Qayyum Husain

Aligarh Muslim University | AMU · Department of Biochemistry

Interpreting the relationship between the activity and structure of β-galactosidase is necessary to perceive the impact of the enzyme’s conformation on its catalysis. The current study thoroughly explains the effects of additives such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), dithiothreitol (DTT), and urea on β-galact...

Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease management is highly dependent on the immune status of the infected individual. An increase in the incidence of depression has been observed during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Autoantibodies against in vitro reactive oxygen species (ROS) modified BSA and Lys as well as antibodies against receptor binding domai...

Lactose intolerance is a common pathology that occurs due to the reduced activity of β-galactosidase leaving undigested lactose in the intestine. About 70% of the world population suffers from this condition. The gastro intestinal symptoms associated with this condition are diarrhoea, pain, nausea, bloating, flatulence, etc. It has been reported th...

In this report, we describe a bioaffinity based immobilization protocol of β-galactosidase on silica-coated titanium dioxide nanocomposite modified using concanavalin A. The prepared nanobiocatalyst displayed a phenomenally high yield of immobilization (221.7%). The nanocomposite was characterized using electron dispersive spectroscopic analysis, s...

Purpose: Diabetes mellitus and periodontitis are inflammatory diseases, the severity of inflammation results in the progression and persistence of both the disorders and affects bones. Diabetic complications aggravate in diabetic subjects having periodontitis; similarly, diabetic patients are more prone to developing gingivitis and periodontitis....

The enzyme β-galactosidase is found almost in all types of organisms such as microorganisms, yeast, fungi, plants, animals, and recombinant organisms. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose present in milk and dairy products. This enzyme is used in the production of lactose free milk for the lactose intolerant patients. However, soluble enzyme has...

Background: This cross-sectional study investigated the bone mineral density (BMD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects with or without chronic periodontitis (CP). Methods: A total of 120 subjects aged 35‒55, divided equally into four groups: i) T2DM with CP, ii) T2DM without CP, iii) CP alone, and iv) healthy patients, were included in t...

β-Galactosidase was immobilized on modified nanosilver reduced graphene oxide (Ag@rGO) nanocomposite prepared by in vitro synthesis using same enzyme. The effectiveness factor, η value of the immobilized enzyme was calculated to be 0.968, suggesting enhancement in enzyme activity after immobilization. The morphological structure of the crosslinked...

We report biological procedure of synthesising nano-gold (AuNPs) over reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using physiologically important enzyme β galactosidase. The Au@rGO NC was characterised using biophysical techniques. Au@rGO immobilised with glucose oxidase (GOx) was achieved by drop-coating glassy carbon electrode surface with Nafion (Nf) as preser...

Peroxidases from Ziziphus mauritiana leaves were immobilized via complexation with gellan gum, followed by crosslinking. The impact of combined complexation-crosslinking approach on the activity and stability of the per-oxidases was studied by employing the biocatalyst for the degradation of acid black 1. As compared to free per-oxidases, complexed...

The current investigation reports bactericidal and cytotoxicity evaluation of bio-enzymatically formulated nano‑gold (AuNPs) using physiologically significant enzyme β galactosidase. The AuNPs were characterized using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The anti-pathogenic efficacy of AuNPs as a potential drug was observed against five contag...

Functionalized graphene oxide nano-sheets (PAni-Ag-GONC) were prepared and employed as carrier for covalent immobilization of trypsin. This low cost setting, which involves loading of high amount of enzyme on matrix, displayed significantly enhanced thermo-stability and pH resistance. The nano-composite (NC) bound trypsin preserved 90% of activity...

Enzyme engineering is a powerful tool to fine‐tune the enzymes. It is a technique by which the stability, activity, and specificity of the enzymes can be altered. Characteristic properties of an enzyme can be amended by immobilization and protein engineering. Among them, protein engineering is the most promising, as in addition to amending the stab...

Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) was treated with surfactants and immobilized onto the novel formulated magnetic graphene anchored silica nanocomposite (Fe3O4/SiO2/Gr NC). For this purpose, the surface of lipase was initially coated with Triton-X 100 and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactants, to stabilize enzyme in its open form and was then adsorb...

In the present study, specialized methodology of utilizing novel nanobiocatalyst, chitosan coated magnetic graphene (Fe3O4/GO/CS), for efficacious immobilization of Trichoderma reesei cellulase, an important industrial enzyme was revealed. The cellulase was covalently immobilized onto the nanocomposite (NC) using covalent-glutaraldehyde coupling me...

In this study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the effect of products of β-galactosidase (βGS) catalyzed reaction i.e. glucose and galactose and their structurally related compound vitamin C (VC) on the catalytic activity of native and PANI-CS-NC and PANI-CS-Ag-NC adsorbed βGS. Results indicated a decline in catalytic activity of soluble enzym...

Oxidative stress has significant contribution in on-set and progression of diabetes. The disease onset leads to elevated levels of free radicals rendering the oxidant-inducing mechanisms incapable of protecting cellular organelles from inflicted damage. Herein, β-galactosidase-mediated bio-enzymatic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) w...

The dyes are the most important and largest class of synthetic compounds employed in different commercial applications. The enzymes have demonstrated their potential in decolorizing industrially important dyes from polluted water. The use of immobilized peroxidases has resolved the difficulties arise by the application of free peroxidases. Numerous...

Surface modification of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) could enhance the features of the nanomaterial as carrier for enzyme immobilization. In this strategy, magnetic MWCNTs were fabricated by incorporating them with cobalt and functionalization was carried out by aminated polydopamine. The surface modified MWCNTs were then used as a carrier...

Herein, as a promising support, a magnetic enzyme nanoformulation have been designed and fabricated by a poly-o-toluidine modification approach. Owing to the magnetic nature and the existence of amine functionalized groups, the as-synthesised poly(o-toluidine) functionalized magnetic nanocomposite (Fe3O4@POT) was employed as potential support for C...

The ever-growing occurrence of intolerance to dairy products has led to an enormous requirement for immobilization of β galactosidase. In this report, we have shown the immobilization of β galactosidase onto polyaniline doped magnetic graphene (Fe3O4@PANI-GO) nanocomposite. A comparative analysis has been carried out for the integration via physica...

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) from non-enzymatic glycation are implicated in several degenerative diseases, including being a crucial contributor in secondary complications of diabetes. This has garnered significant scientific interest in inhibiting agents of AGEs to prevent and remediate disorders arising due to glycation. In the current...

In the present study, oxido-reductive degradation of diazo dye, Direct Red 23, has been carried out by Ziziphus mauritiana peroxidases (specific activity 17.6 U mg⁻¹). Peroxidases have been immobilized via simple adsorption and cross-linking by glutaraldehyde; adsorbed and cross-linked enzyme retained 94.28% and 91.23% of original activity, respect...

In present chapter, an effort has been done to review the role of immobilized peroxidases in the removal of phenolic pollutants from wastewater or industrial effluents. Immobilized peroxidases were found significantly more stable against several kinds of denaturants such as the broad ranges of pH and temperatures, organic solvents, and other forms...

This book introduces readers to industrially important enzymes and discusses in detail their structures and functions, as well as their manifold applications. Due to their selective biocatalytic capabilities, enzymes are used in a broad range of industries and processes. The book highlights selected enzymes and their applications in agriculture, fo...

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) based biosensors are recognized to be a next generation building block for ultrasensitive and fast biosensing systems. This article starting with a brief history on CNTs provides an overview on the recent expansion of research in the field of CNT-based biosensors. This is followed by the discussion on structure and propertie...

β-Galactosidase is vital to dairy industries because it catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose into glucose and galactose making it useful for lactose intolerant patients to consume milk and its products. The present study demonstrates the effect of metal ions commonly found in milk, namely Zn²⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mn²⁺ on the activity of native and polyani...

This study presents an effective method to enhance the proteolytic activity of trypsin by designing a nanobioconjugate of trypsin and polydopamine coated silver nanoparticles (Ag-PDA). Ag-PDA nanocomposite was synthesized and trypsin was covalently attached to this matrix. A multifold enhancement in enzyme activity was observed after conjugation, w...

BACKGROUND Aspergillus oryzae β‐galactosidase, β‐gal (EC.3.2.1.23) was physically adsorbed on polyaniline‐chitosan nanocomposite (PANI‐CS‐NC) and polyaniline chitosan silver nanocomposite (PANI‐CS‐Ag‐NC). Stability and kinetic studies were assessed along with reusability and molecular docking interactions. RESULTS According to transmission electro...

The fabrication of nanoparticles (NPs) has been a wide realm of studies focusing majorly on their dispersion and stabilization. The use of biological components as reducing agents has led to emergence of environment-friendly and cost-effective approaches of synthesis. The primary aim was synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) mediated by enzyme...

Ginger peroxidase (GP) was entrapped into the hydrogels of guar gum (GG)-alginate/agarose and these immobilized GP preparations were employed for the treatment of textile effluent. GG is a natural hydrophilic polysaccharide which may form complex with enzyme increasing its molecular dimension that can be easily retained inside the entrapping suppor...

This work was performed to describe the facile procedure of a novel nanobiocatalyst, nano cellulose fused polypyrrole/graphene oxide nanocomposite for the efficacious immobilization of lipase, a versatile hydrolytic enzyme having potential applications in industries. The fabricated nanocomposite was characterized using Fourier transform infrared sp...

In present study polypyrrole-zirconium(IV)selenoiodate cation exchanger nanocomposite (PZrSeI-CENC) was employed to immobilize ginger peroxidase (GP) via strong electrostatic interactions. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy was done to characterize the PZrSeI-CENC before and af...

In the present study novel polypyrrole-cellulose-graphene oxide nanocomposite (PCeGONC) was employed for the immobilization of ginger peroxidase (GP) via simple adsorption mechanism. Immobilization of enzyme on the obtained support resulted in enhancement of the enzyme activity. The recovery of activity was 128% of the initial activity. Consequentl...

The enzymes proteases have attracted a lot of attention due to their high demand in various industrial and other sectors since past several decades. Nanosupport bound proteases showed high efficiency of binding and yield of immobilization. Enzymes attached to such support were found significantly more resistant to the denaturation mediated by chang...

In the present study novel polypyrrole-cellulose-graphene oxide nanocomposite (PCeGONC) was employed for the immobilization of ginger peroxidase (GP) via simple adsorption mechanism. Immobilization of enzyme on the obtained support resulted in enhancement of the enzyme activity. The recovery of activity was 128% of the initial activity. Consequentl...

The application of simple and modified carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has attracted a remarkable attention for the development of new immobilization matrices for glucose oxidase (GOx) on the surface of electrodes. The aim of this article is to review the literature based on the glucose biosensors designed by immobilizing GOx on the surface of electrodes t...

The unexpected discovery of graphene and especially the follow-up explosion of interest in its properties and applications marked the beginning of a new carbon era. Graphene-based nanostructured materials are highly useful because they show great promise in the field of biotechnology and biomedicine. Owing to their unique structural features, excep...

Graphene based nanocomposites have successfully been employed for high yield and stable immobilization of oxidoreductive and hydrolytic enzymes. Enzymes immobilized both via adsorption and covalent attachment on graphene nanocomposites were found highly stable against various types of denaturants and were noticed less sensitive to inhibition mediat...

Enzymatic biocatalysis holds vast reputation on an industrial scale. The major hindrance faced by enzymes is of denaturation under various conditions. In this work, we report that activity and stability of the enzymes can be enhanced by their immobilization on novel synthesized amine groups containing polypyrrole-methylanthranilate titanium oxide n...

Background: Con A, a lectin extract from jackbean Canavalia ensiformis is known for its agglutination activity. ZnO nanoparticles promote the faster electron transfer between the lectin immobilized and the target cells. Hence, Con A immobilized on ZnO nanoparticles will agglutinate cells more effectively than the native protein. Objectives: Conc...

The present study aimed to work out a high yield procedure for immobilization of Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase on polyaniline cobalt multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite (PANI/Co/MWCNTNC) by physical adsorption and covalent attachment via glutaraldehyde. The binding was confirmed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy along wit...

Enzymes perform an essential role in catalysing extensive reactions. Yet, their instability upon repetitive use, as well as their activity inhibition by different solvent remains a cumbersome task. We present here a simple method to immobilize Aspergillus niger lipase (ANL) onto polyaniline–silver functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposites (PANI/...

Numerous types of nanoparticles and nanocomposites have successfully been employed for the immobilization and stabilization of amylolytic enzymes; α-amylases, β-amylases, glucoamylases and pullulanases. Nano-support immobilized amylolytic enzymes retained very high activity and yield of immobilization. The immobilization of these enzymes, particula...

This study describes the immobilization of ginger peroxidase on amino-functionalized silica-coated titanium dioxide nanocomposite and its application in bioremediation process. A dramatic enhancement in enzyme activity was observed after immobilization on nanosupport which was evident from the effectiveness factor (η) value of 1.76. Immobilization...

This review article demonstrates the immobilization of lipases by using various kinds of nanoparticles and nanocomposites. Lipases have successfully been immobilized on/in different nanomaterials by maintaining very high enzyme activities and yields of immobilization. Nanomaterials bound lipases showed enhanced activity and enantioselectivity, very...

This study describes the immobilization of ginger peroxidase on amino-functionalized silica-coated titanium dioxide nanocomposite and its application in bioremediation process. A dramatic enhancement in enzyme activity was observed after immobilization on nanosupport which was evident from the effectiveness factor (η) value of 1.76. Immobilization...

Magnetic nanoparticles due to their unique properties have emerged as an excellent support for the immobilization/stabilization of enzymes. Various kinds of required modifications in magnetic nanoparticles have been made in order to use them for immobilization of enzymes, hydrolases. Most of the magnetic nanoparticles bound hydrolases exhibited sig...

The present study demonstrates an efficient method for high yield immobilization of Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase onto graphene-iron oxide nanocomposites ([email protected]3O4 NCs) by a simple adsorption mechanism. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction and FT-Raman spectroscopy, and by vibrating sample magnetom...

Nanocellulose (NC) from cellulosic biomass has recently gained attention owing to their biodegradable nature, low density, high mechanical properties, economic value and renewability. They still suffer, however, some drawbacks. The challenges are the exploration of raw materials, scaling, recovery of chemicals utilized for the production or functio...

Textile industries are releasing a large number of toxic synthetic dyes into waste waters. Hence, the removal of such compounds from environment prior to their final disposal is necessary. In the present study, potential use of ginger (Zingiber officinale) peroxidase in decolorization and detoxification of direct blue 80 has been investigated. It w...

Immobilization of biologically important molecules on a myriad of nanosized materials has attracted great attention due to their small size, biocompatibility, higher surface-to-volume ratio, and lower toxicity. These properties make nanoparticles (NPs) a superior matrix over bulk material for the immobilization of enzymes and proteins. In the prese...

We have investigated the impact of Khat consumption on the liver and renal functions of the users of Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. The effect of Khat chewing has also been evaluated on the profile of lipids. This study was mainly conducted to examine the liver and kidney functions of the people using every day Khat. We collected blood from 50 Khat-...

It is well known that oxidant-antioxidant imbalance plays a key role in the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To examine the role of altered levels of oxidant-antioxidants in disease severity of COPD and correlate it with the degree of airflow obstruction. We assessed malondialdehyde (MDA), total protein carbonyl and...

Purpose: To study the factors influencing sputum smear conversion including Serum C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and its correlation with disease severity in tuberculosis patients. Method: Levels of Serum-CRP concentrations were deter-mined in 60 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 30 healthy volunteers and patients in follow-up after completion of ant...

Asthma is a chronic airway disorder which is associated to the inflammatory cells. Inflammatory and immune cells generate more reactive oxygen species in patients suffering from asthma which leads to tissue injury. To investigate the role of oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in disease progression of asthmatic patients. In this study, 130 asthmatic pat...

The size distribution of nanomaterials and their similarity in size with enzyme molecules together with other advantageous properties such as thermal stability, high surface-to-volume ratio, and irradiation resistance have revolutionized nanobiocatalytic approaches in various areas of enzyme technology. In the present study, polyaniline-assisted Ag...

The aim of this study was to develop a system based on the use of immobilized horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for the removal of color due to azo dyes from a textile effluent. The maximum binding of HRP on a β-cyclodextrin (CD)–chitosan complex was achieved at pH 8.0. Oxidative removal of azo dyes from effluent by water-soluble and β-CD–chitosan–HRP i...

Bisphenol A is predominantly used as an intermediate in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Traces of bisphenol A released into the environment can reach into the wastewater and soil via application of sewage sludge from wastewater treatment systems that receive water containing bisphenol A, or from leachate from uncontrolled...

The present study deals with the immobilization of Aspergillus oryzae β galactosidase on concanavalin A layered Celite 545 as bioaffinity support. The activity yield of crosslinked enzyme was 71%. Michaelis constant, Km was 2.45mM and 5.58mM for soluble and crosslinked adsorbed β galactosidase, respectively. Vmax for soluble and crosslinked adsorbe...

Enzymes play a pivotal role in catalyzing diverse reactions. However, their instability upon repetitive/prolonged use, as well as their inhibition by high substrates and product concentration, remains an area of concern. In this study, porcine pancreatic α-amylase was immobilized on magnetic Fe2O3 nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) in order to hydrolyze sta...

The aim of this study was to quantify lung oxidative stress in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by measuring levels of exhaled carbon monoxide and nitric oxide. Levels of exhaled carbon monoxide, nitric oxide were evaluated in exhaled air of asthma and COPD patients. Moreover, correlation of CO and NO concentrations wi...

Due to the indiscriminate and frequent release of hazardous and harmful substances, environmental pollution is increasing day-by-day. Decolorization of textile wastewaters containing high concentration of colored effluents has attracted the attention of environmentalists concerning their toxicity to aquatic life and mutagenicity to humans. Presentl...

Proteins adsorbed on nanoparticles (NPs) are being used in biotechnology, biosensors and drug delivery. However, understanding the effect of NPs on the structure of proteins is still in a nascent state. In the present paper tin oxide (SnO2) NPs were synthesized by the reaction of SnCl4·5H2O in methanol via the sol-gel method and characterized by x-...

The peroxidase/reverse micelle (RM) system effectively catalyzed the oxidation reaction in cyclohexane, while peroxidase from bitter gourd in aqueous buffer exhibited low catalytic activity. The oxidation of methyl parathion (MPT) has been optimized with effects of pH in the water pools, concentration of peroxidase and degree of surfactant hydratio...

In the present study, peroxidase from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds was used for the oxidative degradation and polymerization of an organophosphorus pesticide, methyl parathion. Methyl parathion was recalcitrant to the action of fenugreek seed peroxidase. In order to oxidize methyl parathion effectively byperoxidase, the role of some...

In this study, immobilization of partially purified almond (Amygdalus communis) β-galactosidase on Con A layered calcium alginate-cellulose beads was investigated. Immobilized β-galactosidase retained 72% of the initial activity after crosslinking by glutaraldehyde. Both soluble and immobilized enzyme exhibited the same pH and temperature optima at...

Several new types of carriers and technologies have been implemented in the recent past to improve traditional enzyme immobilization which aimed to enhance enzyme loading, activity and stability to decrease the enzyme biocatalyst cost in industrial biotechnology. These include cross-linked enzyme aggregates, microwave-assisted immobilization, click...

Several new types of carrier and technology have been implemented in the recent past to improve traditional enzyme immobilization which aims to enhance enzyme loading, activity and stability in order to decrease the cost of enzyme in industrial processes. Thus, the present study aimed to work out a simple and high yield procedure for the immobiliza...

Calcium-alginate pectin entrapped bitter gourd peroxidase (BGP) has been employed for the treatment of disperse dyes: Disperse Brown 1 (DB 1) and Disperse Red 17 (DR 17). Peroxidase alone was unable to decolorize DR 17 and DB 1. However, the investigated dyes were decolorized maximally by BGP in the presence of 0.2 mmol/L redox mediator, violuric a...

The present study aimed to work out a simple and high yield procedure for the immobilization of β galactosidase on bioaffinity support, concanavalin A (Con A) layered zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP). Thermogravimetric analysis of bioaffinity support revealed 4% loss in weight at 600°C whereas its thermal decomposition was observed at 530°C by dif...

This study presents direct immobilization of peroxidases from ammonium sulphate fractionated proteins of bitter gourd on cost free support, fly ash. Activated fly ash (η, 0.84) was quite effective in high yield immobilization of peroxidase from bitter gourd and it bind nearly 1113 enzyme units per g of support in sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0. This...

The authors attempted to survey literature based on the role of immobilized peroxidases in the treatment and remediation of various types of organic pollutants present in wastewater. Peroxidases from fungal (Caldariomyces fumago, Lentinula edodes, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus pulmonarius, Aspergillus oryzae, Trametes versicolor, Chrysonil...

Concanavalin A layered calcium alginate-cellulose beads adsorbed and cross-linked peroxidase of Momordica charantia was employed for the treatment of p-bromophenol polluted water. Immobilized peroxidase showed remarkably higher storage stability and retained about 78% phenolic compound removal efficiency over a period of one-month's storage at 4 °C...

The present study demonstrates the immobilization of Aspergillus oryzae β galactosidase on native zinc oxide (ZnO) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) by simple adsorption mechanism. The binding of enzyme on ZnO-NP was confirmed by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Native ZnO and ZnO-NP showed 60% and 85% immobi...

Present study demonstrates the immobilization of acetone fractionated Ipomoea batata (sweet potato) β amylase on an inorganic support, Celite-545 by simple adsorption mechanism. The adsorbed enzyme exhibited an activity yield of 244 U g-1 of the matrix with effectiveness factor 'η' 0.83. Interaction between Celite-545 and enzyme was confirmed by fo...

Immobilization of Aspergillus oryzae β galactosidase on concanavalin A-layered calcium alginate-cellulose beads and its application in lactose hydrolysis in continuous spiral bed reactors In this study, Aspergillus oryzae β galactosidase was immobilized on concanavalin A layered calcium alginate-cellulose beads as a bioaffinity support. Immobilized...

Bitter gourd peroxidase entrapped on calcium-alginate-starch beads was employed for the treatment of water, polluted with benzidine, in a batch process as well as in a continuous reactor. The immobilized enzyme had the same pH and temperature optima as the soluble enzyme. The immobilized enzyme could effectively remove more than 70% of benzidine in...

In the present study peroxidase has been immobilized simply by adsorption on fly ash. On fly ash adsorbed nearly 1113 U of peroxidase activity per g. Comparative degradation of endocrine disrupter, bisphenol A has been performed by soluble and immobilized enzyme. Soluble and immobilized enzyme removed maximum bisphenol A in the presence of 0.3mM gu...