Pramod Kumar

• PhD (Agricultural Economics)
• Principal Investigator at Indian Agricultural Research Institute

The study was undertaken to assess the price and trade performance of Maize in India by taking a case of the marketing channel of Maize in Karnataka. Marketing cost and price spread were captured by the Acharya Method. The results revealed that during 2001-2020, export quantity showed a growth rate of 8.1 per cent in quantity and 27.7 per cent in v...

Introduction Research into various aspects of vulnerability and poverty has played a key role in shaping cash transfer systems. Cash-based direct benefit transfers (DBT) are frequently discussed, as they help reduce corruption and limit intermediary involvement, which often impedes policy implementation in countries like India. Small and marginal f...

The mean annual minimum temperature during the period 1979-2019 has increased significantly in Eastern dry zone, Southern dry zone and Southern transition zone to a cumulative of total of 0.010°C, 0.013°C and 0.08 °C respectively while it has decreased significantly in Hilly zone with a magnitude of -0.032°C. The annual maximum temperature signific...

Asymmetric price transmission in agricultural markets occurs when price changes at one level of the supply chain, such as at the farm (producer) level, are not fully or uniformly passed on to another level, such as retail prices. This can lead to situations where price increases are transmitted more quickly or fully than price decreases, often disa...

In 2019-20, the global economic sky overcasted with COVID-19, a virus of the size of 0.12 microns. The global pandemic has produced a variety of unanticipated shocks to the economies around the world. It adversely affected the Indian economy also. The year 2021 has commenced with both 134 hope and fear-several parts of the world are locking down an...

Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) plays a crucial role in tackling widespread corruption and interference from middlemen, which often obstruct policy measures from reaching their intended recipients in developing countries like India. The PM-KISAN (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi) scheme, a key initiative by the Indian government, aims to offer finan...

The study delves the dynamics of farm pond adoption and operational efficiency in the Vidarbha and Marathwada regions of Maharashtra during 2022-23. Through a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, data were collected from 160 beneficiaries and 160 non-beneficiaries, employing focus group discussions and structured interviews. Agricul...

Agricultural policy reforms are critical in influencing the economic, social, and environmental conditions of smallholder farmers, who represent a significant portion of the agricultural workforce in developing countries. These reforms, implemented through various strategies such as market liberalization, subsidy adjustments, and land tenure reform...

Sustainable Development (SD) has gained prominence as a central focus for development planners, policymakers, and environmental advocates, both nationally and internationally. In India, agriculture grapples with numerous challenges that collectively contribute to sustainability issues, hindering its core goal of ensuring food security. Swaminathan...

There is a consistent association between dietary diversity , both in terms of quantity and pattern of food consumption , and inadequate growth, development and long-term health outcomes. A total of 16 villages in the Bundelkhand region were chosen to evaluate calorie and nutrition intake using a 24-hour recall time. Caloric and nutrient intake in...

This paper deals with study of exposure of Karnataka state to climate change for a period 1979-2019. The Mann Whitney Pettit’s homogeneity test (MWP) was analysed for 240 data sets for monthly data of minimum (MTmin) and maximum temperature (MT max) across ten agro climatic zones) to estimate the year of structural break or year of shift in mean mo...

A primary survey during the year 2021-22 was carried out among the 240 farmers of Bidar and Gulbarga districts of North Eastern Transition Zone in Karnataka to study the farmer’s perception on climate change for the period 1979 to 2019 and validate their opinions with the change in the meteorological indicators. About 74 percent of farmers expresse...

Efficient water management through farm pond technology is a great initiative by Krishi Bhagya Yojana scheme in 2015. Out of 240 sample farmers, about 180 farmers are adopters and 60 are non adopters of farm pond technology in Bidar and Gulbarga districts of Karnataka. Majority of farmers prefer farm pond of size 30 m × 30 m × 3 m as during Kharif...

Integration of APMCs across the country through e-NAM was to augment price discovery and dissemination. The process of electronic marketing being new to the stakeholders, the awareness and constraints entailed herein are addressed. This study evaluates the extent of awareness among farmers about different processes of e-marketing, along with the de...

The objective of the present paper is to assess the pattern, sources of credit and its determinants, the incidence and magnitude of borrowing in the semi-arid region. This research is based on secondary data collected at the household level from the Village Dynamics Studies in South Asia (VDSA) project semi-arid region of India. the Multinomial Log...

Conservation agriculture practices have been globally recognized for improving soil quality by enhancing soil organic carbon, mitigating climate change, and boosting resilience, thereby supporting food security. However, declining soil organic carbon (SOC) is reported as a significant issue in Indian soil, particularly in Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP)....

Conservation agriculture practices have been globally recognized for improving soil quality by enhancing soil organic carbon, mitigating climate change, and boosting resilience, thereby supporting food security. However, declining soil organic carbon (SOC) is reported as a significant issue in Indian soil, particularly in Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP)....

The study is an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of the soil health card (SHC) scheme in Andhra Pradesh (AP). Primary survey in the two selected districts of the AP state was carried out during 2020. Data set has 120 SHC adopters and 60 non-adopters of SHC from Chandragiri, Chittecherla blocks of Chittoor and Allur, Nellore blocks of Nellore d...

Among all societal ills that exist in the world, poverty is the most pervasive. Most low-and middle-income countries depend on agriculture as their primary source of income, making them subject to a variety of risks that make it difficult for them to continue their livelihood over the long term. With risks including crop failure, natural disasters,...

After six years of continuous Conservation Agriculture practices, we investigated the impact of crop residue retention and GreenSeeker N fertiliser supply on soil carbon indices. The lability of carbon appears to be more in zero tillage without residues (ZTWoR) plots than zero tillage with residues (ZTWR). More carbon pools were observed in 33%N+GS...

After six years of continuous Conservation Agriculture practices, we investigated the impact of crop residue retention and green seeker N fertiliser supply on soil carbon indices. The lability of carbon appears to be more in zero tillage without residues (ZTWoR) plots than zero tillage with residues (ZTWR). More carbon pools were observed in 33%N+G...

After six years of continuous Conservation Agriculture practices, we investigated the impact of crop residue retention and green seeker N fertiliser supply on soil carbon indices. The lability of carbon appears to be more in zero tillage without residues (ZTWoR) plots than zero tillage with residues (ZTWR). More carbon pools were observed in 33%N+G...

Photosynthesis, crop health and dry matter partitioning are among the most important factors influencing crop productivity and quality. Identifying variation in these parameters may help discover the plausible causes for crop productivity differences under various management practices and cropping systems. Thus, a 2-year (2019–2020) study was under...

The state of Delhi is fast growing in terms of urbanisation which is putting a lot of pressure on the agriculture sector of the state. The state is impacted due to fast declining area under agriculture and large urban population to meet the food requirement. In the past the policies were framed to enhance production but of late it is increase in in...

Protected cultivation is an innovative way of raising seasonal and off-seasonal crops under a controlled environment. Vegetables and flower crops have tremendous potential to augment productivity, generate employment, utilize land efficiently and enhance export. This study was undertaken to assess the economic feasibility of protected cultivation i...

Protected cultivation is an innovative way of raising seasonal and off-seasonal crops under a controlled environment. Vegetables and flower crops have tremendous potential to augment productivity, generate employment, utilize land efficiently and enhance export. This study was undertaken to assess the economic feasibility of protected cultivation i...

Protected cultivation of high-value crops offers higher productivity which in turn increases the profitability of the farm. The number of schemes and programs for the promotion and development of protected cultivation in India. Maharashtra is one of the states which have successfully adopted this scheme. Thus, this particular study estimated the pr...

Protected cultivation of high-value crops offers higher productivity which in turn increases the profitability of the farm. There are a number of schemes and programs for the promotion and development of protected cultivation in India. Maharashtra is one of the states which have successfully adopted protected cultivation. Thus, the present study es...

Rainfall data from 1979-2019 was analysed across the agro climatic zones in transition region of Karnataka. Rainfall Anomaly Index and Mean deviation methods are used to identify drought years and wet years over both spatial and temporal on time scale. The North Eastern Transition Zone can be considered as most vulnerable zone as it recorded for ab...

Protected cultivation requires high initial investment and intensive use of inputs for crop production but offers better yield which in turn increases the profitability of the farm. The study attempts to explore the economics of protected cultivation with different interest rates regime and subsidy in Pune and Nasik districts of Maharashtra conduct...

Under the National Horticulture Mission, protected cultivation is practised in the Pune and Nasik districts of Maharashtra. The cost of protected cultivation of rose and capsicum is over 300% of the cost of open cultivation; the gross return is 250% and net return 190%. Adoption is influenced by age, education, household income, landholding size, a...

The study undertaken to analyse the growth rate performance of area, production, productivity of selected crops in Karnataka from year 1997 to 2019. At state level, it was found that, the productivity of cereals showed positive growth with 1.22 percent. The area under maize increased by 5.30 percent by displacing Jowar, Bajra, minor millets. The ri...

Community engagement is a crucial element for effective management of natural resources. This study is aimed at determining the factors and analyzing their path for collective action behavior of farmers towards natural resource management. Two cases of community based natural resource management were conducted in Phek and Kohima districts of Nagala...

Horticulture sector in India is witnessing a continuous expansion. Simultaneously, a significant amount of produce is lost due to the post-harvest losses. Studies report a wide gap between the rate of technology development by research institutes and the uptake of the same by grass-root farmers. This can be attributed to the lack of information or...

In India, the government provides subsidies for adoption of efficient farm technology to enhance farm productivity. However, adoption rate of technologies varied significantly and some technologies negligibly adopted without subsidy support. Protected cultivation has a better input use efficiency, enabling the farmers to produce more output per uni...

The study has examined productivity instability of major crops for 20 years by considering first period as 1998-99 to 2008-09 and second period as 2009-10 to 2018-19 at the district level in Karnataka state. Instability categories were grouped as low < 15%, medium 15-30% ,High >30%. A low value index indicates the high stability in crop productivit...

The challenge faced by the incubators in India is finding good start-ups that solve the problems in the market or in value chain. A well-structured incubation program may lead the startup from idea generation stage to setting up the business and most crucial funding support. Analysis of effectiveness of training programme was done using primary as...

The Central government efforts to help the farmers by providing fund to meet the agricultural and other household needs through direct benefit transfer has gained importance in the recent years. The present study was carried out in Tumkur district of Karnataka 2020 with the objetives; To evaluate the utilization pattern of PM-KISAN scheme and; To a...

In India, groundwater development has been more intense in northwestern region of the country which considered being origin and colossal beneficiary of Green Revolution. Government incentives to install water extraction mechanisms at farmers' field and policy of free/subsidies electricity for agriculture have rapidly increased number of wells leadi...

In India, 86% of the total farmers are categorized as small and marginal (possessing landholding <2 ha) who often faces financial constraints to adopt capital intensive technology. The government provides subsidies to farming communities to adopt efficient farm technologies to improve farm productivity and income. The adoption rate of technologies...

The study was carried out for ten Agro climatic zones in Karnataka state in India. The temperature and rainfall data were used for analysis from 1979-2019 which is about 40 years. Understanding spatiotemporal rainfall pattern, Rainfall Anomaly Index which is drought indicator technique was used to classify the positive and negative severities in ra...

The PMKISAN scheme has been implemented from 1st December 2018 with income support of Rs. 6000/- per farm family in three installments of Rs 2000/- each in the beginning of crop season. The beneficiaries of PMKISAN in Karnataka are using higher inputsfor ragi cultivation. The resultant effect is increase in yield and income. The B:C ratio of ragi e...

Among the vegetable crops, onion and potato prices are more unstable due to seasonality of production, perishable nature, production uncertainty etc. Lack of information on potential market as well as arrival and price behaviour of onion and potato further worsen this situation of its growers. Since market integration helps in achieving price consi...

The present study was undertaken in 2020 in Pune, Maharashtra and Agra, Uttar Pradesh to estimate the quantum of post-harvest losses in onion and potato respectively at various stages of the supply chain. The sample size was 170 including 60 onion farmers, 60 potato farmers, 10 wholesalers and 15 retailers for each crop, all selected through the pr...

The present study was undertaken in 2020 in Pune, Maharashtra and Agra, Uttar Pradesh to estimate the quantum of post-harvest losses in onion and potato respectively at various stages of the supply chain. The sample size was 170 including 60 onion farmers, 60 potato farmers, 10 wholesalers and 15 retailers for each crop, all selected through the pr...

SOC is a crucial soil characteristic since it is frequently considered as a major indicator of soil health and quality (Lal, 2008). The loss of organic carbon is a major threat to the resilience of agricultural ecosystems (Dey et al., 2018). The second most critical agricultural issue while achieving a green revolution is a decline in SOC. Intensiv...

Agriclinics and Agribusiness Center (ACABC) scheme was launched by the Government of India in 2003 as a strategy for boosting agribusiness in the country through agriculture graduates. Since its inception, a substantial number of agribusiness of different kinds started in the country, and hence expanded the agribusiness environment in the country,...

There is a growing concern about the sustainability of agriculture due to the indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers in several parts of the world. In India, the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) is a region where the externalities of excessive use of chemical fertilizers for cereal production manifest in groundwater pollution, air pollution due to emi...

The PM KISAN scheme provides `6,000 to farmers to procure inputs and other household needs. The scheme is criticised for providing too little support. Features of various income support schemes are compared. Mukhyamantri Krishi Aashirwad, Mukhyamantri Parivar Samman Nidhi and Krushak Assistance for Livelihood and Income Augmentation scheme have inc...

The study was conducted to assess the impact of agro tourism as perceived by its stakeholders. Forty-five agri-tourism Centres (ATCs) drawn from Maharashtra (30) and Goa (15) and 200 visitors (100 from each state) were selected for the study. The impact was measured in terms of change in employment days and perceived overall socioeconomic changes....

The farming sector is often stated to be characterized by low level of technology adoption and lack of market access due to fragmented land holding and approach to marketing. The country has tried many approaches to collectivize the farmers like cooperatives, self help groups (SHGs), farmers interest groups (FIGs), farmer producer groups (FPOs), Fa...

The farming sector is often stated to be characterized by low level of technology adoption and lack of market access due to fragmented land holding and approach to marketing. The country has tried many approaches to collectivize the farmers like cooperatives, self help groups (SHGs), farmers interest groups (FIGs), farmer producer groups (FPOs), Fa...

The study analysed the performance of the states with respect to the implementation of universal basic income programme for farmers i.e., PMKISAN scheme. It is observed that a large proportion of total number of PMKISN beneficiaries belongs to Uttar Pradesh (22 %),followed by Maharashtra (10.2 %) and Madhya Pradesh (7.2%). Large variation in perfor...

The onion crop is widely seen as the poor man's vegetable, has the power to change electoral results (Anonymous 2019). In India Onion (Allium cepa) is cultivated in an area of 12.7 lakh ha and produces 215.64 lakh ton. In Uttar Pradesh it is cultivated in an area of 0.25 lakh ha producing 4.23 lakh ton. The study was done during 2020 at IARI, New D...

In recent times, with the globalization of markets, shrinking of land and climate change, food basket diversification, increase in demand for nutrient-rich food, the protected cultivation of high-value crops (HVCs) have assumed a pivotal role in augmenting higher crop productivity and profitability and enhancing nutritional security of the growing...

Subsidies to fertilizers have played a crucial role in yield improvement in Indian agriculture, yet it is being criticised recently for issues like soil nutrient imbalance, inequity in distribution etc. Several policies are being implemented in India to control scorching fiscal burden due to fertilizer subsidy, control the diversion of subsidised f...

The onion crop is widely seen as the poor man's vegetable, has the power to change electoral results (Anonymous 2019). In India Onion (Allium cepa) is cultivated in an area of 12.7 lakh ha and produces 215.64 lakh ton. In Uttar Pradesh it is cultivated in an area of 0.25 lakh ha producing 4.23 lakh ton. The study was done during 2020 at IARI, New D...

Kinnow cultivation is one of options for diversification to sustain farming and has, over the period, has emerged as an important crop in Punjab, Rajasthan and Haryana. We analyzethe perceived risk and their risk management strategies in kinnow value chain. The study was conducted in Fazilka and Bathinda dstricts of Punjab and Sirsa district of Har...

This chapter is aimed to assess the impact of protected cultivation on the farm income of farmers growing horticultural crops in Maharashtra. Farm household survey was conducted among 200 farmers (both adopters and non-adopters of protected cultivation) during 2018-19 in selected districts viz., Pune and Nasik in Maharashtra. Propensity Score Match...

Horticulture has a huge potential for development of Indian agriculture in particular and Indian economy in general. India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world after China. But a major amount of this produce, estimated to be 30 per cent is lost annually in the form of post-harvest losses. It has been observed that th...

Soil health card (SHC) is the most ambitious scheme of Government of India launched in 2015, to correct the fertilizer imbalances across farmer's fields. The present study was carried out in Andhra Pradesh to analyze the farmer's perception regarding soil health card as well as to see the constraints faced by farmers and non-farm stakeholders for e...

The ARIMA model for forecasting prices of major vegetables of the Varanasi market of Uttar Pradesh was developed. ARIMA(0,1,0)(1,1,0)[52], ARIMA(3,1,1)(0,1,0)[52], ARIMA(2,1,4)(1,0,0)[52], ARIMA (0,1,1) (1,1,0)[52] were best-fit models for tomato, potato, onion, brinjal, respectively. The parameters of the ARIMA models emerged to be significant. Th...

Social learning has been cited as essential process for sustainable ecosystem management and enhancement of desirable behavioral change. The present study has focused on an integrated land water resource management through locally developed “zabo system” by the collective action of community. Focus discussion, PRA tools and personal interview metho...

The present study has attempted to develop a knowledge test on organic farming techniques mainly on organic manures and pesticides. Heavy reliance on synthetic chemical fertilizers and pesticides as well as growing awareness of health and environment have been attracting farmers toward organic farming. There is a need of more adoption of efficient...

Since independence, Indian agriculture has made rapid strides in different perspectives because of innovative interventions through developmental programmes by different institutions of the country. Today agriculture is very rapidly transforming towards agribusiness. For this gaol, MANAGE is playing a very crucial role by implementing a central sec...

The study developed ARIMA forecasting model for brinjal prices for the markets of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. It was observed that the ARIMA (1,0,1) with non-zero mean was suitable for both Lucknow and Allahabad markets. ARIMA (2,0,0) (0,1,0) (52), ARIMA (1,1,0) (1,1,0) (52), ARIMA (1,1,2), ARIMA (2,0,0) (1,0,0) (52), ARIMA (3,1,1) were suitable for Del...

We study the national and state-level fertilizer use trends using time series data, the influence of key policies on consumption using interrupted time series analysis, and the current research priorities using bibliometric analysis. The Retention Price Scheme raised long-term consumption; decontrol policy reduced consumption, but the concession sc...

Agritourism is an alternative farming enterprise that is defined as “a business conducted by a farm operator for the enjoyment and education of the public, to promote the products for the farm, and thereby generate additional farm income”. Agri-tourism is a subset of farm-based tourism which includes recreation, camping, participating in farm activ...

Labour migration and remittance influence resource use efficiency in agriculture. The present study evaluates the impact of labour migration on crop productivity and technical efficiency in the Bundelkhand region of central India. The study is based on a primary survey of 240 farm households, comprising 120 migrant and 120 non-migrant households du...

Kinnow is being widely cultivated in NorthWestern part of India comprising the states of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. The analysis of 180 kinnow farmers of three districts of North Western India namely Fazilka and Bathinda districts of Punjab and Sirsa district of Haryana revealed the existence of several marketing channels for marketing of kinno...

Kinnow is being widely cultivated in NorthWestern part of India comprising the states of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. The analysis of 180 kinnow farmers of three districts of North Western India namely Fazilka and Bathinda districts of Punjab and Sirsa district of Haryana revealed the existence of several marketing channels for marketing of kinno...

With shrinking of land holdings, rapid urbanization, ever-increasing population and climate change, the protected cultivation of high-value crops have taken pivotal role for increasing crop yields, efficient utilization of water and fertilizer, control of pests and diseases, improving quality and maintaining stability of production and available co...