R. Z. Abbas

University of Agriculture Faisalabad · Department of Veterinary Parasitology

Coccidiosis is a protozoan disease caused by Eimeria species and is a major threat to the poultry industry. Different anti-coccidial drugs (diclazuril, amprolium, halofuginone, ionophores, sulphaquinoxaline, clopidol, and ethopabate) and vaccines have been used for their control. Still, due to the development of resistance, their efficacy has been...

Anaplasma is an intracellular alphaproteobacteria that infects diverse blood cell types in animal hosts including small ruminants. Epidemiological and risk factors information on zoonotic anaplasmosis with respect to anaplasmosis in sheep and goats are scarce. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to estimate the prevalence, risk factor...

Mycotoxicosis is a serious threat to poultry, caused by ingesting contaminated feed with toxigenic fungi or mycotoxins. It is characterized by loss of performance, poor immune response, and/or even death within a short period. The traditional approaches for the control of mycotoxicosis are based on the use of synthetic feed additives or toxin binde...

Zoology: Advancements and Research Trends is a comprehensive compilation of cutting-edge research and insights in the field of Zoology. This book has been meticulously curated to serve as an invaluable resource for students, researchers, and professionals who are keen to explore the latest advancements and emerging trends in various sub-disciplines...

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is among the most potent genotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins and is a major source of distress for the growing poultry sector. On the other hand, distillery yeast sludge or distillery sludge (DS) is a byproduct of molasses-based industries. It is often treated as a waste despite containing abundant nutrients particularly prote...

Helminths are considered a significant threat to the livestock industry, as they cause substantial economic losses in small and large ruminant farming. Their morbidity and mortality rates are also increasing day by day as they have zoonotic importance. Anthelmintic drugs have been used for controlling these parasites; unfortunately, due to the deve...

Infection with the swine tapeworm (Taenia solium) causes a significant global burden of disease, not only in terms of human health, but also in terms of economic hardship on smallholder pig farmers due to pig cysticercosis infection. In most underdeveloped nations, neurocysticercosis accounts for around 30% of all epilepsy cases. The primary strate...

Book: Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Cryptosporidium is a primary cause of waterborne epidemics, despite being previously considered only an opportunistic pathogen. The disease is associated with significant economic losses in humans and animals that are brought on by diarrhea, which frequently causes dehydration. Contact with diseased people or animals, as well as polluted water, is...

Although parasites have a bad reputation and are frequently viewed as potentially hazardous animals, their importance to ecosystems and potential advantages to their hosts have been underappreciated. But parasites aren't always nasty. Some of them may even be highly advantageous to humans, animals, and other living things. In this article, the bene...

Background Tropical theileriosis is the most prevalent hemoprotozoan disease in Pakistan. Aims The study aimed to investigate the epidemiology and evolutionary relationship of Theileria annulata in bovines in diverse agro-climatic regions of Punjab, Pakistan. Methods 800 blood specimens were collected from asymptomatic cattle (n=480) and buffaloe...

Coccidiosis is one of the major parasitic diseases infecting almost all ruminants, including cows, buffalo, sheep, and goats. Coccidiosis is caused by the genus Eimeria, which are host-specific obligate intestinal parasites. These are found almost all over the world and cause infections leading to mortalities and morbidities. Coccidiosis is usuall...

The experiments were conducted to assess the acaricidal and repellent activities of Amomum subulatum (A. subulatum) (Black cardamom) essential oil against Hyalomma ticks in bovines. Gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was performed to identify the chemical components of A. subulatum essential oil. The acaricidal and repellent act...

Leishmaniasis is a protozoan infection with chronic manifestation, having high morbidity and mortality rates, and adversely affecting almost every species of animals. It is a globally prevalent vector-borne disease throughout all tropical and subtropical regions. Twenty intracellular species belonging to the genus Leishmania cause all types of leis...

Horses are companion animals that are reared for multipurpose such as riding, racing, plowing, pulling carts, etc. Therefore, the population of horses is increasing in Punjab. Horses are very sensitive to internal parasites and may frequently be prone to infection caused by small strongyles. Nematodes are responsible for poor health, reduced growth...

Oxidative stress is a key cause of gastrointestinal disorders, primarily stomach ulcers. Multiple intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms caused the body to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). The body's antioxidant defense system protects against these reactive species. When the degree of ROS production exceeds the normal range, the body's natural d...

Nanoparticles have been shown to inhibit major life cycle stages of ticks, indicative of the promising application of nanomaterials against hard ticks. The study thus probed into one of the alternative options to curtail Hyalomma by employing nanocomposites consisting of pyrethroids (cypermethrin and deltamethrin) coated nanoparticles of iron oxide...

Pests of livestock and agriculture present plenty of challenges when it comes to overall productivity. Owing to the non-judicious application of pesticides, the bugs of concern are developing resistance against therapeutic doses. The broader part of the picture is even more important, where the non-target organisms (including humans) are adversely...

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), produced by various species of toxigenic fungi, is among the most potent genotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins which act as a major source of distress for the growing poultry sector while distillery yeast sludge or distillery sludge (DS) is a byproduct of molasses-based industries and often treated as a waste despite of contain...

This study investigated the effects of herbal extracts on growth performance, organ development, immunity parameters and intestinal microbial population of broilers. A total of 840 (one day old, initial weight 45±2 g) broiler chicks were divided into 5 groups with 6 replicates having 28 chicks in each. The control group (G1) fed with basal diet, an...

Rhipicephalus ticks are described as important ticks impacting the costs of livestock rearing and by-products sale. The prevalence and response of ticks towards cypermethrin sprays indicate the need to implement the rational use of acaricides. In our previous studies, ZnO nanoparticles were shown to inhibit the major life-cycle stages of Hyalomma t...

Human African trypanosomiasis and nagana diseases are caused by Trypanosoma species transmitted by infected Glossina flies. The disease is prevalent in African countries, particularly in rural areas where the vector is freely present and people acquire the infection during farming, fishing, hunting, or washing clothes. The control of tsetse fly...

Tick infestations can have negative impacts on the poultry industry, especially on broiler and egg-laying hens. Controlling ectoparasites is critical to maintain farm biosafety, and a lack of control increases the risk of poultry-related health problems and economic losses. There are two types of ticks: hard ticks and soft ticks. Among soft ticks,...

Worldwide, microbial infections have a serious impact because they cause infectious diseases, death, and significant economic losses. Zoonosis is now a major public health issue on a global scale because of the fast expansion of human exploitation of nature and animal husbandry. Notably, in the past 30 years, over 30 novel human infections have bee...

AB S T RA C T Dermanyssus gallinae (Poultry red mite) is known to be the most dangerous ectoparasite of poultry. Specifically, it causes vascular damage, loss of blood, skin rashes in the host, and sometimes leads to death. D. gallinae has animal health and welfare issues but it mainly affects eggs-production industry. Global annual loss due to D....

Parasitic diseases causing considerable losses are one of the most common infections in humans, animals, and birds. This review emphasizes the devastation of the poultry industry by parasites and the use of bioactive components of plants as an alternative to control the damage. Synthetic medicines that are used in poultry as anthelmintic lead to th...

The Newcastle disease (ND) and avian influenza (AI) are two crucial viral ailments of poultry birds. In field conditions, these are controlled by vaccination and biosecurity measures. The cumbersome application process, potential for reversion to the wild pathogen, and financial load on farmers are only a few drawbacks of the currently available ND...

ZOONOSIS: Book Chapter Invitation

Zoonosis

In the last few decades, the prevalence of ticks has increased showing the positive effect of climate change towards ticks (Cunze et al. 2022). Apart from increased tick prevalence, the impact of climate change on the host’s behaviour is also an important factor in the emergence of a disease (Gray and Ogden 2021). Ticks act as vectors for transmiss...

The well-being of humans and animals is pretty much interdependent. It’s impossible to ensure human health, food security and food safety, and welfare without considering animal and environmental health. The need to enhance the collaboration between animal health workers and medical professionals, researchers, and academicians has moved the editors...

The reverse genetic system for the LaSota strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) based on RNA POL II promoter is currently unavailable. This study was designed to produce the LaSota virus from the cDNA in the laboratory. The cDNA was cloned in mammalian expression vector pcDNA 3.1 and it was flanked by hammerhead and hepatitis delta virus ribo...

Human toxocariasis is a highly prevalent zoonosis worldwide but is underreported in most countries. This study was conducted to evaluate Toxocara canis seropositivity in different exposure sub-groups located in the Mardan, Swabi, and Nowshera districts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Northwest Pakistan. A total of 400 blood samples were colle...

In spite of being an emerging global issue, vector-borne zoonosis is often ignored in different developing nations including Pakistan. In the last three decades, different disease outbreaks have occurred in various regions of the world; spread by vectors including fleas, mosquitoes, ticks, and tsetse flies. Thus, these vectors pose a great threat t...

Coccidiosis is acclaimed as the most prevalent enteric parasitic ailment of poultry. It is caused by an apicomplexan protozoon of the genus Eimeria, which resides in chicken intestinal epithelium leading to intestinal damage. As a result, bloody droppings are there, feed efficiency is reduced, the growth rate is impaired, and egg production is temp...

Avian influenza (AI) is a zoonotic viral endemic disease that affects poultry, swine, and mammals, including humans. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is caused by influenza type A virus subtypes H5, and H7 which are naturally carried by a wild bird and often affect domestic poultry. Avian influenza (AI) is a major problem worldwide that cau...

Ehrlichiosis is an infectious disease caused by Ehrlichia canis (E. canis) genus and arthropod vectors. It is considered endemic in many parts of the world among dogs. But due to lack of research on cats, there isn't enough information available. The limited reports available on feline Ehrlichiosis relied on the detection of morulae in leukocytes....

Background Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotically important parasite infecting almost all vertebrates. The parasite can easily infect humans through the fecal-oral route, particularly immunocompromised individuals, and children. Due to lack of epidemiological data regarding the occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii in people living with HIV in Pakistan, the...

Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is one of the most important vector-borne diseases of zoonotic potential that can be acquired following the bite of the Hyalomma species of ticks. It is a highly prevalent disease in Asia and the Middle East. The risk factors of this disease are contact with infected tissue, blood, patient, or livestock in the...

Synthetic drugs are mostly used for the control and prevention of parasitic ailments in ruminants. However, the resource-poor people of developing countries use herbal medicines to treat their animals. Ethnoveterinary medicine along with its huge beneficial effects also prevents the emergence of drug resistance. Therefore, it is necessary to valida...

The present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of dietary Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MLM) supplementation against high temperature-induced stress in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). A total of 180 apparent healthy juvenile grass carp (15.48 g ± 0.054) were divided into three groups in triplicate (20 fish in each replicate...

The poultry sector is facing infections from Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria and Staphylococcus spp., and Escherichia coli, that have developed multidrug resistance aptitude. Antibiotics cause disturbances in the balance of normal microbiota leading to dysbiosis, immunosuppression, and the development of secondary infections. Bacteriophages hav...

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have involved a lot of consideration owing to their distinctive features. ZnO NPs can be described as particularly synthesized mineral salts via nanotechnology, varying in size from 1 to 100 nm, while zinc oxide (ZnO), it is an inorganic substrate of zinc (Zn). Zn is a critical trace element necessary for various...

Nanotechnology has played a vital role in providing better answers to the questions regarding viral veterinary diseases over the course of past years. Viruses have been responsible for causing several kinds of diseases in all living beings. Previously viruses have been very hard to fight off because of their rapid mutation along with our inability...

Avian influenza (AI) is a zoonotic viral endemic disease that affects poultry, swine, and mammals, including humans. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is caused by influenza type A virus subtypes H5, and H7 which are naturally carried by a wild bird and often affect domestic poultry. Avian influenza (AI) is a major problem worldwide that cau...

Background: Babesiosis is endemic in Pakistan and is one of the most important bovine diseases that causes huge economic losses and high mortality in young animals. A hematobiochemical study was conducted to unveil the difference between diseased and healthy animals in selected districts i.e., Faisalabad (31° 25' 7.3740'' N and 73° 4' 44.7924'' E),...

Chicken coccidiosis is an economically significant disease of commercial chicken industry accounting for losses of more than £10.4 billion (according to 2016 prices). Additionally, the costs incurred in prophylaxis and therapeutics against chicken coccidiosis in developing countries (for instance Pakistan according to 2018 prices) reached US $45,00...

To control coccidiosis, anticoccidials are generally used as feed additives. However, the frequent usage has given rise to the occurrence of resistant strains to available anticoccidial drugs. Botanicals may work as substitutes to anticoccidial drugs. Th e current research was designed to evaluate the efficacy of aqueous methanol extracts of Glycyr...

Avian coccidiosis is caused by genus Eimeria (E.) i.e. E. maxima, E. necatrix, E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. brunette and E. mitis and lead to three billion US dollar per year economic loss in poultry industry and reduces the growth performance of birds. To purge undesirable foreign agents, immune system produces a variety of molecules and cells th...

There is a dearth of knowledge regarding transmission of Cryptosporidium (C) and Giardia (G) species through water and water-related sources in Pakistan. To this end, we conducted a study to evaluate the prevalence of these parasites in different water bodies, soil, and mixed raw vegetables in Pakistan. Researchers collected 200 samples from each r...

The reverse genetic system for the LaSota strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) based on RNA POL II promoter is currently unavailable. This study was designed to produce the LaSota virus from the cDNA in the laboratory. The cDNA was cloned in mammalian expression vector pcDNA 3.1 and it was flanked by hammerhead and hepatitis delta virus ribo...

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) are serious issue for health of wild sheep kept in captivity. Chemically synthesized anthelmintics are regularly used to control these parasites. In recent years anthelmintic resistance and remnant of drugs in animal products leads to use of medicinal plants as alternative to anthelmintics. In current study, the ef...

The poultry sector is vibrant, fast growing and potential sector playing an important role in food security and economy of developing countries (Abbas et al. 2020; Zhang et al. 2020). Each year, over 50 billion chickens are raised as a source of meat, accounting for over one-third of protein source in food of humans (Quiroz-Castañedaet al. 2015). H...

Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are blood-feeding parasites capable of transmitting diseases to animals (Piroplasmosis) and humans (Congo fever, Lyme disease). The non-judicious use of chemical acaricides has led to the development of acaricide-resistant ticks, making the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases difficult. This study reports the efficacy o...

Biotechnological research and development is rapidly expanding. Biotechnology has been increasingly important for the overall growth of aquaculture, agribusiness, especially changed people's life in past few years. Biotechnology has given us technological skills and incredible capacity to develop genetic variants and genetic mutations in crops, liv...

The well-being of animals is pretty much intercalated. It’s impossible to ensure human health, food security and food safety, and welfare without considering animal health. The need to enhance the collaboration among animal health workers, researchers, and academicians have moved the editors to develop this publication. The book takes into account...

Use of antibiotics without following standard guidelines is routine practice in developing countries which is giving rise to genetic divergence and increased drug resistance. The current study analyzed genetic divergence and drug resistance by S. aureus and therapeutic efficacy of novel antibiotic combinations. The study revealed that 42.30% (minim...

Livestock is an integral part of agriculture countries where ticks play significant role as potent pests causing considerable losses to economy and health. Drug resistance has made these pests supersede conventional therapies and control programs Nanotechnology here comes as an advancing and significant candidate alternatively able to reverse drug...