Rade Injac

• Assist. Prof., PhD, M. Pharm.
• University of Ljubljana

Key Clinical Message The most common external factors that men can have influence on, and improve its own spermatogenesis, are related to lifestyle, habits, stress level, sport activities, nutrition quality, and medications. Steroids became one of the key issues in young men during reproductive stage of life. More and more teenagers who are not eve...

Fullerenes are carbon molecules that are found in nature in various forms. They are composed of hexagonal and pentagonal rings that create closed structures. Almost 4 decades ago, fullerenes were identified in the form of C 60 and C 70 , and following the award of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this discovery in 1996, many laboratories started wo...

The very effective anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) is known to have cardiotoxic side effects, which could be accompanied by autonomic modulation. Autonomic disbalance might even be an initiating mechanism underlying DOX-induced cardiotoxicity and can be studied noninvasively by the analysis of heart rate variability (HRV). A number of strategies...

This review describes the chemical synthesis of polar polyhydroxylated fullerene C60 derivatives, fullerenols C60(OH)𝑛, 2≤𝑛≤ 44, C60H𝑧O𝑥(OH)𝑦, and polyanion fullerenols C60(OH)15(ONa)9, ranging from the very first synthetic methods up to some contemporary approaches to synthesis and separation. It also provides some basic information about physical...

The unique size-dependent properties of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs)— graphene, nanotubes (CNTs) and fullerenes— make them very attractive for diagnostic and therapeutic application. This chapter presents possible application of CNMs. Graphene with extraordinary chemical and physical properties has already revealed a great number of potential applic...

The unique size-dependent properties of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs)- graphene, nanotubes (CNTs) and fullerenes- make them very attractive for diagnostic and therapeutic application. This chapter presents possible application of CNMs. Graphene with extraordinary chemical and physical properties has already revealed a great number of potential applic...

Abstract Cardioprotective effects of fullerenol C60(OH)24 nanoparticles (FNP) were investigated in pigs after a single treatment with doxorubicin (DOX). Semithin and ultrathin sections of myocardial tissue routinely prepared for transmission electron microscopy were analyzed. Extensive intracellular damage was confirmed in cardiomyocytes of DOX-tre...

Fullerenes are a relatively new group of compounds and represent a class of sphere-shaped molecules made exclusively of carbon atoms. Since their discovery in 1985, many aspects of both fullerene and its analogues have been intensively studied to reveal their physical and chemical reactivity, as well as potential use in biological systems. Both in...

Age-related changes in various tissues have been associated with the onset of a number of age-related diseases, including inflammation and cancer. Bladder cancer, for instance, is a disease that mainly afflicts middle-aged or elderly people and is mostly of urothelial origin. Although research on age-related changes of long-lived post-mitotic cells...

Age-related differences in the level of total antioxidant status (TAS) in the urothelium of young (8 week) and aging (80 weeks) C57BL/6JOlaHsd female mice. (DOCX)

Age-related differences in the levels of antioxidants and lactate dehydrogenase in the urothelium of 2, 12 and 20 months old C57BL/6JOlaHsd female mice. Data were analyzed by Multivariate Analysis (MANOVA) and significant differences among groups were evaluated by multiple range tests using Duncun method. The results were considered statistically s...

Age-related differences in the levels of antioxidants and malondialdehyde in the urothelium (uroth.) and serum of young (8 week) and aging (80 weeks) C57BL/6JOlaHsd female mice. CAT, catalase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GR, glutathione reductase; GSH, glutathione; MDA, malondialdehyde; SOD, superoxide dismutase. (DOCX)

In this research seven ACE inhibitors (enalapril, quinapril, fosinopril, lisinopril, cilazapril, ramipril, benazepril) were studied to evaluate the correlation between their absorption and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) and reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography (RP-TLC) hydrophobicity data (φ(0)...

Fullerenol C60(OH)24 nano particles (FNP) show various biological activities in different experimental models. We evaluated genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of FNP on human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) using two cytogenetic assays. The effects of FNP were evaluated on the frequency of chromosomal aberrations (CA) and micronuclei (MN) on un...

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of long-term swimming exercise in conjunction with a high fat mixed lipid (HFML) diet on colon cancer (CC) development and lipid peroxidation in the large bowel. We used forty male Wistar rats, which were randomly divided into one control group and four cancer groups: sedentary and swimming gr...

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers world-wide, with highest incidence rates in western countries. In recent years, much effort has been dedicated in search for natural or pharmacological preventive agents, which would block or attenuate CRC process. In search for new pharmacological agent, the effects of fullerenol C60(OH)24...

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers world-wide, with highest incidence rates in western countries. In recent years, much effort has been dedicated in search for natural or pharmacological preventive agents, which would block or attenuate CRC process. In search for new pharmacological agent, the effects of fullerenol C 60(OH) 2...

Fullerenol C60(OH)24 can form hydrogen bonds with the surrounding water molecules and, depending on the conditions, result in formation of polydisperse polyanion nanoaggregates-fullerenol nanoparticles (FNPs). FNPs express many biological effects such as high antioxidative activity in cases when the oxidative stress was caused by xenobiotics and ra...

Polyhydroxylated, water soluble, fullerenol C 60 (OH) 24 nano particles (FNP) in vitro and in vivo models, showed an expressive biological activity. The goal of this work was to investigate the potential protective effects of orally applied FNP on rats after a single dose of doxorubicin (DOX) (8 mg/kg (i.p.)) 6 h after the last application of FNP....

Water soluble fullerene (C60) derivative fullerenol C60(OH)24 nano-particles (FNP) are a promising candidate for many biomedical applications due to, besides other properties, strong free-radical scavenging and antioxidative potential. Using the carrageenan-induced rat footpad oedema test, the anti-inflammatory effect of FNP have been estimated in...

Paracetamol (PAR) crystals exhibit poor compressibility, poor flowability and its tablets show a tendency to cap. To improve the mechanical strength of tablets several kinds of "Paracetamol for direct compression" are present on the market. Current research demonstrated the best tablet properties with coated paracetamol (mass of tablets, diameter,...

In this study, a fast and simple analytical method for determination of urinary 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (18-GA), without any sample purification prior to the analysis, was developed. The method was successfully applied to determine the 18-GA concentration in real urine samples obtained after ingestion of glycyrrhizin. The method was shown to be spe...

In this study we performed the dynamic and static scintigraphy of the domestic dog, using the newly synthesized radiopharmaceutical, [99mTc(CO)3(H2O)3]-C60(OH)22-24. In the current study, an advanced one-step method for the functionalization of fullerenol by 99mTc is described. Optical properties of as-prepared samples and the mechanism responsible...

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective role of fullerenol (FLR, C(60)(OH)(24) on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced lung toxicity using biochemical and histopathological approaches. Rats (Sprague-Dawley outbred) were randomly divided into five groups. The healthy control group received no medication (saline only). The other four gr...

Proteinuria, i.e. increased excretion of proteins in urine, is a common sign indicating renal or urinary tract diseases. In this study, a fast and simple procedure for urine sample preparation and capillary micellar electrokinetic chromatographic analysis is presented, without any sample pretreatment prior to the analysis. The developed MEKC method...

Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that eating habits and a sedentary lifestyle play a critical role in the incidence of colon carcinoma. In order to investigate the effects of high-fat mixed-lipid (HFML) diet in conjunction with long-term swimming, the antioxidant capacity of skeletal and cardiac muscles were observed in rats with 1,...

A new micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatographic (MEKC) method has been developed for simultaneous quantitation of atorvastatin (AT) and its related substances. The separation was carried out in an extended light path capillary at applied voltage of 30kV using a background electrolyte consisting of 10mM sodium tetraborate buffer pH 9.5, 50mM...

Since the introduction of Doxorubicin (Dox) for the treatment of cancer in 1969, this compound has demonstrated high antitumor efficacy. Dox's use in chemotherapy has been limited largely due to its diverse toxicities, including cardiac, liver, renal, pulmonary, hematological and testicular toxicity. Various attempts have been made to reduce D...

Here we summarize current investigations about a relatively new group of compounds mainly composed of carbon atoms -fullerenes and their derivatives. One of the fundamental characteristics of fullerene is its ability to quench various free radicals, behaving as a ''free radical sponge''. Moreover, the dual nature of fullerenes to act as either quen...

This study reports the differences in physical and chemical stability of suspension with dissolved and non dissolved main active compound. In the first case it is methenamine and the other one is anesthesin. At the same time we analyzed two fresh and two 18-months old formulations of both magistral preparations. Anesthesin suspensions did not show...

Anthracycline antibiotics are among the most effective and commonly used anticancer drugs. Unfortunately, their clinical use is restricted by dose-dependent toxicity. Doxorubicin is an anthracycline antibiotic and cytotoxic (antineoplastic) agent. It is commonly used against ovarian, breast, lung, uterine and cervical cancers, Hodgkin's disease, so...

Laetiporus sulphureus is an edible higher Basidiomycetes brown-rot mushroom that has been used for medicinal purposes for centuries, particularly in China, Japan, and Korea. It has not been studied as extensively as some of the more popular higher Basidiomycetes. Nonetheless, its preparations have exhibited remarkable biological activities, with nu...

Laetiporus sulphureus is an edible higher Basidiomycetes brown-rot mushroom that has been used for medicinal purposes for centuries, particularly in China, Japan, and Korea. It has not been studied as extensively as some of the more popular higher Basidiomycetes. Nonetheless, its preparations have exhibited remarkable biological activities, with nu...

In earlier in vitro investigations, fullerenol was shown to have a strong antioxidative capability. The present study examined the role of fullerenol as a potential antioxidative protector for doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress in the blood of rats through an investigation of the activity of glutathione-dependent enzymes (glutathione-S-transferas...

Here we summarize current investigations about a relatively new group of compounds mainly composed of carbon atoms - fullerenes and their derivatives. One of the fundamental characteristics of fullerene is its ability to quench various free radicals, behaving as a ‘‘free radical sponge’’. Moreover, the dual nature of fullerenes to act as either que...

Several animal models of breast cancer have been developed to study various aspects of breast cancer biology. Substantial evidence suggests that the N-methylnitrosourea (MNU) animal model mimics human breast cancer in many respects. It has therefore been used extensively to evaluate preventive and therapeutic agents for human breast cancer. Chemica...

The effects of fullerenol C60(OH)24 (Frl) at doses of 25, 50, and 100mg/kg/week (for a time-span of 3 weeks) on heart and liver tissue after doxorubicin (Dox)-induced toxicity in rats with colorectal cancer were investigated. In the present study, we used an in vivo Wistar male rat model to explore whether Frl could protect against Dox-induced (1.5...

A novel and simple method has been developed for the determination of doxycycline (DOX) in biological fluids. The method is based on SPE, large-volume sample stacking (LVSS) and MEKC with UV-DAD detection. Six SPE cartridges have been used in investigation for sample clean up and pre-concentration (Supelco LC-8, LC-18, LC-SCX, and LC-WCX, as well a...

Fullerenes are a relatively new group of compounds and represent a class of sphere-shaped molecules made exclusively of carbon atoms. Since their discovery in 1985, many aspects of both fullerene and its analogues have been intensively studied to reveal their physical and chemical reactivity, as well as potential use in biological systems. Both in...

Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography and reverse-phase liquid chromatography methods were developed in order to perform robustness testing to determine the caffeine content in beverages. Both methods were fully validated and two different robustness approaches were applied. One-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) approach at eleven levels (0; +/-...

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential protective role of fullerenol C60(OH)24 on doxorubicin-induced liver toxicity using in vivo (female Sprague-Dawley rats) and in vitro (human hepatocellular carcinoma - HepG2; colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines - Caco-2) approaches. The first (healthy control) and second (control with chemical...

BACKGROUND: The European Union has forbidden the use of antibiotics as additives in animal feed. Zn-bacitracin (Zn-BC) and nystatin (NYS) were frequently used for their growth-promoting effects and for feed conversion in poultry, pigs and cattle. An HPTLC method has been developed for separating Zn-BC and NYS in the mixture, for routine quality con...

The therapeutic utility of the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin is limited due to its cardiotoxicity. Our aim was to investigate the efficacy of fullerenol C60(OH)24 in preventing single, high-dose doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats with malignant neoplasm. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that fullerenol C60(OH)24, has strong an...

Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) has become a popular mode among the several capillary electro-migration techniques. Most drug analysis can be performed by using MEKC because of its wide applicability. Separation of very complex mixtures, determination of drugs in the biological materials, etc., can be successfully achieved b...

A separation technique for zinc bacitracin, polymyxin B, oxytetracycline and sulfacetamide in animal feedstuffs by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) was developed. The running buffer was 20 mmol l(-1) borate, 20 mmol l(-1) phosphate, pH 8.4, containing 20 mmol l(-1) sodium dodecylsulphate and 10% (v/v) methanol. MEKC was perfo...

A rapid and selective high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is developed for the separation and determination of caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline. The chromatography is performed on a Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C8 column (4.6x150 mm i.d., 5-microm particle size) at 25 degrees C, with a mobile phase of water-THF (0.1% THF in water, pH...

aBStRact A micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography was performed at 25°C and 30 kV (under pressure of 15 mbar), with 30 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0), 60 mM sodium dodecysulfate, and 10% (v/v) ethanol as background electrolyte for the determination of sulfa-methoxazole and trimethoprim. UV detection was at 205 nm. Recoveries were optimal and a...

Flavonoids represent an important bioactive component in Achillea millefolium. The comparison of the most commonly used analytical methods for the identification and quantification of flavonoids, capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), is presented. The methods were optimized and validated. Using a 20 mM bo...

A method is described for quantitating caffeine, theobromine, theophylline, paracetamol, propyphenazone, acetylsalicylic acid, salicylic acid, and codeine phosphate in corresponding real samples of food, beverages, natural products, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetic preparations by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. The separation is car...

The therapeutic utility of the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin is limited due to its cardiotoxicity. Our aim was to investigate the efficacy of fullerenol C(60)(OH)(24) in preventing single, high-dose doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats with malignant neoplasm. Experiment was performed on adult female Sprague Dawley rats with chemically...

Oxidative stress has an important role in the pathogenesis of doxorubicin (DOX)-induced nephrotoxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the nephroprotective effects of fullerenol (FLR), an antioxidant agent, on DOX-induced nephrotoxicity. The investigation was carried out on adult female Sprague Dawley outbred rats with chemically induced...

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the quantitation of doxycycline in bulk, tablets, and capsules after storage at -20, 5, 25, 40, 50, 60, and 70°C, has been developed and validated. The samples are eluted from a µ-Bondapak C8 column (4.6 × 150-mm, i.d., 5-µm particle size) at 27°C, with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water-...

Validation of analytical procedures is important for their efficient and reliable application. The International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and pharmacopoeia guidelines achieved a great deal in harmonising the definitions of the required validation characteristics. It is well known that poor reproducibilit...

Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) was performed at 25 degrees C and 30 kV (under a pressure of 15 mbar), using 30 mM borate buffer containing 60 mM sodium dodecysulfate (SDS) and 5% (v/v) methanol as background electrolyte (pH 9.0) to determine doxycycline. UV detection was at 350 nm. The method was shown to be specific, accur...

Earlier investigation of fullerenol, C 60 (OH) 24, features, in vitro, showed that fullerenol have strong antioxidative potential. In this work, we examined the influence of fullerenol as a potential antioxidative protector on doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Experiments were performed on adult Wistar rats, both gender. Animals were divi...

An MEKC procedure was developed for the separation of zinc bacitracin (Zn-BC) and nystatin (NYS) in mixtures and in animal feedstuff. The running buffer was 15 mM borate/19 mM phosphate, pH 8.2, containing 20 mM SDS and 10% v/v methanol. Samples were run at 25 degrees C, the applied voltage was 25 kV, and an additional pressure of 5 mbar was applie...