Rafał Hrynkiewicz

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• Master of Science
• Research Assistant at University of Szczecin

Simple Summary Rabbit breeding is a very important element in the context of broadly understood industrial breeding, as rabbits are one of the main and most frequently chosen economic directions. Effective rabbit breeding, however, requires full control over the health of these animals, which is particularly related to the orientation regarding the...

Featured Application Our experience with real-time PCR, together with several different studies in this field show that this is a very useful method for rapid, specific and effective virus detection. Abstract Lagovirus europaeus GI.1/GI.2 is an etiological agent causing the highly dangerous rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD). Molecular research is t...

In the early 1980s, a highly contagious viral hemorrhagic fever in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) emerged, causing a very high rate of mortality in these animals. Since the initial occurrence of the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), several hundred million rabbits have died after infection. The emergence of genetically-different virus varia...

Lagovirus europaeus (rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus [RHDV]) is a small, nonenveloped, single-stranded RNA virus that causes a severe, highly infectious, and fatal disease in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) called rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD). Since its discovery in the 1980s, it has posed a very serious threat to the global rabbit industry an...

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rare and severe disease, which, despite continuous advances in medicine, is still characterized by high mortality (65-85%). Very often, a liver transplant is the only effective treatment for ALF. Despite the implementation of prophylactic vaccinations in the world, the viral background of ALF is still a problem and le...

Purpose HIV outcome changed drastically with antiretroviral (ARV) therapy, especially after the introduction of second‐generation integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). Despite these advances, however, chronic immune activation and exhaustion, marked by programmed cell death 1 (PD‐1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) upregulation, persi...

Pierzga powstaje z pyłku kwiatowego zmieszanego z miodem lub nektarem, który ulega fermentacji w komórkach plastra. Korzystny wpływ pierzgi pszczelej na zdrowie jak opisują badania naukowe wynika m.in. z obecności licznych polifenoli, które posiadają właściwości przeciwzapalne, polisacharydów, które stymulują aktywność immunologiczną, a także fitos...

Miód pszczeli posiada szereg naturalnych mechanizmów obronnych, które skutecznie zabezpieczają go przed namnażaniem się bakterii, grzybów, wirusów oraz pierwotniaków, jednocześnie chroniąc pszczoły przed groźnymi patogenami. Dzięki swoim niezwykłym właściwościom jest on ceniony w leczeniu zakażonych ran, owrzodzeń i oparzeń, a także w terapii schor...

RHDV2 virus (Lagovirus europaeus GI.2) poses a significant threat to global rabbit populations. This study investigates gene expression during infection, focusing on autophagy, apoptosis, and RIG-I-Like Receptor (RLR) receptors. We observed decreased autophagy gene expression early in infection and apoptotic changes, while RLRs showed increased act...

Introduction: Defensins, as key components of the innate immune response, play a significant role in the body's defence against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including viruses. This study focuses on the potential of defensins NP2 and NP4 as biomarkers in diagnosing infections by the Lagovirus europaeus/GI.2 virus, also known as the Rabbit Haemorrh...

Introduction Haematological factors in infections play a major role in assessing the body's health. As previous research on the Lagovirus europaeus (previously rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus) indicates, the analysis of haematological factors, including the immunological profile, is an important element in the assessment of the physiological cond...

This study investigates the expression of RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) – RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2 – in Lagovirus europaeus /GI.2 infections causing Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease. Despite over 30 years of study, the acute pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. Lack of in vitro culture systems hampers vaccine development. The experiment, conducted on...

Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease (RHD) is a severe disease caused by Lagovirus europaeus/GI.1 and GI.2. Immunological processes such as apoptosis are important factors involved in the pathogenesis of Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease (RHD). The process of programmed cell death has been quite well characterized in infection with GI.1 strains, but apoptosis in...

Lagovirus europaeus/GI.2 causes severe and highly fatal Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD). Because of its characteristics, this infection is used as an animal model for acute liver failure (ALF). Apoptosis is one of the key processes underlying ALF and has been described as one of the mechanisms of RHD pathogenesis. Apoptotic cell death has been qui...

Pets are inhabiting more and more human homes every year. In 2020, the cat population in Europe was 110 million, including 6.8 million in Poland. Dry food is the most popular dietary model for cats because of its easy storage and efficient satisfaction of pet needs. The high processing temperature of dry food reduces the chance of microbial contami...

Lagovirus europaeus /GI.2 causes severe and highly fatal Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease. Because of its characteristics, this infection is used as an animal model for acute liver failure (ALF). Apoptosis is one of the key processes underlying ALF and has been described as one of the mechanisms of RHD pathogenesis. Apoptotic cell death has been quite w...

In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced a global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that presented mainly as an acute infection of the lower respiratory tract (pneumonia), with multiple long-term consequences, including lung fibrosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of potassium canrenoate on in...

Receptory RIG-I-like (RLR) to rodzaj białek receptorowych obecnych w komórkach kręgowców, istotnych w detekcji wirusów i indukcji odpowiedzi immunologicznej, głównie związanej z interferonem typu I. RLR wiążą się z wirusowym RNA inicjując sygnał kaskadowy, który prowadzi do aktywacji czynników transkrypcyjnych, takich jak IRF3 (interferon regulator...

Lagovirus europaeus/GI.1 is the virus that causes severe and dangerous rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) in rabbits. Recombination formation in RHD viruses is common. Recombination is thought to play a key role in the evolution of lagoviruses and therefore most likely influences the pathogenicity of L. europaeus/GI strains. Immunological events als...

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an increasingly frequently diagnosed disease, the molecular mechanisms of which have not been thoroughly investigated. The aim of our study was to investigate subpopulations of lymphocytes to better understand their role in the molecular pathomechanisms of various types of PAH and to find a suitable biomarke...

Lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) is a very rare disease that belongs to the group of CD30+ lymphoproliferative skin diseases. LyP is localized or generalized and usually presents as isolated or clustered red/brown-red lesions in the form of nodules and/or papules. The course of the disease is in most cases mild; however, depending on concomitant risk f...

Wśród metod żywienia psów i kotów za najpopularniejszą uznaje się karmienie suchą karmą. Wraz z popularnością wiąże się duża produkcja karm, w której poszczególnych etapach istnieje wiele możliwości namnażania się populacji drobnoustrojów. Mimo, że żywność jest przetwarzana w wysokich temperaturach, które niszczą mikroorganizmy, a nowoczesne techni...

The oral mucosa is a mechanical barrier against the penetration and colonization of microorganisms. Oral homeostasis is maintained by congenital and adaptive systems in conjunction with normal oral flora and an intact oral mucosa. Components contributing to the defense of the oral cavity include the salivary glands, innate antimicrobial proteins of...

Endometriosis is a chronic disease that affects about 10% of women of reproductive age. It can contribute to pelvic pain, infertility or other conditions such as asthma, cardiovascular disease, breast or ovarian cancer. Research has shown that one of the conditions for the development of endometrial lesions is the dysfunction of the immune system....

Lagovirus (L.) europaeus (RHDV – Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus) jest to niewielkich rozmiarów, bezotoczkowy, jednoniciowy wirus ssRNA (+), wywołujący u królików (Oryctolagus (O.) cuniculus) ciężką, wysoce zakaźną i śmiertelną chorobę zwaną krwotoczną chorobą królików (RHD). Choroba może występować w trzech postaciach klinicznych: nadostrej, ost...

Infections caused by exposure to opportunistic pathogens can cause serious health problems during recreational water use. The problem of diseases caused by microbes transmitted by water is a major public health challenge, especially in developing countries with economic problems and poor hygiene conditions. Moreover, the quality of water in natural...

In the beginning of the third year of the fight against COVID-19, the virus remains at least still one step ahead in the pandemic “war”. The key reasons are evolving lineages and mutations, resulting in an increase of transmissibility and ability to evade immune system. However, from the immunologic point of view, the cytokine storm (CS) remains a...

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have recently become widely publicized because they have the potential to function in alternative therapies as “natural” antibiotics, with their main advantage being a broad spectrum of activity. The potential for antimicrobial peptides to treat diabetes mellitus (DM) has been reported. In diabetes mellitus type I (T1D...

Koronawirusy to wirusy RNA szeroko rozpowszechnione w przyrodzie, które zakażają nie tylko ludzi, ale także zwierzęta domowe, gospodarskie, czy dziko żyjące. Możliwość rozprzestrzeniania się wirusa SARS-CoV-2 między gatunkami jest zależna między innymi od enzymu konwertującego angiotensynę 2 (ACE-2), który jest receptorem umożliwiającym wniknięcie...

Receptory RIG-I-podobne są rodziną wewnątrzkomórkowych receptorów rozpoznających wirusowy kwas rybonukleinowy, który jest obecny w cytoplazmie zakażonych komórek [Jabłońska i Paradowska 2014]. Składa się ona z trzech członków: RIG-I (ang. retinoic acid-inducible gene I) , MDA5 (ang. melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5) i LGP2 (ang. laborator...

W styczniu 2020 roku Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia ogłosiła pandemię wywołaną chorobą COVID-19, która rozprzestrzeniła się na całym świecie. Choroba wywoływana jest przez wirusa SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2), który powoduje bardzo szerokie spektrum objawów klinicznych [Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej i in. 2021]. Do dziś wirus t...

AL (light-chain) amyloidosis is a systemic disease in which amyloid fibers are formed from kappa or lambda immunoglobulin light chains, or fragments thereof, produced by a neoplastic clone of plasmocytes. The produced protein is deposited in tissues and organs in the form of extracellular deposits, which leads to impairment of their functions and,...

In the literature, burns are understood as traumatic events accompanied by increased morbidity and mortality among affected patients. Their characteristic feature is the formation of swelling and redness at the site of the burn, which indicates the development of inflammation. This reaction is not only important in the healing process of wounds but...

Type 1 diabetes (DM1) is classified as an autoimmune disease. An uncontrolled response of B and T lymphocytes to the body’s own tissues develops in the absence of immune tolerance. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the duration of type 1 diabetes in children on the expression of TLR receptors and the relationship with the para...

Among innate immunity elements, defensins play a pivotal role in viral, bacterial and fungal infections and mechanisms of innate immunity are crucial in the pathogenesis of rabbit haemorrhagic disease caused in rabbits by Lagovirus europaeus. Taking the above into the account, the main purpose of the study was to check the presence of defensin NP-4...

Cancers are already a common disease in the society of the XXI century. They are responsible for the high mortality rate of the human population. Their presence is associated with the occurence of various types of air pollution, including tobacco smoke and dust pollution. Tar substances present in tobacco smoke are the main factor responsible for t...

Selective IgA deficiency (sIgAD) is the most common primary immunodeficiency disease (PID), with an estimated occurrence from about 1:3000 to even 1:150, depending on population. sIgAD is diagnosed in adults and children after the 4th year of age, with immunoglobulin A level below 0.07 g/L and normal levels of IgM and IgG. Usually, the disease rema...

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a relatively rare disease, but, today, its incidence tends to increase. The severe course of the disease and poor patient survival rate make PAH a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. For this reason, a thorough understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease is essential to facilitate the developmen...

Ovarian cancer is a global problem that affects women of all ages. Due to the lack of effective screening tests and the usually asymptomatic course of the disease in the early stages, the diagnosis is too late, with the result that less than half of the patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer (OC) survive more than five years after their diagnosis....

Since the end of 2019, a new, dangerous virus has caused the deaths of more than 3 million people. Efforts to fight the disease remain multifaceted and include prophylactic strategies (vaccines), the development of antiviral drugs targeting replication, and the mitigation of the damage associated with exacerbated immune responses (e.g., interleukin...

The continually evolving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has resulted in a vast number of either acute or chronic medical impairments of a pathophysiology that is not yet fully understood. SARS-CoV-2 tropism for the organs is associated with bilateral organ cross-talks as well as targeted dysfunctions, among wh...

Endometrioza jest często nawracającym schorzeniem ginekologicznym, charakteryzującym się obecnością czynnego endometrium poza jamą macicy. Wzrost tkanki endometrium zależny jest od estrogenu, przez co choroba rozwija się przede wszystkim u kobiet w wieku rozrodczym. Niespójna prezentacja choroby wiąże się z szerokim wachlarzem objawów towarzyszącyc...

Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are very important element of innate immunity, and the mechanisms within it constitute the body's primary line of defense in contact with infectious agents. One of the representatives of AMP are defensins that play a key role in viral, bacterial and fungal infections. For rabbits, information on defensins remains fairly...

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell neoplasm characterized by an abnormal proliferation of clonal, terminally differentiated B lymphocytes. Current approaches for the treatment of MM focus on developing new diagnostic techniques; however, the search for prognostic markers is also crucial. This enables the classification of patients into risk gro...

Background: Eyelid tumors are rare skin cancers, the most common of which is basal cell carcinoma characterized primarily by local growth. In addition to surgery, radiotherapy is among the basic methods of treatment. External beam radiotherapy is associated with the risk of complications within ocular structures, especially the lens. In the case o...

Altered immune mechanisms are implicated in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. CTLA-4 is a membrane receptor that favors the anergic state of lymphocytes, which may disrupt the immune system response in the endometriotic environment. In this study, we examined the expression of CTLA-4 on T and B cells by flow cytometry and its levels in blood serum...

Secondary immunodeficiency is observed in all patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in varying degrees. The aim of the study was to review the available literature data on patients with CLL, with particular regard to the pathogenesis of the disease and the impact of humoral immunity deficiency on the clinical and therapeutic approach. A...

Badania dotyczące zjawisk immunologicznych przy szczepach wirusa Lagovirus europaeus GI.1a (dawniej RHDV – rabbit haemorrhagic disease), są stosunkowo nieliczne i dotyczą jedynie 7 szczepów Lagovirus europaeus GI.1a, tj. Vt97, Triptis, Hartmannsdorf, Pv97, 9905 i 72V/2003, Erfurt, a dodatkowo szczepy te różnią się od klasycznych szczepów Lagovirus...

This work presents the results of research on selected indicators of natural immunity - MPO activity coefficient and the number and concentration of LZM in rabbits experimentally infected with the german Rossi strain of virus Lagovirus europaeusGI.1a. It was observed, that the infection causes changes in the form of statistically significant increa...

One of the major challenges faced by modern nephrology is the identification of biomarkers associated with histopathological patterns or defined pathogenic mechanisms that may assist in the non-invasive diagnosis of kidney disease, particularly glomerulopathy. The identification of such molecules may allow prognostic subgroups to be established bas...

Due to its high morbidity and mortality, gastric cancer is a topic of a great concern throughout the world. Major ways of treatment are gastrectomy and chemotherapy, unfortunately they are not always successful. In a search for more efficient therapy strategies, viruses and their potential seem to be an important issue. On one hand, several oncogen...

Bladder cancer is one of the most significant genitourinary cancer, causing high morbidity and mortality in a great number of patients. Over the years, various treatment methods for this type of cancer have been developed. The most common is the highly efficient method using Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, giving a successful effect in a high percentage...

Extremophilic viruses inhabit even the most extreme environments, such as underwater and terrestrial hydrothermal vents, deserts, subpolar areas, deep subsurface sediments, hypersaline environments, and alkaline lakes. These are mainly viruses that infect bacteria (belonging to the Myoviridae and Siphoviridae families) and archaea (classified to th...

RHD (Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease) is an etiologic agent that causes viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits, also called plague. The interest in this pathogen throughout the world is caused not only by its similarity to human haemorrhagic fevers, for which RHDV may constitute a good research model, but also due to the fact that along with myxomatosis...

Badania dotyczące zjawisk immunologicznych przy szczepach RHDVa są stosunkowo nieliczne i dotyczą jedynie 6 RHDVa, tj. Vt97, Triptis, Hartmannsdorf, Pv97, 9905 i 72V/2003, a dodatkowo szczepy te różnią się od klasycznych szczepów RHDV, nie tylko pod względem obrazu immunologicznego, ale także są bardziej patogenne. Stąd celem badań była ocena wybra...

Dotychczasowo przeprowadzone badania w zakresie odpowiedzi odpornościowej u królików zakażonych wariantami antygenowymi (RHDVa) wirusa RHD są bardzo nieliczne, a szczepy te charakteryzują się większą, niż klasyczne szczepy RHDV, zjadliwością. Celem badań była ocena zdolności bójczej komórek PMN u królików zakażonych eksperymentalnie wariantem antyg...