielding peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) variety cal Feppermint (Mentha piperita L.; Family: Lamiaceae) is widely use roDe and the dnd Fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) sector. The plant is native to in other regions aale East countries of the world. The plant now is widely cultivated in o ail to...

The mosquito repellent Nepetalactone rich Nepeta cataria L. (catmint) plant has a variety of therapeutic and industrial potential. Reports on the genetic diversity of N. cataria germplasm are minimal globally and need attention for adding a new variety into commercial cultivation. The present study, therefore, assessed the genetic diversity among t...

The pot experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions by using two popular varieties viz., CIM-Pawan and CIM-Bio-G-171 of rose-scented geranium to know the effect of NaCl solution on the morphological traits, essential oil content, chemical composition, and yield. The plants were exposed to varying levels of NaCl solutions viz., 0, 50, 100, 1...

Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) is a well-known spice with many applications in the flavoring business. Various liquor preparations, tomato sauces, condiments, baked meals like pizza, and salad dressings all contain dried Oregano leaves and essential oil. Due to no commercial cultivars or varieties, Oregano cultivation is currently not widespread in...

Rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L'Herit. ex Aiton), belonging to the family Geraniaceae, has gained considerable attention because of its fragrance and high economic value. The compositional complexity of rose-scented geranium essential oil (GEO) has been challenging for quality control. In this study, the chemical profiles of GEOs ex...

Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) petals are the primary industrial source of lutein, which is used as a colouring agent and nutrient supplement to foods. This research extracted marigold petals using different solvents, covering conventional and non-toxic green solvents. The oleoresin, free lutein, and recrystallized lutein yields varied from 8.47-16.6...

The members of the genus Araucaria (Araucariaceae) are evergreen coniferous trees, widely used for medicinal, ornamental, and timber purposes. This overview includes the phytochemical, medicinal properties, and biological activities of various species of Araucaria. In this study, the most recent scientific research has been compiled from various pu...

Cymbopogon martini variety sofia, commonly known as ginger-grass, is an important aromatic crop used by the perfumery, medicinal and cosmetic industries worldwide. This study explores the chemical and possible pharmacological profile of hydro-distilled essential oil of C. martini variety sofia against skin inflammation. The essential oil extracted...

Artemisia pallens Wall. ex DC, commonly known as davana, is cultivated in India for extraction of its essential oil (DO). In this study, DO collected from thirteen locations (DO1-DO13) and those extracted from six different phenophases and different plant parts were investigated using GC-FID and GC-MS. Altogether, 84 constituents were identified, f...

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial ailment that severely affects the viability of dopaminergic neurons leading to progressive loss of motor control. The current regimen for PD treatment includes synthetic drugs that lack efficacy and cause serious side effects. Consequently, recent drug development studies are focusing on alternative medi...

Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. (Asteraceae) possesses wound healing, antimicrobial, and anti‐inflammatory activities. Traditionally, this plant is used in skincare. The essential oil (EO) of A. conyzoides aerial parts contains the chromenes precocene I ( 1 ) and precocene II ( 2 ) as major constituents. This study evaluated precocene II (2) for its in...

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br, commonly known as saptaparna is an evergreen tropical tree of medicinal value. In this study, the floral volatile oil composition and antibacterial activity of A. scholaris collected in the morning and evening times were investigated. A total of thirty-six constituents, forming 81.1-83.7 % of total composition were id...

Artemisia pallens Wall. ex DC., popularly known as davana, has gained considerable attention because of its unique fragrance, high economic value, and pharmacological properties. The compositional complexity of davana essential oil (DO) has been a challenge for quality control. In this study, the chemical profile of DO was developed using polarity‐...

Ravenia spectabilis Engl. belongs to the family Rutaceae is known to possess several biologically active phytomolecules. This study was planned to investigate the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the leaf essential oil of R. spectabilis. The hydrodistillation of fresh leaves of R. spectabilis gave 0.19 ± 0.02% essential oil. The r...

Background The member of the genus Alpinia (family: Zingiberaceae) is used in traditional medicine for various formulations for the food, spices, medicines, and perfume. Objective The present study was carried out to analyse the compositional variability in leaf and rhizome essential oils of Alpinia calcarata Roscoe and Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B....

The present investigation deals with the genetic divergence, correlation, and path coefficient study for the six characters among sixty-two accessions of Ammi visnaga L. grown during two consecutive years, 2018-2019 and 2019-2020, in India. Morphological variability was detected for stem and umbel color from center reddish to pink during vegetative...

Purpose: To develop elite mutant in M. piperita having morphotype and oil content of M. arvensis, and oil quality of M. piperita. Materials and methods: The dormant runner of menthol rich genotype MPK-5 were subjected to different doses of γ- irradiation (10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 90 and 110 Gy) at a dose rate of 55 Gy/min to induce the genetic variab...

The present study describes the results of phytochemical, antimicrobial and antioxidant study on the essential oil of Cymbopogon jwarancusa from India. The major constituents identified were cis-p-menth-2-en-1-ol (25.3–31.8%), trans-p-menth-2-en-1-ol (14.0–16.6%), δ-2-carene (11.8–15.8%), cis-p-menth-1-en-3-ol (10.5–14.2%) and trans-p-menth-1-en-3-...

Supplementation of nutrients plays a vital role in the growth yields and quality attributes of the crops. An experiment and demo trials were conducted in CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP) research farm and at farmers’ field(s) simultaneously, to study the adequacy of additional nutrients application in menthol mint...

The variations in essential oil yield and composition of Cymbopogon flexuosus var. GRL-1 were compared with respect to four different harvesting regimes in monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate of north India. The essential oil yield was found to vary from 0.65 to 0.75% during different harvesting mode. GC and GC–MS analysis revealed 28 cons...

Menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.) is cultivated commercially for extraction of essential oil from upper ground herbage (leaves + stem). The essential oil of menthol mint is mainly used for production of menthol and the by-product dementholised oil (DMO) that find extensive applications in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. A new genotype of ment...

Citronella (Cymbopogon spp.) essential oil is an important component of various fragrances, cosmetics, and household products. In this study, comparative chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Java citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ex Bor) essential oil, extracted by different methods, namely hydro-distillation and steam-distill...

Information on the genetic diversity and population structure is essential for developing conservational management programs, especially for threatened species. Decalepis salicifolia (Bedd. ex Hook.f.) Venter is a steno-endemic and critically endangered species of the south Western Ghats of India. The present study used ISSR markers as well as esse...

An efficient in vitro propagation and synthetic seed production protocol was established for the conservation of Decalepis salicifolia (Bedd. ex Hook.f.) Venter, an endemic and critically endangered ethnomedicinal species. Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 2.2 μM BAP and 5.7 μM IAA produced shoot tip proliferation with an average sho...

Menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.) is cultivated commercially for extraction of essential oil from upper ground herbage (leaves + stem). The essential oil of menthol mint is mainly used for production of menthol and the by-product dementholised oil (DMO) that find extensive applications in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. A new genotype of ment...

Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth) is an aromatic bushy herb of the Family- Lamiaceae, commonly called the, “Mint or deadnettle family”. The crop is mainly cultivated for its oil used in the manufacture of perfumes, cosmetics, medicines, beverages and in bakery. The oil is a perfume by itself and is highly valued in perfumes, soaps, cosme...

The plant Chamomilla recutita (Family: Asteraceae), popularly known as ‘Chamomile’, is a natural source of essential oil containing terpenoides and flavonoids that have high value and demand in pharmaceutical and perfumery industries. Its dried flowers are also traded owing to their extensive use in herbal tea, mouth wash and bathing products. Alth...

Productivity and essential oil composition of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) were evaluated under the subtropical region of north India. The crop was planted in mid-November and harvested at six different stages. The crop harvested at 225 days after transplanting yielded 88.03 L ha⁻¹ essential oil which was at par with the yield obtained at 2...

The genus Cymbopogon (Poaceae) comprised of many species of grasses that grow in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Some of the commercially important aromatic species of Cymbopogon are cultivated for the extraction of the essential oils from their aerial-parts. In spite of wide distribution and large scale cultivation, the essentia...

Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) W. Watson, commonly known as lemongrass, is a member of Cymbopogon genus renowned for their highly prized essential oils for flavor and fragrance industries. A field experiment was conducted to standardize the postharvest storage practices for a prevalent high oil yielding cultivar ‘Krishna’ of lemongrass durin...

In this study, antimicrobial activity of the essential oil (EO) and extracts of Himalayan-thyme (Thymus linearis Benth.) was evaluated against nine pathogenic microbial strains using disc diffusion and microdilution broth assays. The chemical composition of the EO was determined by gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) and gas chrom...

The aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of the senescent leaves of Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae). The hydrodistilled essential oil of the leaves was analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The antimicrobial activity of the oil was assessed against human and plant pathogenic microorgani...

Presence of differences in the essential oil content, chromosome count and the morphology, led to consider Ocimum gratissimum as a polymorphic complex species often subcategorized into subspecies, varieties, and forms. Characterization of O. gratissimum complex is carried out using morphological, molecular markers combined with chemical analysis of...

Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty (Poaceae) is a perennial herbaceous grass. It is cultivated for the production of high-value essential oil, which imparts a robust and persistent woody odor escorted with different undertones such as earthy, grapefruit-like, flowery, smoked, ambery, etc. The study aims to determine the genotypic and che...

Present study was aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity, bactericidal mechanism of action, killing kinetics and anti-inflamma-tory activity of Isodon melissoides (Benth.) H. Hara essential oil. The gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of carva...

Isodon melissoides (Benth.) H. Hara {syn. Rabdosia melissoides (Benth.) H. Hara} is an herbaceous, perennial plant of family Lamiaceae, mainly distributed in hilly regions (1300-2000m) of Yunan (China), Bangladesh and India. Traditionally, it is used by local people for healing cuts and wounds. The essential oil has been found to be stored-grain pr...

Thymus linearis Benth., commonly known as ‘Himalaya-thyme’ is widely distributed in the Himalayan region. A survey of literature showed that T. linearis have not yet been properly explored as antimicrobial agent. It has been screened against some of the microbial strain, but there is a lack of knowledge on its kinetics, mode of action and effective...

The essential oils extracted from the leaves, inflorescence, whole aerial-parts and root of patchouli [Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.] were analyzed and compared using GC-FID and GC-MS. Altogether thirty-four constituents, representing 86.9–97.7% of the total oil compositions, were identified. Major constituents of the oils of aerial-parts (leav...

The essential oil compositions of leaves and inflorescences of Elsholtzia densa Benth. from western Himalaya were studied and compared using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Altogether, forty constituents comprising 83.3–83.7% of essential oil composition were identified. The leaf essential oil...

This study was framed to assess the essential oil yield and quality of four varieties of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. var. motia Burk, viz. Trishna, Tripta, PRC-1 and CIMAP-Harsh under the salt affected soil with intervention of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The essential oil yield (7.04–12.70 g kg–1 fresh biomass) and geranio...

The influences of cropping seasons, crop maturity stages and wilting period on essential oil composition of Ocimum africanum Lour. var. CIM-Jyoti, grown at foothills agroclimatic conditions of northern India, were studied and compared using gas chromatography–flame ionization detector and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Altogether, 28 constit...

This study investigates the variations in the chemical, genetic, and biological activity (antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant) profiles of thirteen populations of Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke (OK1-OK13) from India. Correlations between chemical composition and the biological activities of O. kilimandscharicum were assessed. The essential...

The essential oil composition of different plant parts (leaf, stem, roots and fresh umbels at full bloom, green seed stage and brown seed stage) of H. candicans from North India were studied and compared using GC-FID and GC-MS. Altogether, 49 constituents comprising 85.4–96.2% were identified. α-Pinene (5.4–17.7%), myrcene (0.5–9.7%), α-humulene (5...

In this study, the essential oil composition and antibacterial activity of an underexplored population of Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) W. Watson was investigated using GC–FID, GC–MS, disc diffusion and micro dilution broth assay. To substantiate the stability of the essential oil profile, the population was grown in the experimental field and its oi...

Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm. (Zingiberaceae), commonly known as bitter ginger, has long been used in traditional herbal medicine for the treatments of inflammations, rheumatism, sprains, colic pain, diarrhea, tonsillitis and various other ailments. The aim of the present study was to assess the chemical composition of the rhizome essential...

Objective: In this study, productivity and essential oil quality of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’ Herit. ex Aiton.) varieties, namely CIMAP Bio-G-171, CIM-Pawan and Bourbon were assessed and compared in two locations of north India. Methods: A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the productivity, while the chemical composi...

Cymbopogon distans (Nees. ex. Steud.) W. Watson (family: Poaceae) is a perennial aromatic grass widely distributed in tropical and subtropical zones of north-western Himalaya. The essential oil of C. distans has industrial potential for aromatherapy, fragrances and for natural aroma isolates. In view of chemotypic variations and industrial potentia...

Pharmaceutical Values and Essential Oils of Indian Ocimum taxa: A review

The present study was conducted to evaluate the variability in the essential oil yield and chemical composition of Achillea millefolium L. (whole aerial-parts, leaves and inflorescence) grown in the subtropical region of north India during annual growth. The allelopathic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of the oil...

Fish-mint (Houttuynia cordata Thunb.), belongs to family Saururaceae has long been used as food and traditional herbal medicine. The present study was framed to assess the changes occurring in the essential-oil composition of Houttuynia cordata during annual growth and to evaluate allelopathic, antibacterial, antifungal and antiacetylcholinesterase...

Benzaldehyde is one of the most important molecules in the flavor industry. Presently, most of its industrial requirement is met through synthetic route. In this research, leaf essential oil of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. extracted in different seasons was analyzed using GC-FID, GC-MS, and NMR (¹H & ¹³C) techniques. The oil was characterised by hig...