Pramote Paengkoum

• PhD (Animal Nutrition)
• Professor (Associate) at Suranaree University of Technology

In order to obtain high-performing yeast strains from ruminants, it is necessary to select them from species such as beef cattle, dairy cows, goats, and buffalo. A total of 91 isolated yeasts were collected using the standard methods of microbial culture on agar medium followed by streaking on a plate at least three times until pure yeast colonies...

This study aimed to reveal the effect of traditional Chinese herbal medicine residues (TCHMR) on growth performance, hematology, ruminal microbiota, and economic benefits of Guizhou black male goats through the fermented total mixed ration (FTMR) diet technique. A total of 22 Guizhou black male goats with an initial weight of 21.77 ± 0.85 kg were r...

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with fermented cassava pulp by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (FCSC) in the diet of growing goats. Growing goats were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments according to replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design. Dietary treatments were five levels of replacement SBM to FC...

In this study, our subjects were 18 female crossbred Saanen lactating goats; the goats weighed approximately 43.25 ± 2.35 kg and had been producing milk for 14 ± 2 days. They were assigned to three equally sized experimental groups based on the cycle of the lactation period. In accordance with the randomized complete block design (RCBD), six animal...

The black soldier fly larvae (BSF) are used as a substitute for soybean meal due to their high crude protein content. This experiment aims to assess the impact of heat treatment on the rumen degradability of BSF and protein digestion in the small intestine using the in situ nylon bag method and the three-step in vitro method. This study comprises a...

Objective: Black soldier fly (BSF) as an animal protein feed source is currently becoming a research hot topic. This study investigated the effects of the BSF as a protein feed source for goats on slaughter performance, muscle nutrient composition, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, and antioxidant levels. Methods: Thirty Qianbei Ma goats (20.3...

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of different levels of BSF on rumen in vitro fermentation gas production, methane (CH4) production, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The experiment comprised four treatments, each with five replicates. The control group contained no BSF (BSF0), and the treatment gr...

Macleaya cordata extract (MCE) is a potential replacement for antibiotics. In the current study, effects of MCE on the gastrointestinal health and humoral responses of host animals were explored. A total of 30 weanling goats with similar body weight of 9.15 ± 1.36 kg were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 10 per group): control group (CON g...

Objective: This research aims to explore the nutritional and bioactive peptide properties of goat meat taken from various primal cuts, including the breast, shoulder, rib, loin, and leg, to produce these bioactive peptides during in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) digestion and absorption.Methods: The goat meat from various primal cuts was obtained fro...

Lycopene is a kind of natural carotenoid that could achieve antioxidant, anti-cancer, lipid-lowering and immune-improving effects by up-regulating or down-regulating genes related to antioxidant, anti-cancer, lipid-lowering and immunity. Furthermore, lycopene is natural, pollution-free, and has no toxic side effects. The application of lycopene in...

Oxidative stress resulting from an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants can cause damage to certain cellular components. Purple Napier grass, a semi-dwarf variety, is characterized by its purple leaves and contains anthocyanins, which provide it with antioxidant properties. This study examined the effects of feeding purple Napier grass (“Pri...

Due to its low lipid content (≤ 2%), goat meat has been recognized as a healthier alternative meat source. Lipid is susceptible to oxidation, which contributes to the development of meat flavor. Different cooking methods induce varying degrees of lipid oxidation, resulting in meat with desirable qualities. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate...

The lipid and volatile profiles of goat primal cuts (shoulder, rib, loin, breast, and leg), as well as their potential impact on nutritional and flavor/taste attributes, were investigated. The breast cuts had the lowest protein but the highest fat content. Triacylglycerol was the predominant lipid in all cuts (82.22–88.01%), while the breast cuts h...

Thai-Native (TN) x Anglo-Nubian (AN) goat meat cooked by grilling (GR), sous vide (SV), and microwave (MW), was compared to fresh meat (Raw) in terms of flavor development. Non-volatile (i.e., free amino acids, nucleotide-related compounds, taste active values (TAVs) and umami equivalency, sugars, lipid oxidation, Maillard reaction products) and vo...

Introduction The primary objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of Flammulina velutipes mushroom residue (FVMR) in a fermented total mixed ration (FTMR) diet on the fattening effect and rumen microorganisms in Guizhou black male goats. Methods A total of 22 Guizhou black male goats were allocated into two groups using the Rando...

The grass known as Anthocyanin-rich black cane (aBC) contains a high amount of lignin and carbohydrates, as well as a plentiful supply of anthocyanins. When molasses (MS) and/or ferrous sulphate (FS) mixtures are added to the ensiled grass, there may be positive effects on the quality of silage and the performance of ruminants. Through a series of...

The effect of protein intake on nutrient metabolism and growth performance of female ≥ 50% Boer crossbred goats was investigated, along with protein requirements for their maintenance. Sixteen does were divided into four groups that were fed different levels of crude protein relative to the level recommended for purebred Boer by NRC (2007): 85% (0....

This study aims to investigate the effect of neem leaf supplementation on the feed intake, digestibility, performance, fermentation characteristics, and ruminal microbes in goats. We included 24 Anglo-Nubian Thai native male goats with a body weight of 20 ± 2.0 kg, using 2 × 2 factorial in a completely randomized design for the following four treat...

Purple Napier grass is a semi-dwarf, purple-leaved Napier grass. The purple color is anthocyanins. Anthocyanin is classified as a group of flavonoids. It has antioxidant properties. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of plant spacing and harvesting age on the forage yield, morphological characteristics, chemical composition, an...

Due to its advantageous antioxidant phytochemical components, Psidium guajava L. has become an indispensable plant in pharmaceutical formulations, playing a crucial role in safeguarding human health. On ruminant animals, however, there has been limited investigation. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the phytochemical profiles and bio...

Sauropus androgynus has become an essential plant in pharmaceutical formulations due to its beneficial antioxidant phytochemical components, participating in the antioxidant defense system and playing an important role in protecting human health. However, no research has been conducted on ruminant animals. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochem...

Simple Summary The global annual production of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) is 170 million tons. After industrial processing, a large amount of tomato pomace is produced because it contains a high amount of water and nutrients. Therefore, if it is not used properly, not only will resources be wasted, but the environment will be polluted. In a...

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of Purple Neem foliage as a feed supplement on nutrient apparent digestibility, nitrogen utilization, rumen fermentation, microbial population, plasma antioxidants, meat quality and fatty acid profile of goats. Eighteen Boer male goats (approximately 20 ± 2 kg body weight; mean ± standard...

The rapidly growing population has increased demand for protein quantities and, following a shortage of plant-based feed protein sources and the prohibition of animal-based feed protein, has forced the search for new sources of protein. Therefore, humans have turned their attention to edible insects. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) (Hermetia illuce...

Objective: To investigate the effects of feeding anthocyanin-rich black cane treated with ferrous sulfate and molasses on animal performance, rumen fermentation, microbial composition, blood biochemical indices, and carcass characteristics in meat goats. Methods: Thirty-two Thai-native × Anglo-Nubian crossbred male goats (14.47 ± 2.3 kg) were divid...

This study aimed to investigate how the consumption of purple neem foliage rich in anthocyanins improves rumen fermentation, growth performance and plasma antioxidant activity in growing goats. In total, 25 Anglo-Nubian Thai native male goats (about 20 ± 2 kg body weight; mean standard deviation (SD)) were assigned to 2 × 2 + 1 factorial in a compl...

Pre-treating anthocyanin-rich black cane with ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FSH) produces high-quality silage with anthocyanin and nutritional losses. However, it's unclear how to apply this to studies on how FSH-treated silage affects animal performance and meat quality. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of a standard total mi...

Anthocyanin-rich black cane (aBC) is a grass rich in lignin and carbohydrates, with an abundance of anthocyanins. Silages of aBC produced with molasses (MS) and/or ferrous sulphate (FS) mixtures may have beneficial effects on silage quality and animal performance in ruminants. However, the addition of MS and FS to ensiled grass is relatively unexpl...

Pretreatment of lignocellulose agricultural biomass with iron prior to ensiling is required to accelerate biomass breakdown during fermentation, which could result in functional microorganisms and chemicals that reduce nutrition loss, harmful substances, and improve animal performance. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of i...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth performance and plasma antioxidant activity of meat goats fed diets containing mangosteen peel powder (MPP; 41.25 g/kg dry matter). Twelve goats (body weight, 23.1 ± 1.49 kg) were fed a total mixed ration for 0–38 days under a severe temperature–humidity index (temperature, 80.96–103.64°F; humidity,...

We investigated effects of rumen-protected Met (RPM) during a heat stress (HS) challenge on: 1) hepatic abundance of mTOR, insulin, and antioxidant signaling proteins, 2) enzymes in 1-carbon metabolism and 3) innate immunity. Holstein cows (n = 32; 184 ± 59 DIM) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 environmental groups, and 1 of 2 diets [TMR with RPM (...

The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of a standard total mixed ration (TMR) with containing anthocyanin-rich plants on animal performance, blood biochemical indices, rumen fermentation, microbial composition, and carcass characteristics in meat goats. Thirty-six healthy crossbred Thai-native Anglo-Nubian male goats (14.42 ± 0.6 kg)...

Residual feed intake (RFI) measures feed efficiency independent of milk production level, and is typically calculated using data past peak lactation. In the current study, we retrospectively classified multiparous Holstein cows (n = 320) from 5 of our published studies into most feed-efficient (M-eff) or least feed-efficient (L-eff) groups using pe...

The study evaluated the effect of piper meal which contains flavonoids, essential oils, and phenolic acids on the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT), and as well as oxidative stress indicators such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl-scavenging activity and thiobarbituric...

There is a growing demand to enhance pharmaceutical and food safety using synergistic compounds from Piper sarmentosum Roxb., such as polyphenols and water-soluble vitamins. However, information on standardized analytical methods to identify and quantify these compounds of interest is limited. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography...

In some geographical areas and in certain breeding situations, the interpretation of increased gain in the bovine is difficult to investigate. Due to their inherent genetic variations, their energy and protein needs vary as a function of inherent genetic differences, making these requirements difficult to accurately assess in bull species, e.g., Th...

Context Reducing fermentation rate to enhance bypass starch through simple treatment can be a viable way to better utilise tropical high-energy starch-rich feed such as cassava chip for ruminant production. Combining tannic acid and temperature treatment could possibly achieve the above. However, the optimal combination level of the above two facto...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the fungal treatment (Pleurotus ostreatus) of urea-treated rice stubble on growth performance in slow-growing goats. Eighteen crossbred Thai-native x Anglo-Nubian male goats (average body weight: 20.4 ± 2.0 kg) were randomly assigned to three experimental total mixed rations containing 35%...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of fungal treatment (Pleurotus ostreatus) of urea-treated rice stubble on growth performance in slow-growing goats. Eighteen crossbred Thai native x Anglo-Nubian male goats (average body weight: 20.4 ± 2.0 kg) were randomly assigned to three experimental total mixed rations containing 35% ric...

The phenolic compound, condensed tannin (CT), from plant-based foods has suggested to have a beneficial function in the biological system of the animal kingdom. However, there is a lack of information for a comprehensive understanding of their molecular weight (MW) and protein-binding affinity (PBA) evaluated in tropical plants as commonly used fee...

Interpretation of increased gain in the bovine animals is difficult to be validated due to inherent genetic variation to meet their requirement for energy and protein, and those may relate to the bull species, e.g., Thai swamp buffalo. Therein, the study aimed at investigating and predicting protein requirement systems, with providing abundant ener...

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of piper oil (PO), alone or in combination with sunflower oil (SFO), on biogas production, fermentation end-products and microorganism in the rumen of lactating goats using in vitro fermentation technique. Basal substrate consisted of pangola hay and concentrate (50:50), which was modified w...

Context Rumen biohydrogenation is an important way to produce conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), especially the rumenic acid isomer. However, CLA is principally synthesised endogenously in lactating mammals by delta 9-desaturase in breast tissue. Aims The aim of the study was to evaluate milk fatty acid profile, rumen microbial population and animal...

Objective: Supplemental nitrate is known to be an effective tool to mitigate methane emission by ruminants. Based on theoretical considerations, supplemental nitrate can improve but also deteriorate the growth performance. The overall effect of supplemental nitrate on growth performance, however, is not yet known. The objective of the current stud...

At present, there is little information regarding whether supplementation with Piper betle powder (PBP) and sunflower oil (SFO) has a synergistic effect on lowering methane emissions without negatively impacting ruminal fermentation. This study investigated the effects of PBP, supplemented either with or without SFO, on biogas release, fermentation...

Unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) in milk give rise to radicals and lead to lipid oxidation during storage, reducing the commercial value of milk. The objective of this study was to observe the effect of anthocyanins from purple corn pigment on the oxidation of UFA in milk. Milk samples were randomly divided into 2 groups: (1) the control (without purp...

Piper betle L. is edible plant richer in polyphenols that might improve feed utilization in rumen diet. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of various Piper betle L. powder (PL) doses on in vitro rumen microorganisms, ruminal biogas and fermentation end-product production, and biohydrogenation including lipolysis-isomer...

A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to predict and identify ways to increase conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) formation in ruminant-derived products to treat human health issues with dietary tannins. The objective was to compare and confirm the effects of dietary tannins on CLA formation by analyzing in vitro and/or in vivo studies....

The concentration and molecular weights (MW) of condensed tannins (CT) of three locally available tropical plant species leaves which have potential to be used as ruminant feed, and their effects on in vitro gas, including methane, production were investigated. Leaves of three plant species, namely, leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), cassava (Maniho...

To cite this paper: Raksasiri, B.V., S. Paengkoum, K. Poonsuk, P. Thitisak and P. Paengkoum, 2019. Effect of synbiotics in creep feed on productive performance and selected fecal characteristics of goat kids. Abstract The objective of this study was to determine an optimal dose of inulin supplementation as an alternative practice for enhancing perf...

Asia hosts more than half of the world's 1 billion goats and is also where domestication of wild goats began. Goats, including dairy goats, are adapted to a wide variety of harsh environments and thus play key roles as providers of nutrition, food security and socio-economic status to their human owners in many low-income Asian countries. In many c...

The objective of this study was to investigate growth performance, nutrients apparent digestibility, nitrogen utilization, rumen fermentation, and rumen microorganism of growing Thai-indigenous beef cattle receiving different levels of crude protein (CP) and undegradable intake protein (UIP) diets. Eighteen healthy growing Thai-indigenous beef catt...

A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) was developed and validated to estimate the phenolic acids (gallic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, and ferrulic acid), flavonoids (catechin rutin, myricetin, quercetin, apigenin, and kaempferol), ascorbic acid, and eugenol...

This meta-analysis was conducted to predict and assert a way to discover conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) formation in ruminant-derived products as problem solver of human health issues threated by plant-containing tannins. The objective was to expound, to compare, and to confirm the efficiency of tannins cultivating CLA formation whether using in vi...

This study had the objective to evaluate the effect of Piper betle L. powder (PP) at 5 different doses in substrate incubated by sunflower oil as secondary function of PUFA using in vitro gas production technique. The treatments of this study were run as a 2X5 factorial arrangement in a completely randomised design using the PROC GLM procedure of S...

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of forage species and feeding systems on ruminal fermentation, microbiota (Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Fibrobacter succinogenes and total bacteria) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentration of milk in dairy goats. Twenty female crossbred Saanen lactating goats (~35 ± 3.0 kg bodyw...

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of forage species and feeding systems on ruminal fermentation, microbiota (Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Fibrobacter succinogenes and total bacteria) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentration of milk in dairy goats. Twenty female crossbred Saanen lactating goats (~35 ± 3.0 kg bodyw...

Eight healthy multiparous Saanen dairy goats (41.50 ± 1.84 kg) were assigned to a double 4 × 4 Latin square design. The four treatment diets were: (1) negative control, rice straw (NC); (2) first positive control, sticky corn stover silage (PC1); (3) second positive control, PC1 with 1 g/d commercial purple corn pigment (PC2); and (4) anthocyanin-r...

The effect of synbiotic in broiler diets on productive performance, intestinal histomorphology and carcass quality was investigated. Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) and BACTOSAC-P ® were used as synbiotic sources, respectively. Four hundred Ross 308 chickens were assigned into a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 replicates (25 c...

Three ruminally fistulated crossbred Saanen male goats (approximately 33 ±3.0 kg BW) were used to determine the effect of 6 tropical forage diets on B. fibrisolvens, F. succinogenes and total bacteria population in goat rumen using real-time PCR techniques. The results showed that in grass experiment, three grass species including Purple Guinea (Pa...

The present study used 16 multiparous lactating Saanen dairy goats (body weight, 41.80 ± 2.92 kg; mean ± standard deviation) with healthy and symmetrical udders. Goats were divided into 2 blocks of 8 goats based on milk yield averaged from 75 d in milk in a randomized completed block design. The 2 study groups were the control (CSSS), in which goat...

The objective of this study was to observe the forage yield, silage fermentative quality, anthocyanin stability, and antioxidant activity during the storage period and in vitro rumen fermentation of anthocyanin-rich purple corn (Zea mays L.) stover (PS) and sticky corn stover (SS). Forage yield of corn stover was weighed and ensiled with two treatm...

Cassava root meal is a fine powder from the manufacture of chips and/or starch. Their disposal increases otherwise environmental pollution and health hazards. Nevertheless, ruminants can be fed on cassava tuberous roots, foliage, peel and residue obtained after processing cassava including cassava meal. Evidence so far shows that cassava meal is go...

This experiment was conducted to investigate Cymbopogon citratus and Psidium guajava effects on rumen fermentation involving total gas production and response of nutrient degradability for 96 h using in vitro gas production method. Rumen fluid were collected from four ruminally cannulated Saanen goats, which accepted a Total Mixed Ration (TMR) feed...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of varying levels of cassava leaf pellet (CLP) on feed intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation of goats fed with pangola hay as roughages. Eight growing crossed (Thai native x Anglo-Nubian) goats between 10 to 12 months of age and pre-trial average body weight of 18.5 + 2.5 kg were allotte...

This study investigated the effects of dietary inulin or Jerusalem artichoke (JA) on the growth performance, haematological, blood chemical and immune parameters of Nile tilapia fingerlings. Five treatment diets were designed to incorporate inulin at 0 (basal diet), 2.5 and 5.0 g/kg and JA at 5.0 and 10.0 g/kg. Two basal diets including fish meal a...

The objectives of this study were to determine the molecular weight of condensed tannins (CT) extracted from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L) peel, its protein binding affinity and effects on fermentation parameters including total gas, methane (CH4) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) production. The average molecular weight (Mw) of the purified CT w...

This study evaluated the prebiotic effects of dietary inulin and Jerusalem artichoke tuber (JA) on juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Five dietary treatments (each diet in four replicates) were formulated to incorporate inulin at 0 (control), 2.5, and 5 g kg−1 and JA at 5 and 10 g kg−1. Fish were reared in concrete ponds for 8 weeks. Fi...

Four crossbred meat goats (4 Native x Anglo Nubian) were used to evaluate the effects of neem foliage (NF) levels in concentrate on protozoal population in the rumen and faecal nematode egg excretion. Goats were assigned into 4 dietary treatments. The first group was a non-supplemented group (14%CP; 1% body weight (BW)) (control), second, third and...

Ruminal, intestinal and total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), Madras thorn (Pithecellobium dulce) and moringa (Moringa oleifera) fodders were measured in this study, using nylon bag and mobile bag techniques. Three cattle were fitted with permanent rumen and duodenal cannulae. Intes...

The Non-Ionic Surfactant (NIS) was evaluated for its ability to influence rumen fermentation characteristics, microbial growth, enzyme activity and digestibility in the rumen. The administration of NIS solution to the rumen increased the digestion rates, the concentrations of Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA), growth rate and increased among of rumen micro...

Ruminal, intestinal and total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), Madras thorn (Pithecellobium dulce) and moringa (Moringa oleifera) fodders were measured in this study, using nylon bag and mobile bag techniques. Three cattle were fitted with permanent rumen and duodenal cannulae. Intes...

The objective of present experiment was aimed to investigate the effect of roughage sources and fibrolytic enzyme supplementation on feed intake, nutrient digestion and rumen fermentation. Four rumen fistulated buffalo bulls about 3.7 years old with average initial BW of 430 + 25 kg were used in a 2×2 Latin square design. Buffaloes were received ri...

This study was aimed to investigate protein requirement for maintenance in swamp buffalo calves. Four male swamp buffalo calves (12-18 months of age and 218 kg average body weight) were randomly assigned according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design to receive four levels of crude protein (5, 7, 9 and 11% CP). The experimental consisted of four periods...

The current experiments was carried out to investigate the chemical composition and fermentation of silage for 2 species of tropical forage (Mulato II grass; Bracharia ruziziensis x B. brizantha x B. decumbens and Verano stylo; 5tylosanthes hamata), havested at 45 days after regrowfh. There were combined with 4 additive treatments (cassava meal 5%,...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of chicoiy (Cichorium intybus) and Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosusL.) on feed intake, digestibility, nitrogen retention and rumen fermentation of sheep fed with pangola (Digitaria eriantha) hay and pelleted concentrate. Four growing sheep between 2-3 years of age and pre-trial averag...

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary crude protein on nitrogen utilization, nutrient digestibility and protein requirement for maintenance and growth of swamp buffalo calves. Sixteen growing swamp male buffaloes with 18 to 24 months old (average initial weight 233 ± 25 kg) were used. The calves were assigned to complete...

In order to evaluate the nutritive value of extrusion processed mixture of cassava pulp and urea (Capsurea), gas production characteristics from the fermentation of Caspurea vis-a-vis control (soybean meal, SBM) were measured at 1 to 96 h using in vitro gas production technique adapted to describe the kinetics of fermentation. Results revealed that...

In order to evaluate the nutritive value of extrusion processed mixture of cassava pulp and urea (Capsurea), gas production characteristics from the fermentation of Caspurea vis-a-vis control (soybean meal, SBM) were measured at 1 to 96 h using in vitro gas production technique adapted to describe the kinetics of fermentation. Results revealed that...

This research was conducted to compare the fatty acid composition of the goat meat to investigate the relationship between goat meat different ages and method of castration. The experimental design used Completely Randomized Designed (CRD) in a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Twenty four male Thai native x Anglo-Nubian crossbred goats were...

The aim of this research was to evaluate the digestibility of the Guava (Psidium guajava I.) and Jack fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk) leaves, using in saaco (nylon bag) technique and a three-step techniques on microbial in the rumen. Three dairy cattle of 4-5 years old with an average BW of 475.5±20 kg each one fitted with a permanent rumen w...

The objective of this study was to determine protein requirement of Thai native cattle compared with the meta-analysis of Bos indicus. The 24 Thai native cattle with body weight of 134 + 11.2 kg were arranged in a randomized block design with 8 replications and 3 treatments. Cattle were fed with total mixed ratio consisted 3 levels of protein (6.0,...