Raisa Mäkipää

Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)

We investigated the fungal communities inhabiting decaying logs in a seminatural boreal forest stand in relation to host tree species, stage of decay, density, diameter, moisture, C to N ratio, Klason lignin content, and water- and ethanol-soluble extractives. Communities were profiled using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprinting of...

The global forest carbon (C) stock is estimated at 662 Gt of which 45% is in soil organic matter. Thus, comprehensive understanding of the effects of forest management practices on forest soil C stock and greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes is needed for the development of effective forest-based climate change mitigation strategies. To improve this underst...

Continuous cover forestry (CCF) has been promoted as an environmentally sustainable option for drained peatlands. The CCF management has been challenged due to potentially lower tree growth compared to traditional even-aged management, especially with suppressed trees that are released during a selection harvesting under CCF management. Our objecti...

Afforesting unutilized or low-productivity agricultural land is important for achieving ambitious climate targets, and subsidy schemes may incentivize this land-use change. To determine how subsidies affect the relative performance of afforestation, we analyze both carbon-flux-based and lump sum afforestation subsidies. Utilizing detailed empirical...

Forest subsidies are widely used to achieve policy objectives aimed at maintaining and supporting the provision of the various ecosystem services provided by forests. In the European Union, an important instrument is the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) within the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), but countries also hav...

Suomalaisen metsäpolitiikan keskeinen päämäärä on jo yli sadan vuoden ajan ollut puuntuotannollinen kestävyys, mutta metsätalouden kestävyyden tarkastelu on laajentunut yhteiskunnallisten tarpeiden ja arvostusten muuttumisen myötä. Nykyisin metsäpolitiikan tavoitteeksi mainitaan usein kokonaiskestävyys, joka on kuitenkin kestävyyden osa-alueiden vä...

Forests are important for the transition to a bioeconomy. With 60% of Europe's forest area owned and managed by small-scale owners, these owners' management behaviour is key. Identifying commonalities and differences between owners in different EU countries promotes effective implementation of EU strategies for a sustainable transition to a wood-ba...

Effective policy measures to promote the climate effects of agriculture and forestry Abstract This report considers how agricultural and forest policy should be changed in order to more effectively support the increase of carbon sinks in the land use sector and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture and forestry, while taking into...

The societal demands on forest management are becoming increasingly diverse, which will be reflected in decisions made by forest owners. We examined the willingness of private forest owners in Austria, Finland, Germany, Slovenia, and Sweden to participate in a contract-based payment scheme in which they were asked to apply a specific management str...

This study’s aim was to evaluate the soil organic carbon (SOC) stock changes of the upland forest sites (ICP Forests, Level II network) in relation to factors affecting the stocks in the long run, such as soil and stand properties. The SOC stock changes were based on repeated soil surveys carried out in 1995, 2006 and 2016 on ten plots on managed b...

Tree seedlings are produced in tree nurseries. However, nursery-grown seedlings often exhibit poor performance after outplanting due to the lack of adaptation to harsh natural conditions. These nursery-grown seedlings do not necessarily possess well-developed ectomycorrhizal symbionts, which help to obtain nutrients and increase resilience in excha...

Continuous cover forestry (CCF) has proven to financially outperform rotation forestry (RF) with low or even moderate social price of carbon in mineral soils. However, to date there are no studies to compare financial performance of joint production (timber and carbon sequestration) between mineral soils and peatlands when CCF is applied. A vast va...

Jatkuvapeitteistä metsänkasvatusta on ehdotettu vaihtoehdoksi avohakkuiden käyttöön perustuvalle metsänkasvatukselle etenkin turvemailla, mutta menetelmän vaikutukset tunnetaan puutteellisesti. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli analysoida voimakkuudeltaan kahden erilaisen erirakenteis hakkuun (hakkuun jälkeiset puuston pohjapinta-alat 17 m²/ha ja 1...

Offsetting nation-wide CO2 emissions by carbon sinks from land use change (LUC), e.g. agricultural fields extensification and afforestation, is considered as a major climate change mitigation option. We evaluated the LUC potential for reducing emissions and creating annual soil and ecosystem carbon sinks in Finland. We used agricultural statistics,...

Forests are sources of multiple ecosystem services (ESs) essential for human wellbeing. Forest owners are critical actors to decide which benefits they produce from their forests. To support the uptake of alternative forest management strategies in a way that is beneficial from the perspective of society as whole, new incentive schemes could be imp...

Continuous cover forestry (CCF) is expected to reduce the negative environmental impacts of peatland forestry in comparison to rotation forestry (RF), but the unknown profitability of CCF on peatlands limits its application in practice. The profitability of CCF was analysed by simulating management scenarios with a process-based ecosystem model, EF...

We quantified the response of peatland water table level (WTL) and energy fluxes to harvesting of a drained peatland forest. Two alternative harvests (clear-cut and partial harvest) were carried out in a mixed-species ditch-drained peatland forest in southern Finland, where water and energy balance components were monitored for six pre-treatment an...

Ecosystems are under unprecedented and accelerating pressures. Much work on understanding resilience to these pressures has, so far, focussed on the ecosystem. However, understanding a system’s behaviour also requires knowledge of its component parts and their interactions. Here we present a framework for understanding ‘biological resilience’, or t...

This study presents an example of the parameterization and validation of the CAMPUS-S model for the dwarf shrubs of the genus Vaccinium, and the results of computational experiments showing the applicability of the model. A quantitative analysis of the population dynamics of dwarf shrubs, their productivity and contribution to the carbon and nitrog...

Unlike for many other organism groups, conservation translocations of fungi are still rare. Encouraged by recent successful translocations, there is a growing interest in applying this conservation tool to threatened wood-inhabiting fungi. When combined with other conservation or restoration measures, translocation can be an effective measure for p...

Forecasting the impact of future global warming on biodiversity requires understanding how temperature limits the distribution of species. Here we rely on Liebig's Law of Minimum to estimate the effect of temperature on the maximum potential abundance that a species can attain at a certain location. We develop 95%‐quantile regressions to model the...

Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) has been shown to be a suitable remote sensing proxy of photosynthesis at multiple scales. However, the relationship between fluorescence and photosynthesis observed at the leaf level cannot be directly applied to the interpretation of retrieved SIF due to the impact of canopy structure. We carried out a...

We compared the δ13C and δ15N of forest material with an extensive sporocarp collection to try to elucidate the role of forest litter, wood and soil as fungal carbon and nitrogen sources in Finnish boreal Picea abies-dominated forests. Ectomycorrhizal Hydnum and Cortinarius had higher δ15N than other ectomycorrhizal fungi, suggesting use of 15N-enr...

Globally 40−70 Pg of carbon (C) are stored in coarse woody debris on the forest floor. Climate change may reduce the function of this stock as a C sink in the future due to increasing temperature. However, current knowledge on the drivers of wood decomposition is inadequate for detailed predictions. To define the factors that control wood respirati...

This study evaluates the profitability of uneven-aged management in boreal forests, focusing on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). An individual-tree-based model EFIMOD is used to simulate the dynamics of soil organic matter, resource availability and forest growth. Considered management scenarios are constructed by varying the harvest interv...

Biological fixation of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) by bryophyte-associated cyanobacteria is an important source of plant-available N in the boreal biome. Information on the factors that drive biological N2 fixation (BNF) rates is needed in order to understand the N dynamics of forests under a changing climate. We assessed the potential of several cry...

Dead wood is initially a nitrogen (N) poor substrate, where the N content increases with decay, partly due to biological N 2 fixation, but the drivers of the N accumulation are poorly known. We quantified the rate of N 2 fixation in decaying Norway spruce logs of different decay stages and studied the potential regulators of the N 2-fixation activi...

High rates of asymbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation have been measured in woody roots in temperate forests, but this rate has not been quantified in boreal forests. We studied the asymbiotic N2 fixation associated with living and decomposing woody roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) in three sites in Finland. In addition, tree species ef...

We investigated the interaction between fungal communities of soil and dead wood substrates. For this, we applied molecular species identification and stable isotope tracking to both soil and decaying wood in an unmanaged boreal Norway spruce-dominated stand. Altogether we recorded 1990 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), out of which more than 600...

We present three robust methods to accurately and automatically recognize tree species from terrestrial laser scanner data. The recognition is based on the use of quantitative structure tree models, which are hierarchical geometric primitive models accurately approximating the branching structure, geometry, and volume of the trees. Fifteen robust t...

We conducted an experiment to find out how future climate conditions will impact the spring development of photosynthetic capacity of silver birch leaves. We had two greenhouse conditions. In the simulated future climate condition we had both elevated temperatures and CO2 concentration, while for reference we had trees growing under current climate...

Dynamic soil models are needed for estimating impact of weather and climate change on soil carbon stocks and fluxes. Here, we evaluate performance of Yasso07 and ROMULv models against forest soil carbon stock measurements. More specifically, we ask if litter quantity, litter quality and weather data are sufficient drivers for soil carbon stock esti...

Uneven-aged forest management is suggested to be a sustainable management alternative in boreal forests, but knowledge on applicable harvest intensities is very limited as majority of the studies has focused on even-aged management practices. The ecosystem model EFIMOD was used to assess the effect of selection cuttings on ecosystem production, car...

We test whether litter quality, litter quantity and weather data are enough to estimate soil carbon stocks by models. We also test whether inclusion of soil water holding capacity improves soil carbon stock model estimates. Litter input was estimated from stem volume maps provided by the National Forest Inventory, while understorey vegetation was e...

1. Microbial respiration in dead wood contributes substantially to the long-lived forest carbon (C) pool and has a significant role in the forest nitrogen (N) cycle. Wood N content has been found to increase during the decay process; however, temporal dynamics and the sources of this external N remain unclear. 2. To examine N dynamics at various s...

Villén-Pérez S, Mäkipää R, Salemaa M, Heikkinen J (2016) Oral presentation. 59th Annual Symposium of the International Association for Vegetation Science, Pirenópolis, Brazil

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää lahopuun merkitystä kuusivaltaisen luonnonmetsän uu­distumisessa. Tutkimme tätä mittaamalla kuusentaimien määrää ja kasvua lahopuulla ja muilla metsän kasvualustoilla. Muut kasvualustaluokat olivat sammal sekä karike/muu. Lisäksi analysoimme lahopuun vedenpidätysominaisuuksia ja hiili­typpisuhdetta (C/N), jot...

Information on the habitat requirements of wood-inhabiting fungi is needed to understand the factors that affect their diversity. We applied culture-free DNA extraction and 454-pyrosequencing to study the mycobiota of decaying Norway spruce (Picea abies) logs in five unmanaged boreal forests. Fungal habitat preferences in respect of wood density gr...

The major part of existing models of belowground competition in mixed forest stands is limited in explaining the spatial distribution of roots as a response to competitive pressure from neighbours and heterogeneity of soil properties. We are presenting a new spatially explicit and multi-layered discrete model of belowground competition, RootInt (RO...

Potential changes in the species’ range of geographical distribution

Soil carbon models serving national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories need precise litter input estimates that typically originate from regionally-averaged and species-specific biomass turnover rates. We compared the foliar turnover rates estimated from long-term measurements by two methods: the needle-cohort based turnover rates (NT; 1064 Scots pin...

We present an empirical application of multispectral laser scanning for monitoring the seasonal and spatial changes in pine chlorophyll (a + b) content and upscaling the accurate leaf-level chlorophyll measurements into branch and tree level. The results show the capability of the new instrument for monitoring the changes in the shape and physiolog...

We propose an empirical method for nondestructive estimation of chlorophyll in tree canopies. The first prototype of a full waveform hyperspectral LiDAR instrument has been developed by the Finnish Geodetic Institute (FGI). The instrument efficiently combines the benefits of passive and active remote sensing sensors. It is able to produce 3D point...

Aims 1. Structure of model must be understandable by biologists and ecologists which are not experienced in modelling. 2. Model must be of simulation type, being based on simple set of relationships and rules. 3. Model must have small amount of parameters which are easily calculated. 4. Model operates on small grid, divided into homogenous cells. T...

We present an empirical application of hyperspectral lidar for monitoring the seasonal and spatial changes in pine chlorophyll content and upscaling the accurate leaf-level chlorophyll measurements into branch and tree level. The results show the capability of the new instrument for monitoring the changes in the shape and physiology of tree canopy:...

We studied the photosynthetic activity of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst) in relation to air temperature changes from March 2013 to February 2014. We measured the chlorophyll fluorescence of approximately 50 trees of each species growing in southern Finland. Fluorescence was measured 1-3 times per week. W...

Hundreds of wood-inhabiting fungal species are now threatened, principally due to a lack of dead wood in intensively managed forests, but the consequences of reduced fungal diversity on ecosystem functioning are not known. Several experiments have shown that primary productivity is negatively affected by a loss of species, but the effects of microb...

Biomass combustion is considered to be carbon neutral, but intensive biomass harvesting may negatively impact carbon stocks in forest soil and vegetation, which can offset the benefits of substituting fossil fuels with biomass. Here we evaluated conventional stem-only harvesting, whole-tree harvesting (WTH), andWTHexcluding needles in terms of timb...

We present a new application of terrestrial laser scanning and mathematical modelling for the quantitative change detection of tree biomass, volume, and structure. We investigate the feasibility of the approach with two case studies on trees, assess the accuracy with laboratory reference measurements, and identify the main sources of error, and the...

The objective was to analyse how differences in the initial proportions of tree species and site fertility affect carbon sequestration in living biomass and soil. We used the individual-based simulation model EFIMOD, which is able to simulate spatially explicit competition between trees for light and nutrients. Simulations were carried out for thre...

290 http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2014/mwp290.htm ISBN 978-951-40-2469-6 (PDF) ISSN 1795-150X www.metla.fi

Decline of dead wood in managed boreal forests has variously affected polypore species that use it as their substrate, some now being listed as threatened while some are still thriving. Management of polypore diversity requires species-specific information about their occurrence probabilities, which partially depend on stand dead wood availability...

Competition for resources under conditions of climate change shifts species composition, due to changes in allocation of carbon and nitrogen to the more competitive species which require more nutrients. • In all scenarios, climate change positively affected the productivity of standing biomass, mainly due to increased amount of available nitrogen....