Rahul Tripathi

• PhD
• Researcher at ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack

In this paper an attempt has been made to quantify and test whether rice cultivation in adjoining areas of mangrove forest by cutting forest tress has brought about significant changes in physicochemical, microbial and enzymatic properties of soils of the mangrove ecosystem. We collected 48 soil samples (24 pairs). We collected paired soil samples...

Aims and methods Conservation agriculture practices have been developed for rice-based cropping systems in eastern India to mitigate the negative effects of continuous monocropping. However, the effects of individual and combined conservation agriculture components on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization, soil enzyme activities, and C and N f...

Calculation of climate-smart index for different cropping system

The Indian economy's ability to survive depends heavily on agriculture. Rice is a crucial staple in Asia, parts of Africa, and Latin America, providing both food security and livelihoods in these regions. Paddy rice farming delivers key ecosystem services, including the provision of food, energy, and livelihoods. The review highlights the importanc...

Delineating soil homogeneous management zones (HMZs) is crucial for optimizing nutrient management in rice cultivation. The objectives of this study were to delineate HMZs using fuzzy clustering. This study was conducted in Badakusunpur village, Cuttack district, Odisha, India. Soil parameters and satellite-derived vegetation indices were used for...

Accurate estimation of rice yield helps farmers in optimizing the risk and agronomic management practices. Conventional methods for assessing yield are time-consuming, labour-intensive and costly. Multispectral imageries captured by sensors mounted on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) offer a cost-effective and efficient alternative. This study aimed...

Predicting Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) accurately and generating SOC distribution map holds potential for assisting farmers in assessing soil fertility, optimizing and enhancing the resource use efficiency. This study used Mica Sense Red Edge sensor mounted onboard Idea forge Q4c Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) to assess the distribution of SOC in the e...

A five-year study on net ecosystem exchange (NEE) to assess the impact of climatic drivers on inter-annual variability (IAV) was conducted using eddy covariance measurements in a lowland tropical rice–rice system. The IAV of carbon dioxide fluxes in two crop growing phases, i.e., dry and wet seasons along with fallow periods, was analyzed. The gros...

Rice-based integrated farming system improves the productivity and profitability by recycling resources efficiently. In the sub-humid tropics, rice production without sufficient nutrient replenishment often leads to soil health and fertility degradation. There has been very limited research on soil health and fertility after adopting a multi-enterp...

Continuous monocropping of puddled rice in Eastern India has decreased crop productivity and contributed to the deterioration of soil structure. To address this issue, conservation agriculture (CA) is being developed as a method to promote sustainability of the rice-based cropping system in eastern India. The study was conducted with the objectives...

Integrated farming system (IFS), comprising various enterprises such as crop, horticulture, dairy, poultry and fishery optimally, uses farm resources to suit small and medium farms of India. In this study, 55 IFSs with different sizes and several enterprises were assessed in terms of their environment impact, eco-efficiency and technical efficiency...

Rice-millet cropping systems have transformative potential in India to address the multifaceted challenges posed by climate change in the agricultural sector. With a focus on sustainability, climate resilience, and enhanced livelihoods, a comprehensive overview of the current state of agriculture in India in the context of climate change has been p...

The study examines extreme daily precipitation and temperature trends in coastal Odisha, India by calculating 18 weather indices (8 temperature indices and 10 rainfall indices) using the RClimDex software package for the period 1980-2010. Statistical significance of the indices was determined through trend analysis using linear regression and non-p...

The role of biochar in improving the soil properties of problem soils is well known, but its long term impact on lowland rice soil is not well recognized. The soil quality indicators of biochar applied lowland rice soil are not widely reported. We developed soil quality index (SQI) of a biochar applied lowland rice soil based on 17 soil properties...

The crop nitrogen (N) use efficiency has been recognized as a useful indicator to measure the overall progress of the country towards achieving the sustainable development goal. Moreover, national level N use efficiency indicators are essential for improved estimate of global N budget and environmental impact assessment. We made an attempt to calcu...

Introduction Conventional rice production techniques are less economical and more vulnerable to sustainable utilization of farm resources as well as significantly contributed GHGs to atmosphere. Methods In order to assess the best rice production system for coastal areas, six rice production techniques were evaluated, including SRI-AWD (system of...

It is well known that changes in land use and land cover (LULC) have a significant impact on land surface temperature and various weather variables. However, there is limited study on LST in deltaic environments, particularly the Mahanadi delta. As a result, this study's objectives were set to estimate changes in land use land cover and its impact...

Odisha is an agrarian state where 73% population dependent on farming and most of them are small and marginal farmer. Farmers of this state also vulnerable to different natural extreme events like flood, drought and cyclone. For sustainable crop production it is essential to develop a village level the soil fertility index (SFI) map at a higher res...

The study presents a profile of rice in India and classifies different rice producing states based on productivity into high, medium and low yielding states. State wise area, production and yield (APY) data for the year 2018-19 indicates the typical concentration of rice cultivation in the eastern and southern Indian states but lowest yield in east...

Wetland rice agriculture includes puddling practices, which facilitate transplanting and weed control easier and lowers water and nutrient loss through percolation. However, in addition to these benefits, the puddling alters the soil's physical properties, which is harmful to subsequent rice crops.100 gridded soil sample was collected from 24 panch...

The spatial distribution of land surface temperature (LST) is a driving factor in global climate change studies, but research on LST in deltaic regions, particularly the Mahanadi delta, is very limited. Therefore, we analyzed the spatial variation of LST in the Mahanadi delta region using time series Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI data over a 28-ye...

Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) can promote the dissolution of insoluble phosphorus in soil, enhancing the availability of soluble P and reducing the consumption of fertilizer and aid in sustainable agricultural development. The phosphate solubilising bacteria were isolated from the rhizospheric soils of the experimental site located in th...

Conservation agriculture (CA) is believed to improve the soil properties. The question whether transplanted rice adapts to CA alike is not answered. Furthermore, the role of genotypes/varieties in CA is not clearly established. We compared two CA-based cropping systems i.e. ZT-direct seeded rice (DSR) followed by ZT-green gram (GG), (ZT-DSR-ZT-GG)...

Crop management practices largely govern the complex process of carbon (C) sequestration in agricultural soils. In rice-based systems, small alterations in cultivation practices can lead to increased soil organic carbon (SOC) contents in soil and reduced GHG emissions, thereby complementing the C sequestration. Due to enormous complexity of C seque...

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the major crop of India and the lifeline of the Eastern states. The challenges however are to produce more food for the increasing population by utilizing limited resources and maintain it under climate change conditions. This can be achieved by devising appropriate agro-techniques. We calibrated and evaluated CERES...

Scarcity of water and emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are the two key environmental issues for crop production in India. Reduction of carbon footprint (CF) and water footprint (WF) from crop production can help to address the environmental hazards created from scarcity of water and GHG emissions. The CF and WF of rice, wheat and maize were est...

The growing demand of rice has to be met by increasing production with less resources viz. land, water and manpower; and by optimizing usage of all agricultural inputs for which precise management of inputs are considered very important. Precision Farming (PF) assists in identifying, analysing, and managing the spatial and temporal variability of d...

Coastal areas in eastern India faces land use and land cover change (LUCC) due to agricultural and socio-economic intensification. Assessing the value of ecosystem services (ES) from these areas is vital for ensuring sustainable management. This study aimed to evaluate the variation in the value of ES due to LUCC changes from 1990 to 2018 in six co...

The earlier studies on trend analysis are mostly concentrated on precipitation event only. For a more detailed understanding of extreme weather events impacts on agriculture, together analysis of precipitation and temperature trend is very important. The results from this study clearly show the increasing trend of extreme weather events of rainfall...

Consecutive five-year long eddy covariance measurements in a lowland tropical rice-rice system were used to investigate the impacts of gross primary productivity (GPP), climate drivers and ecosystem responses (i.e. ecosystem respiration, RE) on the inter-annual variability (IAV) of the net ecosystem exchange (NEE), which is directly related to the...

Understanding the spatial spreading patterns of plant-available sulphur (S) (AS) and plant-available micronutrients (available zinc (AZn), available iron (AFe), available copper (ACu), available manganese (AMn) and available boron (AB)) in soils, especially in coastal agricultural soils subjected to various natural and anthropogenic activities, is...

Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions coupled with climate change are issues which are of great concern for modern rice cultivation. It is very difficult and costly affair to quantify the CH4 and N2O emissions at regional and national scales due to large scale spatial and temporal variability in soil and crop management practices. In this...

A study was conducted to examine the interrelationships among socioeconomic factors, household consumption patterns, calorie intake and greenhouse gas emissions factors in rural eastern India based on household survey data. Findings indicated that higher monthly per capita incomes (12.1–80.1$) were associated with greater average calorie intakes (2...

Technical Bulletin on Rice Fish Duck Integrated Farming System for Enhancing Farm Productivity

Technical bulletin on Crop-Livestock-Agroforestry based integrated farming system for higher productivity in lowland rice ecologies

Trend analysis of annual rainfall over the coastal districts of Odisha, India showed statistically non-significant increasing trend in all districts, except Ganjam. Whereas the maximum and minimum temperature showed significant increasing trend. Warming in these districts is mainly due to increasing minimum temperature during summer and rainy seaso...

Accurate measurements of actual evapotranspiration (ETa) and crop coefficients (Kc) are essential to know crop water requirements and to improve irrigation scheduling. The eddy covariance (EC) technique is increasingly being used to do so. Precise information on Kc for lowland rice is essential for local- and regional-scale irrigation planning but...

The study investigates trend in extreme daily precipitation and temperature over coastal Odisha, India. 18 weather indices (8 related to temperature and 10 related to rainfall) were calculated using RClimDex software package for the period 1980–2010 . Trend analysis was carried out using linear regression and non-parametric Mann-Kendall test to fin...

The study investigates trend in extreme daily precipitation and temperature over coastal Odisha, India. 18 weather indices (8 related to temperature and 10 related to rainfall) were calculated using RClimDex software package for the period 1980–2010. Trend analysis was carried out using linear regression and non-parametric Mann-Kendall test to find...

Maximum and minimum temperatures play an important role in determining yield of rice crop. Yield anomaly of rice under different nutrient management practices was analyzed in a long-term rice–rice system with respect to maximum and minimum temperatures. The treatments included applications of inorganic sources of nutrients (NPK), organic sources of...

Climate change is widely recognized as one of the most pressing issues confronting humanity today. It is considered to be a direct threat to our food production system including rice. Climate change affects rice production in various ways. The variability in temperature and precipitation increases, predictability of seasonal weather patterns reduce...

Enhancing the productivity of crops while reducing the environmental footprint are the major challenges especially for rice farming. Precison farming helps in optimising inputs such as fertilizers and water in tune with crop requirement recognizing the spatial and temporal variabilities within and across field. The precision tools viz. Remote sensi...

An appropriate nitrogen (N) management strategy is required for minimizing the yield loss incurred in aerobic direct-seeded rice (ADR) due to moisture stress. Field experiments for two consecutive years were conducted to evaluate comparative performance of real-time application of neem-coated urea (NCU) and prilled urea (PU) using a customized leaf...

The realisation of low farm income from the farming sector invariably caused agrarian distress among farming communities caused economic and social problems poses detrimental effects on agricultural farming. Suitable integration of rice farming with other crops, fish, livestock and agroforestry components and up scaling with newer varieties of cash...

Understanding the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 on nitrous oxide (N2O) emission and plant-microbe interactions in rice soils is of great significance for predicting the long-term response of rice ecosystems to elevated CO2 concentration. Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration has the potential to augment rice production and alter the soil nitr...

Rice is a crop of primary importance in regions, where two-thirds of the world’s starving population reside. Recent climate change projections anticipate spatial shift in precipitation pattern and increase of flooding events that may have negative effects on rice yield and economic returns. Efforts for increasing rice production in areas prone to s...

Technical Bulletin on Vermicomposting

Besides genetic improvement for developing stress-tolerant cultivars, agronomic management may also add considerable tolerance against different abiotic stresses in crop plants. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of six different spacing treatments (S1: 10 × 10 cm; S2: 15 × 10 cm; S3:15 × 15 cm; S4:20 × 10 cm; S5: 20 × 15 cm; S6: 20 × 20...

The efficient (site-specific) management of soil nutrients is possible by understanding the spatial variability in distribution of phyto-available nutrients (here after called available nutrients) and identifying the soil management zones (MZs) of agricultural landscapes. There is need for delineating soil MZs of agricultural landscapes of the worl...

Net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) measurement was carried out in tropical lowland paddy at ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India, in 2015 using eddy covariance technique with the objective to assess the variation of NEE of CO2 in lowland paddy and to find out the most suitable model for better partitioning of net ecosystem...

A two-year (2015 and 2016) field experiment was carried out to study the surface energy budget and energy balance closure (EBC) in a tropical lowland rice paddy in Cuttack, India. Maintenance of a standing water layer in lowland irrigated rice ecosystem makes it unique and this strongly influences the surface energy balance which may alter the surf...

Emerging challenges of fertilizer use in intensive rice cultivation system such as nutrient mining, nutrient imbalance and environmental pollution etc. warrant for a rationalized nutrient management strategy combining both organic and inorganic sources. Field trials were conducted with rice cultivar Naveen during wet and dry seasons of 2015-16 to m...

High nitrogen (N) rate often leads to low yield of rice due to lodging and mutual shading. This study was conducted to ascertain whether silicon (Si) could enhance yield response of rice to higher N rate by enhancing rigidity of plant parts and improving photosynthesis. The effects of Si and N on crop growth, photosynthesis, N use efficiencies and...

Sustainable rice production is the key to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly for country like India. Growing rice in non-conventional and unsuitable ecoregions, however, has generated several environmental problems such as depletion of ground water, pollution of air, degradation of soil and aggravation of climate change. A...

Rice is a major cereal crop and staple food of eastern India, and most farmers depend solely on rice for their livelihood. Rice farming provides both tangible and non-tangible benefits to ecosystems which need to be maintained and enhanced. These benefits are provided through ecosystem services (ES) that include both marketable and non-marketable....

The stability of enzymes in soil has been attributed to enzyme association with organic matter and the protection provided within soil aggregates. Enzymes namely urease, amidase and protease significantly affects nitrogen (N) mineralization and their assessment is crucial to study the nutrient cycling. Therefore, the objective of this study was to...

Rice is one of the principal staple foods, essential for safeguarding the global food and nutritional security, but due to different natural and anthropogenic sources, it also acts as one of the biggest reservoirs of potentially toxic metal(loids) like As, Hg, Se, Pb and Cd. This review summarizes mobilization, translocation and speciation mechanis...

A field experiment was conducted at Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India in the dry seasons of 2015 and 2016 to assess the water vapor flux (FH2O) and its relationship with other climatic variables. The FH2O and climatic variables were measured by an eddy covariance system and a micrometeo...

The requirement of rice (Oryza sativa L.) for fertilizer can depend on crop and soil management practices, which can vary among fields within a rice-growing area. A web-based decision support tool named Rice Crop Manager (RCM) was developed previously to calculate field-specific rates of fertilizer N, P, and K for rice in Odisha State in eastern In...

Poor productivity of rice in rainfed lowlands is due to complete submergence as it is a major abiotic stress of these regions. For enhancing the rice productivity of these areas, better nutrient management options are required and results may even better when combined with stress tolerant cultivars, even when tested under natural conditions of farm...

The ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (NRRI), Cuttack in Odisha develops varieties and agro-technologies for enhancing and sustaining rice production. The Institute so far has released 133 high-yielding varieties of rice for various ecosystems. Some of the varieties have been very popular among the farmers and even became ruling varieties in so...

The insect problem is accentuated in intensive rice cropping where the insects occur throughout the year in overlapping generations. Over 800 insect species damaging rice in one way or another, although the majority of them do very little damage. In India, about a dozen of insect species are of major importance but the economic damage caused by the...

Double transplanting is a traditional crop-establishment system in which rice seedlings are transplanted twice, first on secondary nursery, and then the main field. It is a contingent strategy in low-lying flood prone areas especially during Aman season rice. The need of double transplanting arises when the main field is not ready due to continuous...

A field experiment was conducted in 2015 to study the land surface energy fluxes from tropical lowland rice paddy in eastern India with an objective to determine the mass, momentum, and energy exchange rates between rice paddies and the atmosphere. All the land surface energy fluxes were measured by eddy covariance (EC) system (make Campbell Scient...

Human interventions in the environment leading to higher green house gas emissions which are degrading the soil and environment quality. Traditional/conventional tillage systems following since inception and residue burning are accelerating the degradation of soil and environment leading to food insecurity. The present study was executed to evaluat...

Common abiotic stresses in rainfed rice areas like drought can occur at any phase of crop growth and may occur periodically. Variation in intensity and severity of drought requires the use of different rice varieties and different nutrient management strategies. This study evaluated the morphological and physiological response of contrasting rice c...

The present study was to delineate management zones (MZs) in salt affected Mahakalpada block in eastern India by capturing both spatial variability of soil parameters along with satellite derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). Grid wise 237 soil samples collected from the study area were analyzed...

Land use and land cover (LULC) change have considerable influence on ecosystem services. Assessing change in ecosystem services due to LULC change at different spatial and temporal scales will help to identify suitable management practices for sustaining ecosystem productivity and maintaining the ecological balance. The objective of this study was...

Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is one of the most important environmental factors that determine the productivity and grain quality of the crops. Continuous rainy days or cloudy weather throughout crop growth especially at critical stages often resulted in great loss of grain quality and yield in rice. Low light stress has rigorously con...

Lowland tropical rice-rice system has a unique micrometrological characteristic that affects both energy component and net ecosystem energy. Periodic and seasonal variations of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and energy exchange from irrigated lowland rice-rice ecosystem were studied using open-path eddy covariance (EC) system during the dry (...