Rafael Sabido

• PhD
• Researcher at Miguel Hernández University of Elche

Background In the realm of functional fitness training (FFT), three common circuits—as many repetitions or round as possible (AMRAP), for time (FT), and every minute on a minute (EMOM)—are prevalent. We aimed to elucidate the immediate impacts on athletes, considering the experience, when performing three workout modalities with matched training lo...

This study evaluated the concurrent validity of the Vitruve linear encoder compared to the T-Force device for measuring mean propulsive velocity (MPV) and peak velocity (PV) during the free-weight bench press exercise. Thirteen resistance-trained men participated in three sessions, during which MPV and PV were recorded simultaneously by both device...

This study evaluated the concurrent validity of the Vitruve linear encoder compared to the T-Force device for measuring mean propulsive velocity (MPV) and peak velocity (PV) during the free-weight bench exercise. Twelve resistance-trained men participated in three sessions, during which MPV and PV were recorded sim-ultaneously by both devices. The...

Background The handstand is an essential skill in acrobatic sports. This skill requires the athlete to maintain an inverted upright stance with only the hands supported, which requires a great effort of muscular coordination and motor control. Several factors influence the ability to control the posture, including fatigue, which is a bit studied co...

Analysis of variability in physiological time series has been shown to be an indicator of the state of the organism. Although there is evidence of the usefulness of analysis of the amount and/or structure of variability (complexity) in cycling actions, there is limited knowledge about its application in resistance exercise. The aim of this study is...

Aims Flywheel resistance training has become more integrated within resistance training programs in a variety of sports due to the neuromuscular, strength, and task-specific enhancements reported with this training. This paper aimed to present the consensus reached by internationally recognized experts during a meeting on current definitions and gu...

Asencio, P, García-Valverde, A, Albaladejo-García, C, Beato, M, Moreno-Hernández, FJ, and Sabido, R. Analysis of concentric and eccentric power in flywheel exercises depending on the subjects' strength level and body mass. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-The objective of this study is to describe how flywheel exercise mechanical outputs ar...

Resistance training programs play a crucial role in optimizing soccer performance. The aim of this study is to compare performance outcomes in sport-specific tasks after implementing two different flywheel resistance training (FRT) programs: variable intensity (VI) and constant intensity (CI). Seventeen (n = 17) amateur footballers were divided int...

Movement control can be an indicator of how challenging a task is for the athlete, and can provide useful information to improve training efficiency and prevent injuries. This study was carried out to determine whether inertial measurement units (IMU) can provide reliable information on motion variability during strength exercises, focusing on the...

Flywheel resistance training is a very useful method to optimize athletic performance. However, research assessing the different loading conditions hypothesis during flywheel resistance training is scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the loading conditions used during flywheel resistance exercise on improvements in athletic...

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the one-repetition maximum (1RM) test and to assess the potential negative effects of this test on subsequent neuromuscular performance and perceived recovery. Method: A cross-sectional study in which subjects attended four consecutive days to perform an incremental 1RM test in the b...

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of different eccentric tempos on eccentric kinetics and kinematics and the subsequent concentric performance when performing countermovement jumps against different loads. Methods: After 1-repetition-maximum assessment and 2 familiarization sessions, 13 well-trained participants perfor...

Background Flywheel resistance training has become more integrated within resistance training programs in a variety of sports due to the neuromuscular, strength, and task-specific enhancements reported with this training. Objective This paper aimed to present the consensus reached by internationally recognized experts during a meeting on current d...

Background: Body tilt changes could affect the intensity/difficulty of core stability exercises, but there is still a lack of knowledge about its impact. Objective: To analyse the trunk muscles activation during prone plank exercises at different body tilts. Methods: Twenty-four young adults who performed recreational gymnastic activities part...

CrossFit is characterized by being a standardized training program that improves physical performance through the provision of several stimuli regardless of the participant’s strength level. This study aimed to compare the acute response in total repetitions as a measurement of performance, jump ability, physiological demand (heart rate and blood l...

Objectives: The purpose of this study was 1) to determine and compare kinetic parameters during the realization of a countermovement jump (CMJ) between footballers with cerebral palsy (CP) and non-impaired footballers, and 2) to analyze the differences in this action between different players’ impairment profiles and a group of non-impaired footbal...

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the load order used (i. e. incremental, decremental or random loads order) during the bench press throw load-velocity profile on peak velocity achieved against four different loads (20–40–60–80% of one repetition maximum [1RM]). Both intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of var...

Induced variability by the use of unstable surfaces has been proposed to enhance proprioceptive control to deal with perturbations in the support base better. However, there is a lack of evidence about its benefits facilitating motor adaptions in upper body skills. In this experiment, practice on an unstable surface was applied to analyze the adapt...

Background: Fatigue is a process that results in a decreased ability to produce force, and which could eventually affect performance and increase the risk of injury. Force variability analysis has been proposed to describe the level of fatigue with the purpose of detecting the development of fatigue. Variability is credited to play a functional and...

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effect of using weightlifting movement and their derivatives in training on vertical jump, sprint times, and maximal strength performance. Thirty-four studies were used for meta-analysis with a moderate quality on the PEDro scale. Meta-analysis showed positive effects of weightlifting tra...

Abstract. Objective: The present review aims to describe the state of the scientific evidence that exists about acute and chronic adap- tations of CrossFit training. Method: This study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis statement (PRISMA). Original research articles published until 7 Ju...

Background: A main goal of programming is to structure the optimal variations in training factors to optimize athletes' adaptations. Nevertheless, it remains unknown the optimal programming model leading to greater neuromuscular adaptations. Purpose: The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of three different magnitudes of variabili...

Resistance exercises eliciting eccentric overload (EO) are considered to strongly promote muscular hypertrophy and broad neuromuscular adaptations, but typically require specialized equipment. The aims of these experiments were to assess whether EO is achieved during common high‐speed stretch‐shortening cycle (SSC) exercises (rebound bench press th...

Olympic weightlifting movements and their derivates are commonly used within resistance training sessions. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of different rest intervals (RI) over five sets of the high-pull (HP) on power output performance, lactate concentration [La] and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) responses in trained...

Background and objectives: Fatigue is one of the most disabling symptoms that limit daily life activities in persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of maximal strength training (MST) on perceived-fatigue and functional mobility in pwMS. Materials and Methods: 26 participants with MS were balanced according...

The use of flywheel devices has increased in popularity within resistance training programs. However, little is known about modifiable variables which may affect power output responses, as the rope length and the height level used in a conical pulley device. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of using three different rope lengths (1....

This study aimed to analyze the influence of the inertial load on both concentric and eccentric power output production during the flywheel leg curl exercise, and to assess the reliability of power output variables. Sixteen participants (8 males, 8 females) attended 4 testing sessions. During testing, participants performed one set of eight repetit...

To assess the influence of age and skill level on handball throwing kinematics and performance, 126 participants were distributed into groups according to their skill level (elite or recreational) and age group (U12, U16 or +18). Each participant performed three sets of 10 throws, aiming to hit a target (40 × 40 cm) located in the right corner of t...

The purpose of the present meta-analysis was to examine the effect of flywheel resistance training (FRT) on main sport action (i.e., jumping performance, sprinting time and change of direction performance) improvements in athletes and healthy active people. A Boolean search strategy adapted for each of the databases employed was conducted to identi...

BACKGROUND: Eccentric overload training (EOT) has been proposed as an effective stimulus to optimize dynamic athletic performance. Nevertheless the appropriate intensity during EOT remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the inertial load used during an EOT programme on performance adaptations in rugby union play...

Alterations in the shoulder range of motion (ROM) and strength levels affect performance in racket sports. However, the changes in these variables have not been measured during a badminton competition. The aim of the present study was to analyse the effects of playing two badminton matches on the same day on the shoulder profile (i.e., ROM and stre...

The purpose of the present study was to compare block periodization (BP) and daily undulating periodization (DUP) in eliciting changes in strength, jumping performance and throwing velocity in young male handball players. Fifteen players, of the same competitive level, were assigned to one of the periodization groups (DUP=9; BP=6). Pre-and post-tes...

Basketball is a team sport in which strength and power in the lower limb are key variables. The use of eccentric overload devices has augmented in the past years, and several studies have shown the benefits of this methodology to improve physical parameters. The aim of the present study is to compare the effects of bilateral and unilateral squat du...

The purpose of the present study was to compare block periodization (BP) and daily undulating periodization (DUP) in eliciting changes in strength, jumping performance and throwing velocity in young male handball players. Fifteen players, of the same competitive level, were assigned to one of the periodization groups (DUP=9; BP=6). Pre- and post-te...

Purpose: the aims of the present study were to evaluate the reliability and validity of vertical and horizontal jump tests in football players with cerebral palsy (FPCP), and to analyze the jump performance differences between current IFCPF functional classes (i.e. FT5-FT8). Methods: One hundred and thirty-two international para-footballers (25....

Background Boccia is a paralympic sport played by athletes with severe neurological impairments affecting all four limbs. Impaired manual dexterity (MD) and intralimb coordination (ILC) may limit individuals’ ability to perform certain activities such as grasping, releasing, or manipulating objects, which are essential tasks for daily life or to pa...

Background It has been suggested that strength training effects (i.e. neural or structural) vary, depending on the total repetitions performed and velocity loss in each training set. Purpose The aim of this study is to compare the effects of two training programmes (i.e. one with loads that maximise power output and individualised repetitions, and...

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Purpose: This study aimed to analyse the effects of different inertial loads on power production and power maintenance), as well as the number of sessions required for proper familiarization during the flywheel quarter-squat. Methods: Twenty-four high-level handball players attended four testing sessions consisting of 4 sets of 10 repetitions us...

The aims of this study were to compare both eccentric- and concentric-phase adaptations in highly-trained handball players to 4 weeks of twice-weekly rebound bench press throw training with varying loads (30%, 50% and 70% of 1-repetition maximum [1-RM]) using either known (KL) or unknown (UL) loads, and to examine the relationship between changes i...

To investigate the influence of adding a weekly eccentric-overload training (EOT) session in several athletic performance’s tests, 18 team-handball players were assigned either to an EOT (n = 11) or a Control (n = 7) group. Both groups continued to perform the same habitual strength training, but the EOT group added one session/week during a 7-week...

This study investigated the effects of adding a traditional strength training approach (endurance-strength = ES) during the pre-season versus a non-traditional approach where strength training is further maintained throughout the season (maximal-strength = MS), on aerobic and anaerobic parameters of off-road cyclists. Eleven off-road cyclists were...

Muscle hypertrophy has been associated with both athletic performance and quality of life. Although hypertrophy-oriented resistance training methodologies are very popular, it is still unclear the different physiological and perceptual responses to some of these methodologies. The aim of this study was to compare the acute effects of four different...

Purpose: To compare the effect of 4-week unknown vs known loads strength training intervention on power output performance and throwing velocity in junior team handball players. Methods: Twenty-eight junior team-handball players (17.2 ± 0.6 years, 1.79 ± 0.07 m, 75.6 ± 9.4 kg)were divided into two groups (unknown loads: UL; known loads: KL). Bot...

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The present study aimed to investigate the influence of subjects' strength level on both the ability to maintain power output performance and the physiological and perceived exertion responses during a power training session when different rest intervals (RI) are used. Thirty-eight (18 males and 20 females) subjects were divided into a stronger or...

Introduction: In Paralympic Sports is crucial to use tools to discriminate between sport classes. In our study it has been used the electromechanical delay (EMD) of finger extensors during ball realizing in two different situations: with/without command constrains to discriminate between BC1 and BC2 Boccia classes. Material and Methods: Twenty-eigh...

Purpose: Rapid force development is a key factor influencing performance and injury risk in movements where little time is available for force production; thus there is a need to develop interventions that enhance this ability. In the present study, the influence of load knowledge on mechanical output [rate of force development; (RFD) and power] a...

This study aimed to test the influence of various rest interval (RI) durations used between sets on power output performanceand physiological and perceptual variables during a strength training session using 40% of the 1 repetition maximum (1RM) in the bench press throw exercise. Thirty-one college students (18 males and 13 females) took part in th...

This study addresses the visual and motor behavior, and success rate, of 40 novice tennis players in a laboratory setting and an on-court situation when viewing a passing-shots rally performed by an expert tennis player located at the back line of the court. The tennis players had to move fast and quickly through forehand or backhand volleys. Visua...

This study addresses the visual and motor behavior, and success rate, of 40 novice tennis players in a laboratory setting and an on-court situation when viewing a passing-shots rally performed by an expert tennis player located at the back line of the court. The tennis players had to move fast and quickly through forehand or backhand volleys. Visua...

El objetivo del trabajo fue describir y comparar las características físicas y antropométricas de 25 gimnastas pertenecientes al grupo de tecnificación de la Federación Extremeña de Gimnasia. Estas gimnastas fueron clasificadas según modalidad gimnástica: artística femenina (GAF) (n=13) y gimnasia rítmica (GR) (n=12). Las variables dependientes inc...

El estudio compara el comportamiento visual y motor de 40 tenistas noveles en laboratorio (2D) y en pista de tenis (3D) cuando visualizan una secuencia de passing-shots ejecutada por un oponente experto desde el fondo de la pista. Los tenistas deben responder rápida y precisamente mediante un armado de volea de derecha o de revés según la direcció...

The aims of the present study were to describe the acute physiological and perceptual response of two typical CrossFit® workouts of the day (WODs) and to investigate whether the physical demands of these WODs meet the criteria laid down by the ACSM to improving and maintaining cardiovascular fitness in healthy adults. Methodology: ten healthy subje...

Explosive muscular contractions are fundamental to sports activities such as sprinting, jumping or throwing. In these types of contractions the rate at which force is developed has been suggested to be the most important physical capacity. Therefore, the aims of these review was: to review the reliability of rate of force development (RFD) measures...

Research regarding the complex fluctuations of postural sway in an upright standing posture has yielded controversial results about the relationship between complexity and the capacity of the system to generate adaptive responses. The aim of this study is to compare the performance and complexity of two groups with different levels of expertise in...

El presente trabajo estudia las diferencias en cuanto a niveles fuerza y acciones explosivas de salto existentes entre jugadores de baloncesto profesionales y amateurs con el fin de conocer qué variables discriminan el nivel de rendimiento en la capacidad de salto. Se valoró una muestra de jugadores de baloncesto (n = 26), tanto profesionales (n =...

Aim: Explosive strength training aims to improve force generation in early phases of movement due to its importance in sport performance. The present study examined the influence of lack of knowledge about the load lifted in explosive parameters during bench press throws. Methods: Thirteen healthy young men (22.8±2.0 years) participated in the s...

El sistema de clasificación del slalom en silla de ruedas contempla como elegibles a deportistas con parálisis cerebral y daño cerebral adquirido. La tendencia actual en los sistemas de clasificación es realizar una clasificación integrada y funcional basada en evidencias científicas. En este estudio participaron 9 deportistas (21,2 ± 4,7 años) de...

The aim of this study is to analyze the visual search strategies of expert (n=5) and inexperienced drivers (n=5) during a simulated task of driving in laboratory. The ocular movements are recorded with an ASL SE5000 eye tracking system; and the number, time and location of these fixations are analyzed too. The drivers observed a sequence of specifi...

The aim of this study is to analyze the visual search strategies of expert (n=5) and inexperienced drivers (n=5) during a simulated task of driving in laboratory. The ocular movements are recorded with an ASL SE5000 eye tracking system; and the number, time and location of these fixations are analyzed too. The drivers observed a sequence of specifi...

Several works have studied the utility of variability for motor learning. This methodology has been compared with the constant practice methodology, but it not has been compared with mixed methodology. The aim of this study is to know the effects of constant, variability and mixed practice methodology for overarm throw learning. Participants (n=30)...

Studies about the relationship between complexity and performance in upright standing balance have yielded mixed results and interpretations. The aim of the present study was to assess how the increasing difficulty in standing balance task affects performance and the complexity of postural sway and neuromuscular activation. Thirty-two young healthy...

The research uses a cognitive perspective to analyse the visual and motor behaviour of a sample of junior tennis players during their perception of different shot movements made by an opposing player. Visual fixations (time and location) were recorded using the ASL SE5000 eye tracking system and the time parameters of motor response (reaction time,...

El treball d’investigacio analitza, des d’una perspectiva cognitiva, el comportament visual i motor d’una mostra de tennistes novells durant la percepcio de diversos moviments de cop fets per un tennista oponent. Es registren les fixacions visuals (temps i localitzacio) a traves del sistema de seguiment de la mirada ASL SE5000, els parametres tempo...

The aim of our research was to describe the physical and anthropometric characteristics of 25 gymnasts from the talent identification program of the Extremeña Gymnastics Federation. Subjects were classified according to their specialty: women‘s artistic gymnastic (WAG) and rhythmic gymnastics (RG). The dependent variables include body fat percentag...

This study examines the differences between expert and novice team-handball players in their sensitivity to instructions that emphasize speed or precision requirements. The effects of instructions on throwing speed and accuracy of a handball over arm throw and the speed–accuracy trade-off in experts and novices is revisited. An expert group (n=18)...

Resumen La combinación de métodos de entrenamiento de fuerza ha sido descrita como una estrategia efectiva para el desarrollo de esta capacidad. Es especialmente recomendable para la mejora de la potencia y la fuerza explosiva. El lanzamiento de balonmano es un gesto que requiere, entre otros factores, de precisión y velocidad para ser eficaz. Nues...

p> El objetivo principal del presente estudio ha sido conocer la aplicación de fuerzas en el suelodel portor en un lanzamiento en acrosport, con el fin de determinar el nivel de rendimiento.Para ello, se plantearon dos situaciones experimentales que permitieron el estudio cinéticode la acción del lanzador. En la primera, una pareja de acrosport,...

Envejecer de manera sedentaria puede evolucionar hacia una depresión afectándose la calidad de vida de las personas mayores. El presente estudio comparó la calidad de vida y los niveles de depresión entre ancianas sedentarias y activas. Para esto, un estudio ex post facto fue aplicado, la muestra fue dividida en cuatro grupos: grupo de danza o aero...

This study investigated simultaneous treatments in contextual interference (blocked and random practice) and their effect on the process of learning four tennis shots. 8 tennis players participated in the research, which was carried out in two phases. The first phase involved a 3-wk. period of 12 sessions with 192 practice tennis shots per session...

Resumen La gran cantidad de grados de libertad durante la ejecución de un movimiento deportivo permite describir diferentes niveles de variabilidad. En el estudio del lanzamiento de baloncesto ha existido gran interés por conocer las características de la ejecución óptima del lanzamiento, pero son menos los trabajos que se han interesado en investi...

El rol que juega la variabilidad en la coordinación y control del sistema sensorio-motor es un elemento central para el estudio del Control Motor. Nuestro propósito ha sido elaborar un protocolo experimental que nos permitiera medir la variabilidad de los parámetros cinemáticos de una sucesión de piruetas endehors desde 4.ª posición de pies, sujeta...

The great amount of degrees of freedom during the execution of a sport movement allows describing different levels of variability in human movement. Several authors have studied biomechanic characteristics of basketball shoot, but few of them have studied influence of variability on shoot task. The present study tries to know the effects of opponen...

Twenty participants were tested on rapid elbow extension movements. This experiment examined the effects of the type of termination (pointing vs. impact movements) and sport practice (karate vs. volleyball) on temporary specific electromyographic (EMG) and kinematic measures during elbow extension movements. EMG was recorded from triceps (main agon...

Twenty participants were tested on rapid elbow extension movements. This experiment examined the effects of the type of termination (pointing vs. impact movements) and sport practice (karate vs. volleyball) on temporary specific electromyographic (EMG) and kinematic measures during elbow extension movements. EMG was recorded from triceps (main agon...

The aim of this study consists of the application of an experimental protocol that allows information to be obtained about the visual search strategies elaborated by swimming coaches. 16 swimming coaches participated. The Experienced group (n=8) had 16.1 yr. (SD=8.2) of coaching experience and at least five years of experience in underwater vision....

En situaciones deportivas limitadas temporalmente como el servicio en tenis, es fundamental la obtención de informaciones relevantes acerca del movimiento del oponente, con el fin de poder emitir una respuesta lo más eficaz posible. El presente trabajo analiza las estrategias de búsqueda visual elaboradas por dos grupos de tenistas en silla de rued...

This paper shows the results of two studies carried out with whee1chair tennis players in an on-court situation (3 dimensions) and with tennis players in a laboratory (2 dimensions). In both studies we have analysed the visual behaviour of the players, who responded to the serves of left-handed and right-handed opponents. Results show that the perf...

This paper exposes the results from a descriptive study of the visual search strategies performed by basketball referees with different level of experience. From a perceptive point of view, it is analyzed how the referees arbitrate five vs. five game situations, attending to the positions in the court (trail and lead) and their responsibility areas...