Praghalathan Kanthakumar

University of Missouri | Mizzou · Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology

Glomerular mesangial cell (GMC)‐derived pleiotropic cytokine, interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), contributes to hypercellularity in human and experimental proliferative glomerulonephritis. IL‐1 promotes mesangial proliferation and may stimulate extracellular matrix accumulation, mechanisms of which are unclear. The present study shows that the beta isoform of I...

The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can be considered as the backbone of acid base physiology. This is conventionally represented using two dimensional plots. Although two dimensional plots are simple to use, the equation in reality represents a surface in three dimensional space. Any combination of PaCO2, [HCO3 —] and blood pH values representing a...

Background: Neuronal tissue has a limited potential to self-renew or get repaired after damage. Cell therapies using stem cells are promising approaches for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) injuries. However, the clinical use of embryonic stem cells is limited by ethical concerns and other scientific consequences. Bone marrow mesenchy...

Members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels that are expressed in the kidney have gained prominence in recent years following discoveries of their role in maintaining the integrity of the filtration barrier, regulating tubular reabsorption of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, and sensing osmotic stimuli. Furthermore, evidence has linked mutations in TR...

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive and long-term condition marked by a gradual decline in kidney function. CKD is prevalent among those with conditions such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. Affecting over 10% of the global population, CKD stands as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Despite substan...

The urotensin II (UII) system consists of endogenous ligands UII and its paralog urotensin II-related peptide (URP) and their receptor, UT. Originally isolated from the rat brain, URP is conserved across all vertebrates and shares the same cyclic hexapeptide core sequence with UII. However, UII and URP exhibit different N-terminal amino acid sequen...

Urotensin II (UII) and UII-related peptide (URP) and their receptor, UT, comprise the UII system. Although UII is conserved across all vertebrates and shares a cyclic hexapeptide core-sequence motif of CFWKYC, there are differences in N-terminal amino acid sequences between species. The kidney is a significant source of UII, the level of which is a...

To celebrate 100 years of AHA-supported cardiovascular disease research, this review article highlights milestone papers that have significantly contributed to the current understanding of the signaling mechanisms driving hypertension and associated cardiovascular disorders. This article also includes a few of the future research directions arising...

Objectives Heart rate recovery (HRR) after exercise is clinically important as a predictor of mortality. In addition, HRR is an indicator of cardiac autonomic activity, since increased vagal activity and diminished sympathetic activity return the heart rate to resting conditions after exercise. The previous attempts to model HRR using polynomial, f...

We explored the association of novel urinary biomarkers with albumin‐creatinine ratio (ACR) in adults with sickle cell anaemia. Of 37 participants, 13 (35.2%) had persistent albuminuria (PA). Urinary levels of clusterin (p = 0.002), retinol‐binding protein 4 (p = 0.008), alpha‐1 microglobulin (p = 0.002) and angiotensinogen (p = 0.006) were signifi...

In patients with rhabdomyolysis, the overwhelming release of myoglobin into circulation is the primary cause of kidney injury. Myoglobin causes direct kidney injury as well as severe renal vasoconstriction. An increase in renal vascular resistance (RVR) results in renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) reduction, tubular injury...

Podocytes are essential for the glomerular filtration barrier in the kidney. Podocyte injury can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD). One of the leading causes of CKD is diabetes mellitus. Plasma urotensin II (UII) levels and renal tissue expression of UII and its receptor UT are increased in diabetic kidney disease. However, the role of the UII s...

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the most severe and life-threatening complication of rhabdomyolysis, with 10-40% of patients developing some form of kidney insufficiency within days. Experimental evidence indicates that renal vasoconstriction plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI. Rodents subjected to glycerol-i...

Control of microvascular reactivity by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) is complex and may depend on vascular bed type and 5-HT receptors. 5-HT receptors consist of seven families (5-HT1-5-HT7), with 5-HT2 predominantly mediating renal vasoconstriction. Regulation of cyclooxygenase (COX) and smooth muscle cell (SMC) intracellular Ca2+ concentr...

Control of microvascular reactivity by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) is complex and may depend on vascular bed type and 5-HT receptors. 5-HT receptors consist of seven families (5-HT1-5-HT7), with 5-HT2 predominantly mediating renal vasoconstriction. Cyclooxygenase (COX) and smooth muscle intracellular Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]i) have been implic...

Vasoactive endothelin (ET) is generated by ET converting enzyme (ECE)-induced proteolytic processing of pro-molecule big ET to biologically active peptides. H2O2 has been shown to increase the expression of ECE1 via transactivation of its promoter. The present study demonstrates that H2O2 triggered ECE1-dependent ET1-3 production in neonatal pig pr...

Plasma and urinary levels of UII, a potent vasoactive peptide, are elevated in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. UII receptor (UT) expression levels are also increased in the kidneys of humans and animals with DM. Palosuran, an orally active UT antagonist, increased insulin levels and improved renal function in uninephrectomized streptozotocin (STZ)...

The circulating level of endothelin (ET), a potent vasoactive peptide, decreases with postnatal age. ET is also of pathophysiological significance in the kidney. ET is generated via endothelin converting enzyme (ECE)-induced proteolytic processing of pro-molecule big ET to biologically active peptides. Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), a reactive oxygen...

Rhabdomyolysis is a life-threatening condition resulting from the breakdown of skeletal muscle fibers leading to the release of myoglobin into the blood. Increased circulating myoglobin can cause kidney damage, and acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in 33-50% of patients with myoglobinuria. Persistent constriction of the renal microvessels, which red...

Beyond the central nervous, urotensin II (UII) and its receptor (UT) are functionally expressed in peripheral tissues of the endocrine, cardiovascular, and renal systems. The expression levels of UII and UT in the kidney and circulating UII levels are increased in diabetes. UII also promotes mesangial proliferation and matrix accumulation in vitro....

K V 7, the voltage-gated potassium channels encoded by KCNQ genes, mediate heterogeneous vascular responses in adult rodents. Postnatal changes in the functional expression of K V 7 channels have been reported in rodent saphenous arteries, but their physiological function in the neonatal renal vascular bed is unclear. Here, we report that, unlike a...

This sourcebook update describes a variation of a previous sourcebook experiment that used isolated extensor digitorum longus muscle from mouse to teach skeletal muscle properties (Head and Arber, Adv Physiol Educ 37: 405-414, 2013; doi:10.1152/advan.00155.2012). Gastrocnemius-sciatic nerve preparation in an anaesthetized rat was developed and musc...

OBJECTIVES: Cryopreserved chondrocytes find numerous applications in reconstructive surgery, tissue engineering, and cell-based therapy. Cryopreserved chondrocytes may behave differently due to a change in cell biology. To assess phenotype maintenance, the electrophysiological profile of the cells can be studied. In this study, a comparison between...

https://www.journal-cot.com/article/S0976-5662(18)30682-9/ppt

Permanent link to University of Otago Archive version: http://hdl.handle.net/10523/8792

Voltage gated proton channels play an important role during the respiratory burst in phagocytic cells. Proton channels have been earlier described in all leucocytes, including THP-1 monocytes. In this study, proton currents in peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs) and the changes that occur in these currents during differentiation into macrophages in c...

Introduction: Cleistanthus collinus (C. collinus), a well known plant toxin, contains active principles like Cleistanthin A, Cleistanthin B, Cleistanthin C and Diphyllin. Previous human case reports and animal studies have revealed that C. collinus poisoning leads to type I Distal renal tubular acidosis and type II respiratory failure. However, the...

Background: Ascorbic acid (AA) is known to modulate lymphocyte function, but the mechanism of action is not clearly understood. As voltage-gated potassium currents play an important role in lymphocyte function, the effect of AA on voltage-gated potassium currents was studied. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured in the prese...

the human eye is often discussed as optically equivalent to a photographic camera ([2][1]). The iris is compared with the shutter, the pupil to the aperture, and the retina to the film, and both have lens systems to focus rays of light. Although many similarities exist, a major difference between

transfer of gases across the respiratory membrane is limited by either perfusion or diffusion ([1][1]). This concept is usually explained in terms of whether a gas reaches its partial pressure equilibrium in the pulmonary capillaries. If it does, the gas is considered to be “perfusion limited,”

Voltage gated potassium channels present in T lymphocytes play an important role during lymphocyte activation. Though an increase in potassium currents has been reported in activated lymphocytes, changes in potassium currents in culture without activation by antigen or mitogen has not been reported. The peak potassium current densities on day 1 and...

numerous models have been constructed to aid teaching respiratory mechanics. A simple model using a syringe and a water-filled bottle has been described by Thomas Sherman to explain inspiration and expiration ([4][1]). The elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs has been described using a coat

There are many resources available for Physiologists to help improve the quality of their teaching. This review is a collection of simple and innovative models as well as other teaching resources that can be applied in the Indian setting. Articles from 1989 to 2012 from the journal Advances in Physiology Education were reviewed. A set of five crite...

The O 2 -CO 2 diagram is an often neglected but very useful tool to understand the implications of arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis, which is a challenging concept not only to the undergraduate medical student but also to practicing clinicians. Here, we present a simplified description of the O2-CO2 diagram that was developed in all its elegance b...

A water decoction of the poisonous shrub Cleistanthus collinus is used for suicidal purposes. The mortality rate is 28%. The clinical profile includes distal renal tubular acidosis (DRTA) and respiratory failure. The mechanism of toxicity is unclear. To demonstrate features of C. collinus toxicity in a rat model and to identify its mechanism(s) of...