R. Brumana

• Politecnico di Milano

The multiplication of efforts to digitize complex architectural and archaeological heritage sites in the form of informative models increasingly requires to document survey and modelling methods through qualitative and quantitative parameters to ensure mutual trustworthiness and proper re-use for different purposes by the potential multiple users,...

Citation: Brumana, R.; Quilici, S.; Oliva, L.; Previtali, M.; Gabriele, M.; Stanga, C. Multi-Sensor HR Mass Data Models toward Multi-Temporal-Layered Digital Twins: Maintenance, Design and XR Informed Tour of the Multi-Stratified Appian Way (PAAA). Sensors 2023, 23, 8556. https://doi.org/10. Abstract: The article provides an overview of the digitis...

3D models from passive muted subjects, often used in the books and in preservation design reports as powerful images dense of contents, have nowadays the opportunity to become 'live gears’ leveraging knowledge, interpretation, and management into preservation objectives till to better-informed fruition. To this aim, we need to build up reliable and...

Digital Twin is conceived as a tool designed to monitor the effects of climate change and human activity on a global scale by integrating Earth Observation with local information. When applied to Cultural Heritage and built environment, this concept requires a detailed analysis to decode the richness of sites and context, highlighting specific loca...

From Rome to Benevento, the Appian Way (Via Appia Antica) was born as a military road, 'Regina Viarum'. In 312 b.C., consul Appio Claudio extended the infrastructure for 132 miles to Capua. Many transformations and integration occurred across the centuries, resulting in a unique multi-stratified world heritage (landscape, architecture, archaeologic...

Digitization of complex Cultural Heritage sites requires the integration of several strategies to achieve a comprehensive description of the site. This is the case of the digitization project of the Appian Way in Rome involving a section of 12 km from Capo di Bove to Frattocchie under the superintendence of the Parco Archeologico dell’Appia Antica....

This study aims to develop a workflow methodology for collecting substantial amounts of Earth Observation data to investigate the effectiveness of landscape restoration actions and support the implementation of the Above Ground Carbon Capture indicator of the Ecosystem Restoration Camps (ERC) Soil Framework. To achieve this objective, the study wil...

Monitoring landscapes in times of climate change patterns is a crucial issue, moreover, in the analyzed Mediterranean area, one of the major global candidates to develop land degradation stresses and consequential desertification phenomena. The research presented here is developed in the Mediterranean Basin, specifically in the Basilicata Region (s...

Digital twins (DTs) and building information modelling (BIM) are proving to be valuable tools for managing the entire life cycle of a building (LCB), from the early design stages to management and maintenance over time. On the other hand, BIM platforms cannot manage the geometric complexities of existing buildings and the large amount of informatio...

2020 meant the loss of 41.5 million visitors for Italian museums, monuments and archaeological sites. The regions that drive tourism and the Italian museum paid the price in terms of visitors and income. In this context, virtual museums have been taking on new forms of interaction, communication and sharing of information, overshadowing traditional...

This paper describes the case study of the damaged church of St. Francesco in the hamlet of Arquata del Tronto (Italy) that was struck by the earthquake in 2016. The municipality commissioned the research to support the preliminary design of the preservation plan. The first digitisation level has been started from the richness of surveying data acq...

The paper proposes an approach for defining a generative modelling process of complex objects and their sharing. The case study is the Stronghold of Arquata del Tronto, a monument of extraordinary historical, cultural and landscape value, damaged by the earthquake in 2016. The first step has been data acquisition on a geometrical level, through las...

The main objective of the research was identifying the phenomena that generate land degradation (LD), in the Basilicata region’s landscape (southern Italy), with a MEDALUS (Kosmas, Ferrara, Briasouli, & Imeson, 1999) and RS approach, through the help of 6 main indicators (Soil Quality Index, Climate Quality Index, Vegetation Quality Index, Manageme...

Following the action plan implementation of the Virtual Multimodal Museum (ViMM) project, which finished in March 2019, the European Commission issued a Declaration on Cooperation on Advancing Digitisation of Cultural Heritage during the Digital Day in April 2019. One year later, in April 2020, the European Commission (EC) launched a call for tende...

NEREUS is a Network of Regions Using Space Technologies established in Brussels in 2007. The need of this network emerged out of conviction that the regions are the key users and procurers of space-based applications, products and services. Since more than decade, the mission of the Network has been to raise awareness of the benefits that space tec...

The paper intends to define the different levels of quality models achieved to assess architectural heritage in fragile contexts as the earth quaked territories, proposing to reverse the BIM logic ‘simple-to-complex’ in favor of a complex-to-simplex one targeted to HBIM. In order to perform a preservation plan, given the complexity of a damaged her...

The paper focuses on new opportunities of knowledge sharing, and comparison, thanks to the circulation and re-use of heritage HBIM models by means of Object Libraries within a Common Data Environment (CDE) and remotely-accessible Geospatial Virtual Hubs (GVH). HBIM requires a transparent controlled quality process in the model generation and its ma...

Historic gardens and their related landscapes are often experienced only for their social, aesthetic, and environmental resources, yet their cultural, architectural, and perceptive significance is often ignored. The paper demonstrates how historic and educational values of historic gardens and related landscapes can be revealed by combining histori...

3D acquisition methods and systems for totally or partially submerged cultural heritage (CH) allow the developments of methods able to integrate complex BIM projects for rivers, lakes, maritime structures and infrastructures with the world of Virtual Reality (VR) and BIM monitoring. Thanks to an open approach this paper shows the results obtained i...

Nowadays, the availability of fast data acquisition systems based on mobile and handheld laser scanning platform are increasing in popularity due to their rapidity in data acquisition of large areas. BIM and HBIM based modelling can primary benefit of this new acquisition methods speeding up the so called “Scan-to-BIM” procedure. However, point clo...

Current practice in large infrastructure management requires new procedures for cost-effective maintenance and safe operation. In this sense, the availability of new surveying, inspection and monitoring procedures as well as new instruments can play a significant role in securing a fundamental asset with an affordable cost. Indeed, inspection and m...

In recent years, many efforts have been invested in the cultural heritage digitization: surveying, modelling, diagnostic analysis and historic data collection. Nowadays, this effort is finalized in many cases towards historical building information modelling (HBIM). However, the architecture, engineering, construction and facility management (AEC-F...

Surveying a historic building means to measure, to detect and to analyse its geometries, its structural elements, the connections still existing between the different parts, in order to define its state of conservation, to make structural analysis and finally to plan a proper project of conservation, consolidation and reuse. The survey represents t...

The article focuses on the analysis of the construction technique of the star vault designed by the famous Bohemian architect from the Baroque period, Jan Blažej Santini-Aichel. The vault covers St. Bernard’s Chapel in the Plasy Monastery and represents a masterpiece in Santini’s late career. The authors try to understand its construction technolog...

Historic gardens are artefacts that evolve in a continuous and unavoidable way, and, at the same time, they are heritage and cultural sites that need to be conserved: the recognition of this dual nature motivates us to seek for new approaches to their management issues. Whilst it is necessary to follow site mutations and valorize its features while...

p>The dissemination of the tangible and intangible values of heritage building represents one of the most important objectives in the field of Digital Cultural Heritage (DCH). In recent years, different studies and research applied to heritage monuments have shown how it is possible to improve the awareness of the architectural heritage through the...

The developments of the latest technology in the field of Digital Cultural Heritage (DCH) are revolutionizing the methods of surveying, representing and managing the built heritage. The integrated use of 3D survey instruments such as laser scanning, digital photogrammetry and the new holistic way to represent the architecture, based on the Building...

Growing interest in boosting urban identity and character is increasing the demand for historic maps and documents of cities in constant evolution as in the case of metropolitan areas, peripheries and riverbank sites. A ‘Heritage & Development strategy based on the Historic Urban Landscape approach is required by city makers to ensure that exploita...

This paper will go into further detail on pressures and policies faced by the archaeological site of San Clemente’s caretakers, that affect the sites preservation. Including the protection of the riverbed along the fragile coast line represented by the masonry portion of the thermal bath’s foundation which is directly in contact with the water. Bei...

One of the challenges of the Digital Cultural Heritage (DCH) field is the creation of coherent HBIMs and the dissemination of the collected historical data. The latest development of new technologies has the great potential to realise virtual content-based immersive experiences that are easily available by both experts and non-expert users. On the...

In the last years many efforts have been invested in the cultural heritage digitization: surveying, modelling, diagnostic analysis and historic data collection. Nowadays, this effort is finalized in many cases towards the Historical Building Information Modelling. The number of informative models testifying the multifaceted richness and unicity of...

The construction of brick-vaulted systems between the 16th and 18th centuries is a typical mark among the noble buildings in large part of Northern Italy. Nowadays they are still a witness of a high level of constructive knowledge by workers, formalized in historical treatises and manuals supporting a literature of theories and practices known sinc...

GAMHer (Geomatics data Acquisition and Management for landscape and built Heritage in a European perspective) is a three-year research project financed under the Italian PRIN 2015 framework (Progetti di Ricerca di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale). The project, started in February 2017 under the University of Bologna coordination, links other 5 Italia...

Considering built and landscape heritage, the paper demonstrates how it is necessary to conserve the historic stratification and to define new compatible plans and uses, identifying the ways to mitigate alteration impacts, requalify degraded areas, enhance natural, historic and cultural values, improve documentary and educational options, and manag...

The innovation in Digital Cultural Heritage (DCH) shows an emergence of innovative methods and initiatives for the generation of complex historical models to which are linked useful information for specialists of architecture, construction and engineering, but also user community interested in cultural heritage. This paper presents an improvement i...

HBIM (Heritage Building Information Modelling) can be nowadays considered as part of the digitization process of Cultural Heritage, with the particular characteristics that being born to manage Models and Data within a unique environment they can be inherited to adopt a synergic approach to the cultural Heritage ‘as a whole system’. To this aim the...

The development of advanced survey techniques in the last years is offering a wide set of tools for implementing the building analysis. In the preservation field, the use of 3D interactive models is a prerogative of few and rare excellent cases and the information contained in high-resolution virtual representation are only partially developed. In...

The latest information technology developments in the field of digital heritage (DH) have enabled the creation of novel virtual experiences favouring information-sharing connected to the 3D digital reconstruction of historical and existing buildings. In recent years, Building Information Modelling for historic buildings (HBIM) projects are the most...

In the last years it has been progressively invested many efforts in the cultural heritage digitization: surveying, modeling activities, diagnostic analysis and historic data collection of architectural heritage. Such actions have been mainly acquired for the preservation process, during the restoration and construction site. Unfortunately, many of...

The latest information technology developments have enabled the creation of novel virtual experiences favouring an increasingly higher level of information connected to the 3D reconstruction. Building Information Modelling (BIM), 3D cloud services and virtual/augmented reality (AR-VR) projects are the most applied methods to transmit the wealth of...

This paper describes a methodological workflow starting from a punctual informative Historical Building Information Models (HBIM) - derived from the geometric analysis of the construction technology of vaulted systems - used to feed an open access Geospatial Data Base based on a Virtual Hub technology. Vaulted systems, which are characterized by a...

The original version of the chapter ‘A Digital Workflow for Built Heritage: From SCAN-to-BIM Process to the VR-Tour of the Basilica of Sant’Ambrogio in Milan’ starting on p. 334 was revised.

In December 2012, EniServizi (the Italian multinational energy company), after the Earthquake that occurred at L’Aquila in April 2009, decided to undertake the project “Re-start from Collemaggio”, funding around 14 million Euro to restore the Basilica di Collemaggio. EniServizi, aware of the BIM potential role in the complex building and infrastruc...

p>Our built environment is nowadays considered as a dynamic complex, stretching and transforming across space and time, with the interaction of human, social and economic dimensions. It needs to be safeguarded as living places for the future taking into account such complexity. The general aim of this work is to contribute to the comprehension of l...

The paper presents a workflow for finite element model generation from point clouds acquired via photogrammetry and laser scanning. The case study is a room with an umbrella vault in Castel Masegra, located in Sondrio (Italy). The complexity of the room required an accurate geometric survey from a set of dense point clouds, from which a detailed BI...

survey campaign of the existing building’s envelope by means of laser scanning technologies and thermographic survey for the identification of non-homogeneous parts of the building structure, to support the technological design as well as the installation of the prefabricated panels;

The use of construction techniques in cloister vaults in noble buildings, as covering elements for square or rectangular rooms, is widespread across Europe. The geometric continuity at the intrados makes generally possible the execution all over the span of frescoes, stucco and decorations, with a great diffusion of a great variety of solutions. Th...

Documentation on archaeological fieldworks needs to be accurate and time-effective. Many features unveiled during excavations can be recorded just once, since the archaeological workflow physically removes most of the stratigraphic elements. Some of them have peculiar characteristics which make them hardly recognizable as objects and prevent a full...

This essay describes the combination of 3D solutions and software techniques with traditional studies and researches in order to achieve an integrated digital documentation between performed surveys, collected data, and historical research. The approach of this study is based on the comparison of survey data with historical research, and interpreta...

In December 2012 ENIservizi (the Italian multi-national energy agency operating in many countries), after the Earthquake that occurred in April 2009, decided to undertake the project ‘Re-start from Collemaggio’ with the aim of giving new hope to the L’Aquila community, funding around 14 million Euro to restore the Basilica di Collemaggio. The Super...

GAMHer is a collaborative project that aims at exploiting and validating Geomatics algorithms, methodologies and procedures in the framework of new European regulations, which require a more extensive and productive use of digital information, as requested by the Digital Agenda for Europe as one of the seven pillars of the Europe 2020 Strategy. To...

Virtual Museums (VMs) have emerged from the ongoing crossbreeding process between museums and digital technologies as an additional "channel" for disseminating content and providing knowledge about cultural heritage. VMs is a concept still in definition, as this paper attempts to briefly retrace, the recognition of its potential has motivated our e...

The new paradigm of the complexity of modern and historic structures, which are characterised by complex forms, morphological and typological variables, is one of the greatest challenges for building information modelling (BIM). Generation of complex parametric models needs new scientific knowledge concerning new digital technologies. These element...

Surveying a monumental building damaged by the earthquake means to analyse its geometries, the structural elements, the connection still exist between the different parts, in order to define its state of conservation, to make structural analysis and to plan a proper project of restoration, consolidation, seismic improvement or addition of new eleme...

The use of cloister vaults in the construction of noble buildings, as covering elements for square or rectangular rooms, is widespread and well-known. The geometric continuity at the intrados makes generally possible the execution all over the span of frescoes, stucco and decorations. The construction of brick vaults, from the late Middle Age, was...

In this paper, we present a procedure which makes available an accurate historic BIM (HBIM) in the cloud. Data processing is carried out with a NURBS-based strategy to reduce the size of the final HBIM derived from images and laser scans, providing an accurate and reliable 3D model with limited memory occupation. This guarantees a remote access wit...

Geospatial data are today more and more widespread. Many different institutions, such as Geographical Institutes, Public Administrations, collaborative communities (e.g., OSM) and web companies, make available nowadays a large number of maps. Besides this cartography, projects of digitizing, georeferencing and web publication of historical maps hav...

Geospatial data are today more and more widespread. Many different institutions, such as Geographical Institutes, Public Administrations, collaborative communities (e.g., OSM) and web companies, make available nowadays a large number of maps. Besides this cartography, projects of digitizing, georeferencing and web publication of historical maps hav...

Building Information Modelling is not limited to buildings. BIM technology includes civil infrastructures such as roads, dams, bridges, communications networks, water and wastewater networks and tunnels. This paper describes a novel methodology for the generation of a detailed BIM of a complex medieval bridge. The use of laser scans and images coup...

Building Information Modelling is not limited to buildings. BIM technology includes civil infrastructures such as roads, dams, bridges, communications networks, water and wastewater networks and tunnels. This paper describes a novel methodology for the generation of a detailed BIM of a complex medieval bridge. The use of laser scans and images coup...

The use of rational functions has become a standard for very high-resolution satellite imagery (VHRSI). On the other hand, the overall geolocalization accuracy via direct georeferencing from on board navigation components is much worse than image ground sampling distance (predicted < 3.5 m CE90 for WorldView-3, whereas GSD = 0.31 m for panchromatic...

The use of rational functions has become a standard for very high-resolution satellite imagery (VHRSI). On the other hand, the overall geolocalization accuracy via direct georeferencing from on board navigation components is much worse than image ground sampling distance (predicted < 3.5 m CE90 for WorldView-3, whereas GSD = 0.31 m for panchromatic...

This paper presents the use of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platform for the inspection and documentation of historical buried structures, starting from the landscape scale up to the local and detailed scale. The combined use of RGB and thermal images acquired from this kind of platforms, along with algorithms and procedures for data registrati...

This paper presents an innovative procedure to create parametric building information modelling (BIM) objects from point clouds of complex architectural features. BIM technology requires an advanced parametric representation of the geometry involving spatial relationships, constraints and material properties. The aim of the procedure is a BIM-based...

Open Data promise to create new market opportunities and social value. In particular, geospatial data have a potentially huge inner value. But to unleash their potential, data need to be not only open but also effectively usable. The present paper describes the concept and implementation of the Virtual Hubs developed in the ENERGIC-OD European proj...

The exploration of the Moon has become an important goal for several countries in order to set up foundations for future exploration of mineral resources. In the framework of the cooperation project " Moon Mapping " between Italy and P.R. China, a working group has been established to study landslides inside impact craters. So far, WAC (Wide Angle...

The paper illustrates the potentials of geospatial data to access a historical digital atlas for landscape analysis and territorial government. The experience of a historical geo-portal, the "Atl@nte dei Catasti Storici," in the management of geo-referenced and non-geo-referenced maps-ancient cadastral and topographic maps of the Lombardy Region-ca...

This paper describes a procedure for the generation of a detailed HBIM which is then turned into a model for mobile apps based on augmented and virtual reality. Starting from laser point clouds, photogrammetric data and additional information, a geometric reconstruction with a high level of detail can be carried out by considering the basic require...

Landscapes are dynamic entities, stretching and transforming across space and time, and need to be safeguarded as living places for the future, with interaction of human, social and economic dimensions. To have a comprehensive landscape evaluation several open data are needed, each one characterized by its own protocol, service interface, limiting...

The complexity of historic constructions, with irregular geometry, inhomogeneous materials, variable morphology, alterations and damages, poses numerous challenges in the digital modeling and simulation of structural performances under different types of actions. Although recent developments in Building Information Modeling have introduced advanced...

Remote sensing and space technologies are increasingly called to offer innovative solutions for current challenges induced by climatic and global change. One of the main priorities of the European Space Policy regards the economic independence of the old continent in this sector. In terms of research and innovation this inevitably leads to numerous...

Very high resolution (VHR) satellite images have the potential for revealing changes occurred overtime with a superior level of detail. However, their use for metric purposes requires accurate geo-localization with ancillary DEMs and GCPs to achieve sub-pixel terrain correction, in order to obtain images useful for mapping applications. Change dete...

Energy efficiency in buildings will play a major role in responding to EU climate change and energy-saving policies, if sustainable actions are to be trigged at large scale involving EU, all Member States and their regional and local authorities. The objective of this paper is to explain the Geocluster methodology developed within the European “GE2...

This paper describes the use of BIM models derived from point clouds for structural simulation based on Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Although BIM interoperability has reached a significant level of maturity, the density of laser point clouds provides very detailed BIM models that cannot directly be used in FEA software. The rationalization of the...

This paper presents a complete methodology for HBIM generation based on NURBS derived from a set of point clouds. NURBS combined with profiles and anchor points allow one to model the shape of complex historical objects surveyed with laser scanning techniques. As NURBS are mathematical functions defined through mathematical vectors, they can be con...

Terrestrial Laser Scanning data are increasingly used in building survey not only in cultural heritage domain but also for as-built modelling of large and medium size civil structures. However, raw point clouds derived from laser scanning generally not directly ready for the generation of such models. A time-consuming manual modelling phase has to...

This paper presents the photogrammetric pipeline behind the generation of the UAV-based orthophoto of the Basilica of Santa Maria di Collemaggio (L’Aquila, Italy). The 2009 L’Aquila earthquake caused serious damage to the basilica and a restoration work is currently in progress. A part of the research carried out by the authors was the investigatio...

This paper presents a methodology for historical map registration with a multi-image affine transformation estimated with a simultaneous Least Squares independent model adjustment. The method is based on two set of equations for (i) image-to-ground and (ii) image-to-image points and provides the rectification parameters with a global approach where...

Point cloud acquisition by using laser scanners provides an efficient way for 3D as-built modelling of indoor/outdoor urban environments. In the case of large structures, multiple scans may be required to cover the entire scene and registration is needed to merge them together. In general, the identification of corresponding geometric features amon...

Energy-efficient retrofitting of existing buildings is a key aspect for reaching the proposed energy consumption reduction targets fixed by public authorities in different countries. For this task, the availability of as-built building models is of primary importance for both diagnosis of thermal dispersion and designing of retrofitting. In this pa...

The paper illustrates the possibility to shift from a 3D content model to a Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) in order to support conservation and management of built heritage. This three-dimensional solution is based on parametric models, suitable for industrial elements and modern architecture, that can be usefully applied to heritag...

Steady technological progress has led to a noticeable advancement in disciplines associated with Earth observation. This has enabled information transition regarding changing scenarios, both natural and urban, to occur in (almost) real time. In particular, the need for integration on a local scale with the wider territorial framework has occurred i...

The HBIM of the Basilica di Collemaggio in L'Aquila is part of the restoration project of the building seriously damaged by the earthquake in 2009. The project "Ripartire da Collemaggio", funded by ENIservizi, involves an interdisciplinary group called to work together toward a common goal: the need of security of the structures and the need of con...

This paper presents a photogrammetric methodology for true-orthophoto generation with images acquired from UAV platforms. The method is an automated multistep workflow made up of three main parts: (i) image orientation through feature-based matching and collinearity equations / bundle block adjustment, (ii) dense matching with correlation technique...

Terrestrial laser scanning is increasingly used in architecture and building engineering for as-built modelling of large and medium size civil structures. However, raw point clouds derived from laser scanning survey are generally not directly ready for generation of such models. A manual modelling phase has to be undertaken to edit and complete 3D...

The research is part of a larger project, within an international cooperation, supported by UNESCO, for the study, restoration, and revitalization of Byzantine and Ottoman monuments in Southern Albania. The project was carried out on the Saint Nicholas monastic complex located in the Mesopotam area (Albania) by a multidisciplinary group of research...

The research presented here is carried out within the INTERREG EU project framework, which aims to the valorisation and dissemination of the role of the Church of St. Maria di Scaria (Como, Italy). It mainly focuses on the Carloni's intervention (XVIII century), a local family of craftsmen, famous across many European cities and regions contributin...

Automatic identification of high-level repeated structures in 3D point clouds of building façades is crucial for applications like digitalization and building modelling. Indeed, in many architectural styles building façades are governed by arrangements of objects into repeated patterns. In particular, façades are generally designed as the repetitio...

The research presented here is the result of two related theses, carried out in collaboration between PoliMi, (Italy) and NTUA, (Greece). Part of it is carried out within the INTERREG EU project framework, which aims to the valuation and dissemination of the role of the Church of S.Maria di Scaria (Vall' Intelvi) in the international European excha...

The paper illustrates the possibility to move from a 3D content model to an Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) to support conservation and management of built heritage. This three dimensional solution is based on simplified parametric models, suitable for industrial elements and modern architecture, that can be useful applied to heritag...

In the moment of global change, the "monitoring of change" is identified as one of the key challenges. The analysis of the territorial transformations increasingly rely upon integrated services based on geospatial information, creating thus a progressive demand of data sets and service providers and aiming at an extensive availability of these info...

The aim of this work is to study the value and potential of UAV technology as an instrument for documenting and analyzing a heritage site on both the detailed scale and the wider territorial scale. In particular, this paper will focus on the application of an UAV platform on the archeological site of Isola Comacina (Comacina Island), in the Lago di...

The integration of landscape into planning policies requires an articulated territorial approach supported by multi-dimensional and multi-temporal Spatial Data Infrastructure. It requests to improve SDI able to generate innovative typologies of representation with respect to ‘different points of view’. In fact, many landscape representations rely n...

In this paper we present an automated method to derive highly detailed 3D vector models of modern building façades from terrestrial laser scanning data. The developed procedure can be divided into two main steps: firstly the main elements constituting the façade are identified by means of a segmentation process, then the 3D vector model is generate...

Thermal efficiency of building is a fundamental aspect in different countries to reach energy consumption reduction. However, even if a great attention is paid to build new "zero-energy" buildings,low attention is paid to retrofit existing ones. A fast analysis of existing buildings with Infrared Thermography (IRT) has proved to be an adequate and...