Raimondo Bruno

• Professor (Associate) at University of Tasmania

Introduction Despite high‐dose 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) drug alerts being distributed, no research has been conducted as to changes in use in response. This study aimed to determine if: (i) high‐dose MDMA drug alerts, and (ii) varied descriptions of dose, effects and actions to reduce harm were associated with intentions to reduce t...

Introduction The substance use recovery evaluator (SURE) is a new patient‐reported outcome measure of recovery from alcohol and other drugs. The original SURE validation study did not include clients from residential rehabilitation treatment, and the possible challenges in applying the measure in this setting were noted. This study evaluates the fa...

Aims This study tested the efficacy and safety of a 12‐week course of lisdexamfetamine in reducing methamphetamine use, an outcome which is associated with improvements in health and wellbeing, in people dependent on methamphetamine. Design, setting and participants This study was a randomised double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial conducted in six...

Background The management of chronic non‐cancer pain (CNCP) is complex. Concerns about adverse effects associated with opioid pain medications and a lack of funding for holistic programs present challenges for decision‐making among clinicians and patients. Discrete choice experiments (DCE) are one way of assessing and valuing patient treatment pref...

Background Codeine was rescheduled in Australia to prescription only in February 2018. Initial studies reported an increase in population level paracetamol and ibuprofen sales following codeine upscheduling. However, to date no study has been able to investigate changes in non-opioid analgesic use at the individual patient level to determine if sal...

Background Prevention and early intervention of alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a public health priority, yet there are gaps in our understanding of how AUD emerges, which symptoms of AUD come first, and whether there are modifiable risk factors that forecast the development of the disorder. This study investigated potential early‐warning‐sign sympto...

Objectives Although factors associated with alcohol use have been researched at a population level, descriptions of the alcohol and other drug (AOD) treatment-seeking population in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, are limited. This study addresses this gap by analyzing sociodemographic and health characteristics in the NSW AOD treatment-seeking po...

Background and aims: Adolescent polysubstance use has been associated with adverse social and health outcomes. Our aim was to measure rates and transitions to polysubstance use during adolescence and identify factors associated with initiation and discontinuation of polysubstance use. Design: Prospective cohort study. Multistate Markov modelling...

Background: Polysubstance use is associated with negative health and social outcomes among people who inject drugs. We aimed to describe trends in polysubstance use and identify psychosocial correlates and associated drug use risk behaviours. We defined polysubstance use as intentional same day use of more than one of three drug classes: opioids,...

Objective: To investigate the demographic characteristics, substance use, and self-rated health of people entering treatment in New South Wales public health services for alcohol, amphetamine-type stimulants, cannabis, cocaine, or opioids use, by principal drug of concern. Design: Baseline findings of a cohort study; analysis of data in patient...

Aims: The Austraian Treatment Outcomes Profile (ATOP) is a brief clinical outcomes tool used widely in the Australian alcohol and other drugs treatment sector to monitor clients' substance use, health, wellbeing and clinical risk factors. It has demonstrated reliability and validity, and has recommended clinical cut-offs for assessing single-occas...

While the potential of serotonergic psychedelics and related substances as adjuncts in substance-assisted psychotherapy (SAPT) has been investigated for the treatment of several disorders, evidence for the appropriate therapeutic conduct in administration sessions is sparse. In this article, we discuss the current evidence for best therapeutic prac...

Introduction: We aimed to describe COVID-19 vaccination attitudes and identify potential facilitators for vaccine uptake among people who inject drugs. Methods: People who inject drugs were recruited from all eight Australian capital cities (N = 884; 65% male, mean age 44 years) and interviewed face-to-face or via telephone in June-July 2021. CO...

Background: Changes to drug markets can affect drug use and related harms. We aimed to describe market trends of heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine and ecstasy in Australia following the introduction of COVID-19 pandemic-associated restrictions. Methods: Australians residing in capital cities who regularly inject drugs (n ∼= 900 each year) or regu...

Introduction Amphetamine type substances (ATS) are commonly used by Australian alcohol and other drug service entrants. We describe demographic characteristics, patterns of ATS and other substance use, health and social conditions among clients entering New South Wales (NSW) public alcohol and other drug services. Methods Retrospective cohort of 1...

Background and aims: Substance use disorders (SUD) are associated with cognitive deficits that are not always addressed in current treatments, and this hampers recovery. Cognitive training and remediation interventions are well suited to fill the gap for managing cognitive deficits in SUD. We aimed to reach consensus on recommendations for develop...

Background: Clinical trials are currently investigating the potential of substance-assisted psychotherapy (SAPT) as treatment for several psychiatric conditions. The potential therapeutic effects of SAPT may be influenced by contextual factors including preparation prior to and integration after the substance-assisted therapy sessions. Aims: This...

Introduction and aims There is increasing interest and evidence for the use of cannabinoid medications in the treatment of cannabis use disorder, but little examination of the correlates of successful treatment. This paper is a secondary analysis of a randomised placebo-controlled trial of nabiximols for the treatment of cannabis use disorder (CUD)...

Background and Aims Substance use disorders (SUD) are associated with cognitive deficits that are not always addressed in current treatments, and this hampers recovery. Cognitive training and remediation interventions are well suited to fill the gap for managing cognitive deficits in SUD. We aimed to reach consensus on recommendations for developin...

Background and aims: Tolerance to the effects of alcohol is an important element in the diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD); however, there is ongoing debate about its utility in the diagnosis AUD in adolescents and young adults. This study aimed to refine the assessment of tolerance in young adults by testing different definitions of toleran...

Background: Supply of alcohol to adolescents is associated with increased alcohol consumption and harms including alcohol use disorder (AUD). We aimed to identify: (1) trajectories of alcohol supply to adolescents; (2) sociodemographic characteristics associated with supply trajectory; (3) patterns of alcohol consumption by supply trajectory; and...

Introduction: To describe trends in methamphetamine use, markets and harms in Australia from 2003 to 2019. Methods: Data comprised patterns of use and price from sentinel samples of people who inject drugs and who use MDMA/other illicit stimulants and population-level amphetamine-related police seizures, arrests, hospitalisations, treatment epis...

Background The possibility of residual impairment of cognitive performance after multiday drinking sessions is particularly important given the potential for the deleterious effects of fatigue and hangover. This pilot study aimed to devise a methodology to compare sober performance on driving‐relevant attentional tasks at the end of a 4‐day music f...

This paper presents the psychometric development of a new observer-report research questionnaire for assessing aspects of an individual’s mindfulness that are noticeable to others. Items from five established self-report mindfulness scales were re-worded for observer-report, and 30 were endorsed for potential inclusion by an expert panel (n = 5). F...

Background Mood, sleep and pain problems are common comorbidities among treatment-seeking cannabis-dependent patients. There is limited evidence suggesting treatment for cannabis dependence is associated with their improvement. This study explored the impact of cannabis dependence treatment on these comorbidities. Methods This is a secondary analy...

Background Different forms of alcohol‐related harm (e.g., hangovers, fighting) may confer differential risk of clinically relevant alcohol problems. We examine: (i) patterns of transition in experiencing alcohol‐related harms across adolescence; (ii) whether factors in early adolescence predict transition patterns; and (iii) whether transition patt...

Background: Whilst drinking to reduce negative affect (e.g., anxiety and depression) is a commonly reported motivation for consuming alcohol, minimal research has explored associations between shame proneness and self-reported outcome expectancies from alcohol use. The present study aimed to explore the relationship between guilt, shame and alcohol...

Background Adolescents often display heterogenous trajectories of alcohol use. Initiation and escalation of drinking may be an important predictor of later harms. Previous attempts to conceptualise these trajectories lacked adjustment for known confounders of adolescent drinking, which our study has aimed to address by modelling dynamic changes in...

Aim To evaluate and document the impacts of rescheduling codeine to a prescription-only medication in Australia in February 2018. Design Prospective cohort study. Participants completed an online survey with a range of outcome measures at four time points, once before codeine was rescheduled (November 2017) and three times after the event: 1 month...

Background: Parents are the main supplier of alcohol to children but it is not known whether mothers and fathers equally contribute to the supply of alcohol to their female and male children as these children transition to adulthood. Objectives: i) to determine whether the gender of the parent is associated with the gender of the adolescent offspri...

Understanding the role of endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) in disease is of increasing importance. However, tools to investigate endocannabinoid levels in humans are limited. In the current study, we report a simplified sample preparation method for quantifying endocannabinoids and steroid hormones in hair using liquid-liquid extraction c...

Background Colorimetric reagent kits can provide information about the compounds present in drug samples. This study aimed to identify patterns and correlates of colorimetric reagent kit use, as well as behavioural outcomes of testing, amongst people who use illegal stimulants in a context that lacks permanent government-sanctioned drug checking se...

Introduction: Despite decreasing consumption by general populations, use of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) persists in some marginalised groups, including those who use other substances. This article explores SCRA consumption in an Australian cannabis treatment sample, comparing those who report ever using SCRAs with those who hav...

Introduction: The Australian Treatment Outcomes Profile (ATOP) is a brief instrument that measures self-reported substance use, health, and wellbeing in the previous 28 days for people in alcohol and other drug treatment. Previous studies have established the concurrent validity, inter-rater, and test-retest reliability of the tool. The current st...

Background The endocannabinoid system is gaining increasing attention as a favorable target for improving posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatments. Exposure therapy is the gold-standard treatment for PTSD, and fear extinction learning is a key concept underlying successful exposure. Methods This study examined the role of genetic endocannab...

Aims To estimate change in young people's alcohol consumption during COVID-19 restrictions in Australia in early-mid 2020, and test whether those changes were consistent by gender and level of consumption prior to the pandemic. Design Prospective longitudinal cohort Setting Secondary schools in New South Wales, Tasmania, and Western Australia. P...

Aims To describe i) self-reported changes in drug use and ii) trends in price, perceived availability, and perceived purity of illicit drugs, among people who regularly use ecstasy/MDMA and other illicit stimulants in Australia following COVID-19 and associated restrictions. Design Annual interviews with cross-sectional sentinel samples conducted...

Background Young people may have elevated risk for poorer mental health during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, yet longitudinal studies documenting this impact are lacking. This study assessed changes in mental health and help-seeking since COVID-19 restrictions in young Australians, including gender differences. Methods Data wer...

Objectives To examine the safety of an agonist-type treatment, lisdexamfetamine (LDX), at 250 mg/day among adults with methamphetamine (MA) dependence. Design A dose-escalating, phase-2, open-label, single-group study of oral LDX at two Australian drug treatment services. Setting The study was conducted at two Australian stimulant use disorder tr...

Importance Despite concern about harms related to long-term prescribed opioid use among individuals with chronic noncancer pain (CNCP), no study has examined whether the same patients engage in a risky pattern of use consistently for the long term. Objective To examine the prevalence, incidence, persistence, and cessation of a range of opioid beha...

There currently exist few frameworks for common neurobiology between reexperiencing and negative cognitions and mood symptoms of PTSD. Adopting a dopaminergic framework for PTSD unites many aspects of unique symptom clusters, and this approach also links PTSD symptomology to common comorbidities with a common neurobiological deficiency. Here we rev...

The possibility of residual impairment of cognitive performance after alcohol-licensed multi-day music events is particularly important given that many patrons drive home. We aimed to compare performance on driving-relevant cognitive tasks at the end of a four-day festival with performance at varying levels of the breath-alcohol curve. Participants...

The endogenous cannabinoid (eCB) system has been shown in animal models to regulate the initiation and termination of central nervous responses to stress. In human studies, the role of peripherally measured eCBs is much less clear and the effect in salivary eCBs has not been studied. In this study, we use a novel method to quantify cortisol and eCB...

Background and Aims There are ongoing concerns regarding the extra-medical use of quetiapine and related harms. We aimed to investigate trends in quetiapine use and extra-medical use among people who regularly inject drugs (PWID) in Australia between 2011-2018, and examine changes in the characteristics associated with extra-medical use of quetiapi...

Introduction This paper aims to describe cocaine use, markets and harms in Australia from 2003 to 2019. Methods Outcome indicators comprised prevalence of use from triennial household surveys; patterns of use from annual surveys of sentinel samples who use stimulants; and cocaine‐related seizures, arrests, hospitalisations, deaths and treatment ep...

Objective Opioids, often prescribed for chronic non-cancer pain, may adversely affect cognition. Research has not been synthesised in recent years, during which time academic interest has increased. This study presents meta-analyses on cognitive performance in people taking opioids for CNCP. Methods We ran systematic literature searches in EMBASE,...

Aims Pregabalin has become widely used as an alternative to opioids in treating certain types of chronic non‐cancer pain, but few studies have examined its clinical efficacy outside trials. We address this gap by examining the utilization, correlates and clinical outcomes of pregabalin use among an Australian community‐based cohort of people prescr...

Background and aims Experience of alcohol‐induced memory blackouts in adolescence may be an important risk factor for later harms. This longitudinal study i) modelled trajectories of alcohol‐related blackouts throughout adolescence, ii) explored early‐adolescent predictors of blackout trajectories, and iii) examined the association between blackout...

Background and Aims The Australian Treatment Outcomes Profile (ATOP) is a brief instrument measuring recent substance use, risk profile, and general health and wellbeing among clients attending Alcohol and other Drug (AoD) treatment services. This study evaluates the ATOP for concurrent validity, inter‐rater and test‐retest reliability among alcoho...

Introduction and Aims Comprehensively investigating alcohol‐related behaviours in the context of a dynamic multi‐day alcohol‐licensed event is important for understanding and minimising patron risk. We aimed to assess the measurement utility of implementing a multi‐dimensional alcohol assessment battery using biometric data collection, real‐time dr...

Objective: The Routine Opioid Outcome Monitoring (ROOM) tool measures outcomes with opioids using an established framework which includes domains such as pain, mood, opioid use disorder, alcohol use, and constipation. This study aims to validate and establish the test-retest reliability of the computer-administered ROOM tool. Design and setting:...

Background The literature suggests patient characteristics and higher opioid doses and long-term duration are associated with problematic opioid behaviours but no one study has examined the role of all these factors simultaneously in a long-term prospective cohort study. Methods Five-year, community-based, prospective cohort of people prescribed o...

Background and aims: Not all people experiencing opioid dependence benefit from oral opioid agonist treatment. The aim of this study was to examine perceptions of (supervised) injectable opioid agonist treatment (iOAT) (described as 'an opioid similar to heroin self-injected at a clinic several times a day') among people who regularly use opioids...

Objectives: Adolescents often display heterogenous trajectories of alcohol use. Initiation and escalation of drinking may be important predictors of later harms, including alcohol use disorder (AUD). Previous conceptualizations of these trajectories lacked adjustment for known confounders of adolescent drinking, which we aimed to address by modeli...

Objective: The OWLS is a screening tool for prescription opioid use disorder designed for use in primary care. This study aimed to confirm the optimal wording, scoring methods, and cutoff for the OWLS. Design and setting: Cross-sectional analysis of an online sample. Subjects: Participants comprised those with chronic noncancer pain who regula...

Introduction and Aims Previous studies suggest cannabinoid agonist treatment is effective in reducing cannabis use in dependent treatment seekers, however few studies have reported on post-treatment outcomes. We examine cannabis use outcomes 12 weeks after cessation of treatment from a randomised placebo-controlled trial of nabiximols for the treat...

Background Parents frequently supply alcohol to their children, often only sips. We investigated whether supply of sips and whole drinks, from parents and other sources, are differentially associated with subsequent drinking outcomes. Methods A cohort of 1,910 adolescents (mean age 12.9yrs) were surveyed annually over seven years from 2010-11. We...

Introduction People who inject drugs (PWID) commonly experience harms related to their injecting, many of which are consequences of modifiable drug use practices. There is currently a gap in our understanding of how certain injecting-related injuries and diseases (IRID) cluster together, and socio-demographic and drug use characteristics associated...

We release preliminary findings from the first half of he 2020 EDRS sample, reflecting changes in drug use and associated behaviours in response to the COVID-19 pandemic

ADAPT is a new, multi-wave online study examining changes in drug use over the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction and Aims Pregabalin is a gamma‐aminobutyric acid analogue registered and subsidised for the treatment of neuropathic pain in Australia. Despite pre‐clinical evidence of low abuse potential, there are increasing reports of extramedical use and overdose deaths involving pregabalin. This study aimed to describe patterns of pregabalin use...

Background Pharmacists have a key role to play in identifying and responding to emerging clinical problems with prescribed opioids. A pilot study in Australia examined the implementation of screening and brief intervention (Routine Opioid Outcome Monitoring [ROOM]) to identify and respond to opioid-related problems in community pharmacies. In this...

Endogenous cannabinoids are an increasingly intriguing target for biological research, given the changing legal status of medicinal cannabinoid-based products throughout the world. However, studying the endogenous cannabinoid system is a relatively new field, with few research teams attempting to develop quantitative methods for these important mod...

Background: Methamphetamine (MA) dependence is a growing global health issue with no effective pharmacotherapy. Lisdexamfetamine (LDX) is approved for use in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and binge eating disorder (BED) in doses ranging from 30 to 70mg/day. LDX has a longer duration of action and lower abuse poten...

Introduction and Aims The Australian Treatment Outcomes Profile (ATOP) is a brief clinical tool measuring recent substance use, health and wellbeing among clients attending alcohol and other drug (AOD) treatment services. It has previously been assessed for concurrent validity and inter‐rater reliability. In this study we examine whether it is suit...

Introduction Alprazolam is a high potency triazolobenzodiazepine that is associated with a disproportionate amount of harm compared to other benzodiazepines. In Australia, amid growing concerns of extra-medical use and harms, alprazolam was up-scheduled from Schedule 4 (prescription only) to Schedule 8 (controlled drug) on 1 February 2014, with fur...

Background and aims: Despite legal age limits set for alcohol consumption, parents are one of the main suppliers of alcohol to underage minors. While supply from non-parental sources has been found to be associated with greater risk of harm compared with parental supply, the association between parental supply and supply from other sources is uncl...

Introduction and aims: The Australian Treatment Outcomes Profile (ATOP) was developed as a clinical tool for monitoring the substance use, health and wellbeing of clients in alcohol and other drug treatment. This is the first psychometric validation of the ATOP in a cannabis-dependent treatment population. Design and methods: A total of 128 indi...

Background In response to rising harms with prescription opioids, recent attention has focused on how to better utilise community pharmacists to monitor outcomes with opioid medicines. Objective This pilot aimed to test the implementation of software-facilitated Routine Opioid Outcome Monitoring (ROOM). Methods Community pharmacies in Victoria an...

Background and aims: Recent research suggests parental supply of alcohol is associated with more risky drinking and alcohol-related harm among adolescents. However, the overall effect of parental supply across adolescence remains unclear because parental supply of alcohol varies over adolescence. Due to the complexity of longitudinal data, standar...

In Reply Kleinman and Ostacher assert that in our article,¹ we “have switched primary outcomes between study registration and publication, thereby inaccurately portraying the trial results.” The study registration listed the primary end point as 4-week point prevalence abstinence by combining self-reported data from researcher interviews with the o...

Although there is general consensus that altered brain structure and function underpins addictive disorders, clinicians working in addiction treatment rarely incorporate neuroscience-informed approaches into their practice. We recently launched the Neuroscience Interest Group within the International Society of Addiction Medicine (ISAM-NIG) to prom...

Introduction and aims: The opioid-related behaviours in treatment (ORBIT) scale are a measure of recent indicators of potential extra-medical opioid use. Indicators of potential extra-medical opioid use are divergent practices among people prescribed opioids that may place them at risk of harm. This study aimed to examine the correlates of indicat...

Introduction and aims: Cleaning drug injection sites with alcohol swabs prior to injecting reduces risk of abscesses and other skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI). Better understanding of swabbing behaviours can inform interventions to improve injecting hygiene. We aimed to determine the socio-demographic, drug use and injecting risk exposure c...

Aims: To examine perceptions of extended-release (XR) buprenorphine injections among people who regularly use opioids in Australia. Design: Cross-sectional survey prior to implementation. XR-buprenorphine was registered in Australia in November 2018. Setting: Sydney, Melbourne and Hobart. Participants: 402 people who regularly use opioids in...

Background: The dispositional tendency to experience guilt is inversely related to disordered alcohol use, while dispositional shame-proneness appears to share a positive relationship with alcohol problems. Objective: In order to further research in this domain, a new measure of alcohol use-related shame and guilt is described. Methods: Using explo...

Objective: To develop a short, patient-administered screening tool that will allow for earlier assessment of prescription opioid dependence (often referred to as addiction) in primary care settings. Design and setting: Cross-sectional analysis (N = 1,134) from the two-year time point of the Pain and Opioids IN Treatment (POINT) cohort was used i...

Introduction and aims: Associations between substance use and aggression may be amplified by simultaneous alcohol and illicit drug use. This study aims to compare differences in involvement in past aggression between people who use different substances while accounting for broader risk propensity. Design and methods: Self-reported data on past t...

The rapid emergence since the mid-2000s of a large and diverse range of substances originally designed as legal alternatives to more established illicit drugs (pragmatically clustered and termed new psychoactive substances; [NPS]) has challenged traditional approaches to drug monitoring, surveillance, control, and public health responses. In this s...

Background: Mixing alcohol with energy drinks (AmED use) has been purported to increase risky behavior and alcohol consumption. The current study applied a within-subject retrospective self-report design to examine the association between AmED use (versus alcohol-only) and risky behavior, alcohol consumption and motivations. Method: New Zealand alc...

Alcohol intoxication is associated with transient increases in risk-taking behaviors which can lead to harm. Certain assessment and intervention evaluation approaches require measurement of risk behaviors and associated harms at the event-level (i.e., within a single drinking session). This systematic review aimed to identify measures solely assess...

Background: Recent research has not supported the idea that parental supply of alcohol to adolescents prevents later alcohol-related harm. Yet the specific role of parental supply in shaping patterns of drinking over time remains unclear. This study investigated the role of parental supply of alcohol in patterns of drinking across adolescence, and...

BACKGROUND On 1st February 2018, Australia rescheduled codeine to be a prescription only medication. Many concerns were associated with this change including financial costs, accessibility and the possibility of poorer pain management and a decline in physical and mental health if codeine could not be accessed. There is limited knowledge about the...

Background: On February 1, 2018, Australia rescheduled codeine to a prescription-only medication. Many concerns were associated with this change, including increased financial costs, reduced service accessibility, the potential for poorer pain management, and a decline in physical and mental health if codeine could not be accessed. In the research...

Importance There are no effective medications for treating dependence on cannabis. Objective To examine the safety and efficacy of nabiximols in the treatment of patients with cannabis dependence. Design, Setting, and Participants This parallel double-blind randomized clinical trial comparing nabiximols with placebo in a 12-week, multisite outpat...

Background/aim: The aim of the current study was to review drug harms as they occur in Australia using the Multi-criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methodology adopted in earlier studies in other jurisdictions. Method: A facilitated workshop with 25 experts from across Australia, was held to score 22 drugs on 16 criteria: 9 related to harms that...

Cannabinoids are a promising method for pharmacological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite considerable research devoted to the effect of cannabinoid modulation on PTSD symptomology, there is not a currently agreed way by which the cannabinoid system should be targeted in humans. In this review, we present an overview of re...

Objective: Although depression and chronic pain often coexist, few studies have examined antidepressant use among people with pain. This study examines the prevalence and characteristics associated with antidepressant use among people prescribed opioids for chronic noncancer pain (CNCP). Design: Baseline data from a prospective cohort study. Se...

Background: Metabolomic analysis may help us to understand the association between alcohol consumption and cardio-metabolic health. We aimed to: (i) replicate a previous study of alcohol consumption and metabolic profiles, (ii) examine associations between types of alcoholic beverages and metabolites and (iii) include potential confounders not exa...

Background: Why adolescents' drinking is associated with their parents' drinking remains unclear. We examined associations in a prospective cohort study, adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics and family factors. Methods: We recruited 1927 children from grade 7 classes (mean age 13 years), and one of their parents, in three Australian s...

Introduction and Aims Needle‐syringe programs (NSP) are an underutilized source of data on drug injection trends; these data are essential for informing public health interventions. We examine trends in NSP service occasions from 2007–2015. Design and Methods Using standardised data from 26 NSP outlets through the Queensland NSP Minimum Data Set (...

The recent study by Wyrofsky, Reyes, Yu, Kirby, and Van Bockstaele (2018) has provided important new evidence for sex‐driven modulation of endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) signalling during the stress response. It was reported in this study that cannabinoid receptor type 1 (Cnr1) deletion resulted in increased locus‐coeruleus norepinephrine...

Aims Various behavioral impulsivity measures have been developed, yet there has been no recent synthesis and evaluation of available tools. Key to consider is the context for assessment, and whether they can be delivered outside of the laboratory. The aim of this review was to identify and appraise behavioral impulsivity measures, with a secondary...

Wastewater contains a large range of biological and chemical markers of human activity and exposures. Through systematic collection and analysis of these markers within wastewater samples it is possible to measure the public health of whole populations. The analysis of effluent and biosolids can also be used to understand the release of chemicals f...

Background and aims The World Health Organization's (WHO's) proposed International Classification of Diseases, 11th Edition (ICD‐11) includes several major revisions to substance use disorder (SUD) diagnoses. It is essential to ensure the consistency of within‐subject diagnostic findings across countries, languages and cultures. To date, agreement...