Ralf Clemens

• Takeda

An investigational tetravalent vaccine combining pre-pandemic, MF59(®)-adjuvanted A/H5N1 vaccine with non-adjuvanted, trivalent, seasonal influenza vaccine has been developed, which has the potential to be used for pre-pandemic priming and to improve levels of compliance and coverage. It is important to determine whether the safety and immunogenici...

Objective:Having previously demonstrated the feasibility of administering A/H5N1 and seasonal influenza vaccine antigens in an MF59®-adjuvanted tetravalent formulation, we now report on long-term antibody persistence and responses to a booster dose of a combined seasonal-pandemic, tetravalent influenza vaccine in adults.Methods:Primary objective wa...

Background: Primary immunization with two doses of MF59 (®) -adjuvanted A/H5N1 influenza vaccine has been shown to be highly immunogenic and well tolerated in children and adolescents. Assessment of long-term antibody persistence after priming, and the effects of a one-year booster dose in children and adolescents was needed. Objectives: This st...

Effective glycoconjugate vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y have been developed, but serogroup B remains a major cause of severe invasive disease in infants and adolescents worldwide. We assessed immunogenicity and tolerability of a four-component vaccine (4CMenB) in adolescents. We did a randomised, observer-blin...

The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer of 1:40, which has been recognized as an immunologic correlate corresponding to a 50% reduction in the risk of contracting influenza, is based on studies in adults. Neither seasonal nor challenge-based correlates have been evaluated in children. A total of 4707 influenza vaccine-naive healthy children 6 to...

The efficacy of inactivated influenza vaccines is known to be poor in infants and young children. We studied the effect of the adjuvant MF59, an oil-in-water emulsion, on the efficacy of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) in 4707 healthy children 6 to less than 72 months of age who had not previously been vaccinated against influenza. Th...

The recently published report and commentary on the risks of acquiring influenza during travel highlights the particular difficulty of protecting persons traveling from the northern to the southern hemisphere and vice versa. 1,2 The frequency of infections acquired in these circumstances was clearly documented by the experience of Mutsch and collea...

We performed a phase II randomized, controlled, open-label, single-center study (Centros de Estudios de Infectología Pediátrica, Colombia) to examine the feasibility of combined administration of seasonal and MF59-adjuvanted A/H5N1 influenza vaccines using extemporaneous mixing or simultaneous administration. The primary objective of the study was...

A potential association between the new onset of narcolepsy accompanied by cataplexy - a putative autoimmune disorder, and vaccination with an AS03-adjuvanted A(H1N1) pandemic influenza vaccine is under investigation. We sought cases of narcolepsy from the pharmacovigilance database of a pandemic vaccine adjuvanted with another emulsion adjuvant, M...

The recent global A/H1N1v pandemic led to major efforts to develop effective vaccines against the novel virus, while global demand and limited production capacity focused attention on dose sparing and schedules. An open-label phase III study of immunogenicity and safety of novel A/H1N1v vaccines included 392 Costa Rican children in two pediatric co...

This study evaluated the immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability of a MF59-adjuvanted H5N1 vaccine in a population 6 months through 17 years of age. Healthy subjects 6 to <36 months, 3 to <9 months, and 9 to <18 years of age were assigned randomly to receive 2 doses of either a MF59-adjuvanted H5N1 vaccine (7.5 μg/dose) or a MF59-adjuvanted trival...

Pregnant women are at increased risk for complications and death associated with pandemic H1N1 influenza infection and they are prioritized for vaccination by public health authorities. Few data are available on the safety of adjuvants as components of pandemic vaccines that could be given systematically to pregnant women. Here we review nonclinica...

Ladino and native Indian Guatemalan infants developed high rates (96-100%) of protective antibodies after receiving conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b and hepatitis B vaccines at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. Native Indian infants developed significantly (p<0.01) higher geometric mean anti-PRP (polyribose-ribitol-phosphate) and anti-HBs (anti-hepa...

This prospective, multicenter study examined the importance of hepatitis viruses as etiological agents of acute liver failure (ALF) and the outcome of ALF cases in Latin American children and adolescents. The study was conducted for minimum 12 months in 9 centers in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Mexico during 2001-2002. Hospit...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of two doses of rotavirus vaccine in healthy Brazilian infants. METHODS: A randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in Brazil, Mexico and Venezuela. Infants received two oral doses of vaccine or placebo at 2 and 4 months of age, concurrently with ro...

To determine the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of two doses of rotavirus vaccine in healthy Brazilian infants. A randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in Brazil, Mexico and Venezuela. Infants received two oral doses of vaccine or placebo at 2 and 4 months of age, concurrently with routine immunizations,...

The association between rotavirus serotypes and severity is not well established. Analysis of a clinical trial conducted in Latin America points at more-severe disease associated with serotype G9. Thus, demonstration of efficacy against G9 will be an important asset of any rotavirus vaccine to be introduced into a Latin American country or any coun...

The incidence of local reactions to diphtheria-, tetanus and acellular pertussis (DTaP-) vaccines in infants and toddlers increases with each subsequent dose, and entire thigh swellings (ETS) have been reported. Lowering the amount of antigen or of adjuvant may decrease the reactogenicity of DTaP while maintaining a protective immune response. Foll...

The safety and efficacy of an attenuated G1P[8] human rotavirus (HRV) vaccine were tested in a randomized, double-blind, phase 3 trial. We studied 63,225 healthy infants from 11 Latin American countries and Finland who received two oral doses of either the HRV vaccine (31,673 infants) or placebo (31,552 infants) at approximately two months and four...

The activities of primaquine in combination with quinine or artesunate against asexual- and sexual-stage parasites were assessed in 176 adult Thai patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Patients were randomized to one of the six following 7-day oral treatment regimens: (i) quinine alone, (ii) quinine with tetracycline, (iii) qui...

The effects of adding rifampin to quinine were assessed in adults with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Patients were randomized to receive oral quinine either alone (n = 30) or in combination with rifampin (n = 29). Although parasite clearance times were shorter in the quinine-rifampin-treated patients (mean ± standard deviation, 70 ± 21 versus 8...

Immunization remains the primary strategy in both the control and prevention of common childhood diseases, particularly in the developing world. Immunization and preprimary health care services were commenced in a rural community in Nigeria in 1998, when vaccine coverage for all Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) diseases (tuberculosis, polio,...

Intramuscular administration of high doses of artemether and arteether to experimental mammals produces selective damage to brain stem centers involved predominantly in auditory processing and vestibular reflexes. The relationship between clinical signs of neurotoxicity and neuropathologic toxicity was studied in the mouse. Intramuscular artemether...

To assess the epidemiology and impact of traveler's diarrhea (TD) among visitors to the city of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, as part of a global study on TD carried out in four countries. Within a cross-sectional survey, questionnaires were completed by departing travelers at the Fortaleza airport between March 1997 and February 1998. The questions in...

Objectives: Varicella has more serious consequences in adolescents and adults. Recent reports from Europe and Asia show an increasing number of adolescents and young adults being seronegative. As there is only limited data on varicella zoster virus (VZV) seroprevalence in Brazil and to facilitate the strategy for varicella vaccination we conducted...

Some antibacterial drugs have antimalarial activity that can be exploited for the prevention or treatment of malaria. Monotherapy with tetracycline, doxycycline, clindamycin or azithromycin was assessed in 1995-98 in 92 adult patients in Thailand with Plasmodium vivax malaria. All patients recovered following treatment and the early therapeutic res...

Since 1996 in Germany primary infant immunization against Haemophilus influenzae has been most commonly given in the form of diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-acellular pertussis/H. influenzae type b (DTaP/Hib) or diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-acellular pertussis (-inactivated poliovirus)/H. influenzae type b (DTaP-IPV/Hib) combination vaccines. These combin...

OJECTIVES Varicella has more serious consequences in adolescents and adults. Recent reports from Europe and Asia show an increasing number of adolescents and young adults being seronegative. As there is only limited data on varicella zoster virus (VZV) seroprevalence in Brazil and to facilitate the strategy for varicella vaccination we conducted a...

Therapeutic responses to clindamycin in combination with quinine were assessed in adult Thai patients with uncomplicated multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. In total 204 patients were randomized to receive a 7-day oral treatment regimen of quinine (Q7) either alone (n = 68), in combination with clindamycin (Q7C7;n = 68), or in combin...

The therapeutic responses to the eight most widely used antimalarial drugs were assessed in 207 adult patients withPlasmodium vivax malaria. This parasite does not cause marked sequestration, so parasite clearance can be used as a direct measure of antimalarial activity. The activities of these drugs in descending order were artesunate, artemether,...

Travelers seeking protection from hepatitis A also often need protection against other infections, prevalent at their destinations. A total of 396 volunteers received not only a hepatitis A vaccine but also either a vaccine against polio, hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, typhoid fever or rabies according to the...

The prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A and B virus was assessed in 3,653 subjects across four regions of Brazil. The anti-HAV and anti-HBc seroprevalence were 64.7% and 7.9%, respectively. The highest anti-HAV (92.8%) and anti-HBc (21.4%) rates were seen in the Northern region. In other regions, anti-HAV seroprevalence over 90% was only reache...

Avaliou-se a prevalência de anticorpos para as hepatites A e B em 3.653 indivíduos, em quatro regiões brasileiras. As prevalências de anti-VHA e de anti-HBc foram 64,7% e 7,9%, respectivamente. Prevalências mais elevadas de anti-VHA (92,8%) e de anti-HBc (21,4%) foram observadas na região Norte. Em outras regiões, prevalências de anti-VHA acima de...

Mit der Einführung neuer Technologien hat die Impfstoff-Forschung und -Entwicklung eine für viele unerwartete Renaissance erfahren. In den letzten 15 Jahren wurden mehr innovative Impfstoffe entwickelt und zugelassen, als in der gesamten vorherigen Aera seit der Entwicklung des ersten Pockenimpfstoffes durch Jenner. Unter den Neuentwicklungen der l...

To compare the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a novel live attenuated measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, SB MMR (Priorix; SmithKline Beecham Biologicals), with a widely used MMR vaccine, Merck MMR (M-M-R II; Merck & Co. Inc). A total of 4702 healthy children, ages 9 to 24 months, were enrolled in 8 single blind, randomized, controlled trials. Rea...

Concerns about the association of aseptic meningitis with measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccines containing the Urabe Am 9 strain and the increasing worldwide demand for MMR vaccines, prompted the development of a new mumps vaccine strain (RIT 4385) by SmithKline Beecham Biologicals (SB) as part of a trivalent live attenuated MMR vaccine. The present...

Nonresponsiveness to HBsAg vaccination is observed in 5-10% of vaccine recipients and is possibly caused by a defect in the T helper cell compartment. The immune response to HBsAg is influenced by genes of the major histocompatibility complex. We have investigated MHC class I and class II antigens in 53 adult responders and 73 nonresponders. Result...

Acute hepatitis A superimposed on chronic liver disease (CLD) has been associated with severe or fulminant hepatitis. An open, multicenter study was performed to compare the safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in patients with CLD with that in healthy subjects. A secondary objective was to compare the safety of the hepat...

Unlabelled: With an increasing number of new vaccines available for routine childhood immunization, combination vaccines are needed in order to maintain or achieve a high compliance with recommended immunization programmes. In a prospective, randomized, comparative, multi-centre study, 822 healthy infants were enrolled to receive three doses of ei...

The feasibility of a combined diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B (DTPa-HBV) vaccine was assessed and a comparison made of immunogenicity and reactogenicity to DTPa and HBV vaccines mixed in one syringe and to concomitant but separate injections as a primary vaccination course in three groups of infants at 3, 4.5 and 6 months of age....

Following concerns about the safety and reactogenicity profile of diphtheria, tetanus and whole cell pertussis vaccines (DTwP), new and less reactogenic alternatives were developed over the last two decades. The new diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis vaccines (DTaP) no longer consist of the whole bacterial cell but of either extracts or of...

The primary objective was to assess the nature and incidence of adverse events after a fourth dose of a tricomponent acellular pertussis-diphtheriatetanus vaccine given in the second year of life after primary vaccination with the same vaccine at 3, 4, and 5 months of age. A secondary objective was to analyze the immunogeniecity of the booster vacc...

Seventy-nine low-responders and 83 non-responders after a previous three-dose hepatitis B (HB) vaccine course at 0.1, and 6 months were enrolled to receive additional 20 micrograms recombinant HB vaccine doses every 2 months until all had anti-HBs levels > or = 100 mIU ml-1. After the first booster, 65.4% had anti-HBs levels > or = 100 mIU ml-1, 17...

The aim of this study was the investigation of the specific cell-mediated (CMI) responses induced by DTaP and to compare these data to immunity after natural infection. The ability of peripheral blood T-lymphocytes to respond to the pertussis related antigens pertussis-toxin (PT), filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), and Pertactin (PRN) was investigat...

Unlabelled: The lack of an adequate immune response to the major polysaccharide of the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) capsule (polyribosyl ribitol phosphate) (PRP) in very young infants (< 18 months) can be overcome by conjugating PRP to a T-cell dependent carrier protein. We studied whether administration of a tetanus-PRP conjugate vaccine r...

Aceliular pertussis vaccines (aP) are better tolerated than whole cell vaccines, but local reactions to both vaccine types occur more often after booster doses than primary doses. To identify candidates for future, regular pertussis booster vaccines with acellular components, 214 healthy children aged 15-24 months, previously given 3 doses of Smith...

Background. Only limited data are available on the virus specific cell mediated immunity (CMI) after varicella vaccination of young infants. In the context of a clinical study to evaluate the co-administration of a varicella (OKA-strain) vaccine (SB-Biologicals) with DTaP (Infanrix™ SB-Biologicals), VZV-specific humoral and CMI were analyzed in a f...

Background: DTaP vaccines are the basis for future multivalent combination vaccines. However, administering DTaP and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccines as a mixed injection was found to reduce Hib-specific antibodies without interfering with immunologie priming. It is unknown if coadministration influences CMI-responses to other vaccine a...

Background: Active immunization provides long-term protection against the Hepatitis A virus. Development of the HAV-specific immune response initiated by vaccination is usually monitored by measurement of specific antibody titres. However, induction of specific T-cells is mandatory to regulate the B-cell response and to control viral infections. Th...

After concern about the safety of diphtheria-tetanus toxoid-whole cell pertussis vaccines (DTPw), the recommendation to vaccinate children with DTPw was withdrawn in 1974 in the former West Germany. This led pertussis cases to increase to an estimated 100,000 annually. Despite renewal of the vaccination recommendation in 1991, vaccine use remained...

The aim of this study was to investigate pertussis-specific cell-mediated immunity in infants vaccinated with a tricomponent acellular vaccine. Infants were investigated during a primary vaccination schedule from the third month of life to the sixth month as well as before and after a booster at 15 to 24 months. This is the first report of specific...

To assess the safety and tolerability of 12 lots of SmithKline Beecham Biologicals' diphtheria-tetanus-tricomponent acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) in a large cohort of 22,000 vaccinees, with detailed analyses of reactivity, immunogenicity, and immune response to pertussis toxin in subsets. In a prospective, double-blind, multicenter trial in Ge...

To evaluate the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in health care staff under routine use and unselected conditions and to investigate factors that influence the response to vaccination. This prospective postmarketing surveillance study was performed in unselected health care staff and their relatives (age range,...

We evaluated immunogenicity and reactogenicity of an inactivated, combined hepatitis A/B candidate vaccine in 50 seronegative volunteers. Each volunteer received a total of three doses of vaccine (720 EIU HAV and 20 micrograms HBs antigen) according to a 0, 1 and 6 month vaccination schedule. One month after the first injection, the seroconversion...

The efficacy and toxicity of oral quinine combined with oral chloroquine were studied in 50 Thai men with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. All were treated for 7 days with quinine sulphate (10 mg salt/kg every 8 h). Twenty-five of the patients, selected at random, were also given oral tetracycline (4 mg/kg four times daily) over the same period an...

Objectives: To compare the immunogenicities and reactogenicities of bicomponent (B) (pertussis toxoid, filamentous hemagglutinin) and tricomponent (T) (pertussis toxoid, filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin) acellular pertussis vaccines when coadministered with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids in primary (3, 4, and 5 mo) and booster (15–19 mo) vaccin...

A total of 2036 persons consulting vaccination centers in Germany were vaccinated with an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine (containing 720 ELISA units of antigen) either according to the standard schedule (two vaccinations given 4 weeks apart) or to an abbreviated schedule (two vaccinations given 2 weeks apart) in a controlled clinical study. The ab...

To evaluate the efficacy of a three-dose primary vaccination with a diphtheria-tetanus tricomponent acellular pertussis vaccine against "typical" pertussis, defined as a spasmodic cough of 21 days or longer with confirmation of Bordetella pertussis infection by culture or serology. Passive monitoring for suspected first household (index) cases of t...

Background A considerable number of people remain unprotected against hepatitis B. These people may require immunization at short notice before being exposed to situations or locations where a risk of infection is present. Currently, full active immunization against hepatitis B, when administered according to recommended schedules, takes 2–6 months...

Active immunization against hepatitis A having been undertaken in Germany since January 1993, a multicentre study was conducted to test, for the first time, immunogenicity of and tolerance to a candidate vaccine against hepatitis A and B. 50 healthy volunteers aged 18-40 years, negative for antibodies against hepatitis A (HAV) and B (HBs), received...

The immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and safety of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine were assessed in anti‐HIV positive homosexual men. Fourteen anti‐HIV positive (group 1) and 20 anti‐HIV negative (group 2) men received vaccine (containing 720 ELISA units of hepatitis A antigen per dose) intramuscularly at 0, 1, and 6 months. Twelve unvaccinated a...

Clinical trials of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine have encompassed 104 studies completed by December 1993 in 27 countries. Studies involved 50,677 subjects and administration of> 120,000 vaccine doses. Results show that the vaccine is safe, clinically well-tolerated, and highly immunogenic in all age groups. A seroconversion rate of 100% is ach...

The procoagulant activities of Russell's viper venom were assessed in an in vitro whole blood model. Sequential samplings showed that the generation of fibrinopeptide A (FPA), a marker of thrombin activity, and platelet factor 4 (PF4), a marker of platelet activity, exhibited bi-phasic kinetics with an initial slow phase followed by a rapid phase o...

The effects of equine antivenom and antithrombin III (AT-III) on the coagulopathy induced by Russell's viper venom (RVV, Daboia russelli siamensis) were investigated in the rat. After taking blood samples from the femoral vein for determination of simple blood clotting time and AT-III activity, all anaesthetized rats received an intramuscular injec...

Grundproblematik und Fragestellung: Seit Januar 1993 ist die aktive Hepatitis-A-Impfung in Deutschland zugelassen. In der vorliegenden Studie sollte erstmals die Immunogenität und Verträglichkeit einer kombinierten Kandidatvakzine, das heißt eines potentiellen Impfstoffes, gegen Hepatitis A und B getestet werden. Probanden und Methodik: Insgesamt w...

The mechanisms involved in the activation of the coagulation cascade in severe falciparum malaria were studied in 22 adult patients (19 male, three female) aged 18-45 (mean +/- SD 31 +/- 11) years. Of these, nine had multiple vital organ dysfunction, and bleeding occurred in four patients, two of whom died. During acute illness the reduction in pla...

The blood stage antimalarial efficacy of primaquine (0.25 mg of base/kg of body weight/day over 14 days) and chloroquine (25 mg of base/kg over 3 days) were compared in 85 adult Thai men with acute Plasmodium vivax malaria. Most (75%) had at least one malaria episode previously. Parasite clearance times after primaquine alone (n = 30) were slower t...

The therapeutic effects of antithrombin III (AT-III) and unrefined equine antivenom in the treatment of coagulopathy induced by Malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma) venom were assessed in 42 adult Wistar rats. Following intramuscular venom injection (2 micrograms/g body weight), serial blood samples were taken from the femoral vein for measu...

Fenoldopam, a newly developed intravenous dopaminergic DA1 receptor agonist, was used in an open, prospective study for blood pressure control in 12 patients presenting with hypertensive crisis. At a dose of 0.2-0.5 microgram kg-1 min-1 fenoldopam decreased systolic blood pressure from 209 +/- 13 to 151 +/- 17 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure from...

Three different immunization schedules were compared in 144 young, healthy adults (81 men, 63 women; mean age 28.5 years). They were randomly assigned to one of three groups: group 1, immunization shots on day 0 and day 14 (n = 47), group 2, on day 0 and day 28 (n = 50), and group 3, on day 0, 14 and 28 (n = 47). All participants had a booster shot...

The efficacy (criteria: cure rate, time to resolution of fever or absence of parasites) and safety (criteria: clinical side effects, altered laboratory parameters) of halofantrin were investigated in a multi-centre study of 96 non-immune patients (71 men, 25 women, mean age 34.3 [21-62] years) with malaria imported from regions of high resistance i...

Im Rahmen einer prospektiven Multizenterstudie wurden die Wirksamkeit (Kriterien: Heilungsrate, Zeit bis zur Entfieberung oder Parasitenfreiheit) und Verträglichkeit (Kriterien: klinische Nebenwirkungen, veränderte Laborparameter) von Halofantrin bei 96 nicht-immunen Malaria-Patienten (71 Männer, 25 Frauen, mittleres Alter 34,3 [21-62] Jahre) unter...

Sixty-one patients with falciparum malaria were studied prospectively to determine the plasma concentrations of the lysosomal proteinase, polymorphonuclear leucocyte elastase (PMN-elastase) and their relationship to disease severity. The patients were divided into 3 groups; severe (parasitaemia > 5%) or vital organ dysfunction (n = 23), moderate (p...

A multicenter prospective trial was performed to investigate the efficacy and the tolerability of halofantrine in nonimmune patients with malaria imported from areas with drug-resistant falciparum parasites (mainly Africa). Forty-five of the 74 subjects were treated with a one-day regimen (3 x 500 mg) of halofantrine, and the other 29 received the...

The seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections were prospectively assessed in 356 heterosexuals with STDs (sexually transmitted diseases) and compared to a control group of 381 healthy first-time blood donors. Eighty-one of 356 STD patients were anti-HBC positive (22.8%) compared to 14/381 blood donors (3.8%; p...

In a prospective multicentre trial, the influence of schedule, compliance, age, sex and weight on the antibody response to hepatitis B vaccination was investigated. Comparison of the vaccination schedules 0, 1, 6 months (group 1; n = 143) and 0, 1, 2, 12 months (group 2; n = 141) was performed in months 3, 7 and 12. In addition, the antibody respon...

Russell's viper venom (RVV) leads to a strong activation of the coagulation system with consumptive coagulopathy and thrombopenia. For better comprehension of the pathophysiologic process, the effect of RVV was examined in an in vitro model of hemostasis. The stimulation of the coagulation system and of platelet activity can be discriminated by seq...

A total of 114 healthy young adults were immunized with hepatitis A vaccine using different vaccination schedules. Individuals received either a single dose (group 1), two doses given simultaneously (group 2), two doses at days 0 and 14 (group 3) or at days 0 and 28 (group 4), or three doses at days 0, 7 and 21 (group 5). Two weeks after a single d...

We investigated immunogenicity, reactogenicity and consistency of three consecutive lots of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in 204 seronegative volunteers. Each volunteer received a total of three doses of vaccine (720 EIU) according to a 0, 1 month primary vaccination schedule with a booster dose given at month 6. Mild, moderate and mostly loca...

To study the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine, 204 healthy individuals were randomized into three equal groups, each to receive a different vaccine lot. Each subject received a total of three dose, each of 720 ELISA units of hepatitis A vaccine HM175, according to a 0 and 1 month primary vaccination schedule,...

The development of coagulation disorders was studied in murine malaria. Plasmodium vinckei was chosen following an initial experiment because onset and duration of parasitemia were more suitable for hemostasiological studies than in the short-lasting infection, caused by P. berghei. Evaluation of the time courses of hematocrit, platelets, antithrom...

The effects of unrefined equine antivenom and antithrombin III (AT-III) concentrate on the coagulopathy induced by systemic envenomation by Malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma; MPV) venom were investigated in a rat model. 37 rats received an intramuscular injection of MPV venom and serial blood samples were taken from the femoral vein for si...