Piotr Kulicki

John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin · Faculty of Philosophy

The paper offers a logical characterisation of multi-step actions in the context of deontic notions of obligation, permission and prohibition. Deontic notions for sequentially composed actions (procedures or instructions) are founded on deontic notions for one-step actions. The present work includes a formal study of situations where execution of a...

In this paper, we propose virtue ethics as a metaethical theory for autonomous cars, as an alternative to the utilitarian and deontological paradigms. We believe that this theory is more suitable for situations when the mechanisms behind the steering of the car are based on machine learning techniques rather than rule based algorithms. We present t...

While Blockchain technology is universally considered as a significant technology for the near future, some of its pillars are under a threat of another thriving technology, Quantum Computing. In this paper, we propose important safeguard measures against this threat by developing a framework of a quantum-secured, permissioned blockchain called Log...

This paper proposes a simple voting protocol based on Quantum Blockchain. Despite its simplicity, our protocol satisfies the most important properties of secure voting protocols: is anonymous, binding, non-reusable, verifiable, eligible, fair and self-tallying. The protocol could also be implemented using presently available technology.

In this paper we propose a formal model that supports moral decisions making by autonomous agents such as for example autonomous vehicles. Such a model—which we call a “Deontic Machine”—helps resolve both typical and atypical moral and legal situations that agents may encounter. The Deontic Machine has two sources of inspiration. The first one is W...

Autonomous driving is a recently developed area in which technology seems to be ahead of its understanding within society. That causes some fears concerning the reliability of autonomous vehicles and controversies over liability in case of accidents. Specifying levels of driving autonomy within the SAE-J3016 standard is widely recognized as a signi...

This paper studies some normative relations that hold between actions, their preconditions and their effects, with particular attention to connecting what are often called ‘ought to be’ norms with ‘ought to do’ norms. We use a formal model based on a form of transition system called a ‘coloured labelled transition system’ (coloured LTS) introduced...

In the paper we examine the problem of logical systems that are extensions of Classical Propositional Logic with new, intensional connectives of agency: monadic and dyadic bringing it about that . These systems are usually studied within the neighbourhood semantics. Here we propose a different strategy. We study all of the accepted laws and rules o...

In this paper we design four quantum voting protocols that have advantages compared to classical vote from the perspectives of both social choice and security. We adopt a step-by-step approach. We first design two primitive quantum voting protocols called quantum logical veto (QLV) and quantum logical nomination (QLN). They can be used as building...

In this paper we present a tableau system for deontic logics with the operator of explicit permission. By means of this system the decidability of the considered logics can be proved. we will sketch how these logics are semantically defined by means of relating semantics and how they provide a simple solution to the free choice permission problem....

In this paper, we apply relating semantics to the widely discussed problem of free choice between permitted actions or situations in normative systems. Leaving aside contexts in which the free choice principle is obviously unacceptable (weak permission understood as an absence of prohibition) or uncontroversially valid (strong permission within sys...

The paper tackles the problem of the relation between rights and obligations. Two examples of situations in which such a relation occurs are discussed. One concerns the abortion regulations in Polish law, the other one - a clash between freedom of expression and freedom of enterprise occurring in the context of discrimination. The examples are anal...

This paper investigates the usage of logic and logic programming in the design of smart contracts. Our starting point is the logic-based programming language for smart contracts used in a recently proposed framework of quantum-secured blockchain, called Logicontract (LC). We then extend the logic used in LC by answer set programming (ASP), a modern...

he initiative of this Special Issue of the Bulletin of the Section of Logicwas born during one of the Chinese-Polish Workshops on Applied Logicand is connected with the developing collaboration between Chinese andPolish logicians. On the one hand, Poland has a long and strong presencein Western logic, which is witnessed by many influential works in...

This paper investigates the usage of logic and logic programming in the design of smart contracts. Our starting point is the logic-based programming language for smart contract used in a recent proposed framework of quantum-secured blockchain called Logicontract (LC). We then extend the logic used in LC by answer set programming (ASP), a modern app...

This paper extends the simple voting protocol based on quantum blockchain [29] to the multi-candidate case. The key idea is to reduce multi-candidate voting to two-candidate voting by calculating the Condorcet winner of multiple candidates. Despite its simplicity, our protocol satis�es the most important properties of secure voting protocols. It is...

Advances in Philosophical Logic

This paper proposes a protocol for lottery and a protocol for auction on quantum Blockchain. Our protocol of lottery satisfies randomness, unpredictability, unforgeability, verifiability, decentralization and unconditional security. Our protocol of auction satisfies bid privacy, posterior privacy, bids' binding, decentralization and unconditional s...

In this paper, we propose a protocol of quantum communication to achieve Byzantine agreement among multiple parties. Our protocol's striking feature compared to the existing protocols is that we do not use entanglement to achieve the agreement. The role played by entangled states in other protocols is replaced in our protocol by a group of semi-hon...

Computer technologies allow for replacing an increasing range of human actions employing intelligence with computer software. Both theoretical considerations and practice in this regard are called artificial intelligence. Some authors expect a significant technological breakthrough in this field within next dozens of years, one that will change hum...

von Wright distinguished two kinds of permission naming them weak and strong. A weak permission is simply an absence of prohibition. A strong permission, in contrast, is an explicit statement independent from any obligation or prohibition. Unlike some legal theorists claiming that there are no strong permissions in the actual legal texts and legal...

Aristotle's syllogistic is the first ever deductive system. After centuries, Aristotle's ideas are still interesting for logicians who develop Aristotle's work and draw inspiration from his results and even more from his methods. In the paper we discuss the essential elements of the Aristotelian system of syllogistic and Łukasiewicz's reconstructio...

This paper propose a protocol for lottery and a protocol for auction on quantum Blockchain. Our protocol of lottery satisfies randomness, unpredictability, unforgeability, verifiability, decentralization and unconditional security. Our protocol of auction satisfies bid privacy, posterior privacy, bids' binding, decentralization and unconditional se...

W artykule zajmiemy się problemami związanymi z budowaniem systemów informacji geograficznej na potrzeby prowadzenia i udostępniania wyników badań historycznych. W systemach tego typu program komputerowy automatycznie tworzy mapy historyczne ujmujące wybrane przez użytkownika informacje na podstawie zgromadzonych w formie cyfrowej danych uwzględnia...

Główną zaletą systemów historical GIS jest możliwość łączenia, przetwarzania i wizualizacji danych. Z tego względu jednym z najważniejszych aspektów jego budowania jest włączenie już dostępnych danych pochodzących z różnych źródeł oraz zbudowanie procedur dołączania nowych danych. Dane historyczne nie są gromadzone w jednolity i spójny sposób. Każd...

In this paper we propose a protocol of quantum communication to achieve Byzantine agreement among multiple parties. The striking feature of our proposal in comparison to the existing protocols is that we do not use entanglement to achieve the agreement. There are two stages in our protocol. In the first stage, a list of numbers that satisfies some...

While Blockchain technology is universally considered as a significant technology for the near future, some of its pillars are under a threat of another thriving technology, Quantum Computing. In this paper, we propose important safeguard measures against this threat by developing a framework of a quantum-secured, permissioned blockchain called Log...

Rozdział przedstawia informacje naukową jako dziedzinę wiedzy i praktycznej działalności ludzkiej. Szczególnie zwraca się uwagę na podejście wykorzystujące nowoczesne techniki informatyczne.

The problem of the automatic recognition of melody similarities based on human independent parameters is considered in the paper. Several parameters expressing mathematical entities relating mainly to differences between the pitches of melodies were proposed. These parameters do not reflect human feelings, they are of a mathematical character only....

The problem of the automatic recognition of a melody similarity is considered. A special data set with a number of different artificial modifications of original melodies was created to test several classification algorithms. The best algorithm (J48) was chosen to carry out a wider analysis. The results showed that the melody similarity can be desc...

By combining the logic for quantum programs (LQP) and categorical quantum mechanics (CQM), we construct a categorical logic for quantum programs (CLQP). The crucial point of our construction is to represent the constant symbols of LQP by morphisms in the ZX-calculus, a graphical calculus of CQM. Inherited from the universality of the ZX-calculus, C...

Autonomous cars are one of the emerging technologies that will have a significant impact on society in the upcoming years. Although the predictions estimate that the traffic safety will be significantly improved, many people are afraid and prefer a human driver's control over vehicles or at least human driver's possibility to take control over the...

This paper proposes a simple voting protocol based on quantum blockchain. Besides being simple, our voting protocol is anonymous, binding, non-reusable, verifiable, eligible, fair and self-tallying. Our protocol is also realizable by the current technology.

We proposed a framework of quantum-enhanced logic-based blockchain, which improves the efficiency and power of quantum-secured blockchain. The efficiency is improved by using a new quantum honest-success Byzantine agreement protocol to replace the classical Byzantine agreement protocol, while the power is improved by incorporating quantum protectio...

We proposed a framework of quantum-enhanced logic-based blockchain, which improves the efficiency and power of quantum-secured blockchain. The efficiency is improved by using a new quantum honest-success Byzantine agreement protocol to replace the classical Byzantine agreement protocol, while the power is improved by incorporating quantum protectio...

This is the second paper of the series of papers dealing with access control problems in cloud computing by adopting quantum techniques. In this paper we study the application of quantum encryption and quantum key distribution in the access control problem. We formalize our encryption scheme and protocol for key distribution in the setting of categ...

This paper tackles the problem of inference in normative systems where norms concerning actions and states of affairs appear together. A deontic logic of actions and states is proposed as a solution. It is made up of two independent deontic logics, namely a deontic logic of action and a deontic logic of states, interlinked by bridging definitions....

Analizując strukturę prac formalizujących zamierzam uwydatnić korzyści płynące z formalizacji. Zwykle podkreśla się wymiar praktyczny filozofii przez małe „f”. Tym razem wskazane zostaną również korzyści podmiotowe – postaram się wskazać „egzystencjalny” wymiar tego typu działalności ludzkiej.

The paper offers a semantic representation of one of the sixteen UNECE standards for meat. The content of the standard is briefly presented in a natural language. Then, the methodology is discussed. Simple Knowledge Organisation System (SKOS) is chosen as the basis of representation. A limited number of ontological object properties extending SKOS...

This paper extends the results presented in [22,20] and explores how new paradoxes arise in various substructural logics used to model conditional obligations. Our investigation starts from the comparison that can be made between monoidal logics and Lambek's [17] analysis of substructural logics, who distinguished between four different ways to int...

Multivalued setting is quite natural for deontic action logic, where actions are usually treated as obligatory, neutral or forbidden. We apply the ideas of multivalued deontic logic to the phenomenon of a moral dilemma and, broader, to any situation where there are conflicting norms. We formalize three approaches towards normative conflicts. We pre...

The aim of the paper is to present an ontology of scientific laws as a tool for presentation of results extracted from research articles. The way we represent scientific laws is founded on our classification of scientific laws, which is based on the works of Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz and Wladyslaw Krajewski. The classification is described formally and...

Within the scope of interest of deontic logic, systems in which names of actions are arguments of deontic operators (deontic action logic) have attracted less interest than purely propositional systems. However, in our opinion, they are even more interesting from both theoretical and practi-cal point of view. The fundament for contemporary research...

We address the problem of the access to the results of scientific publications in the agri-food domain. We focus on the description of main contributions of the papers treating them as accepted or rejected beliefs of their authors expressed in the form of scientific laws. We define the structure of different kinds of scientific laws present in the...

The aim of the paper is to present an ontology of scientific laws as a tool for presentation of results extracted from research articles. The way we represent scientific laws is founded on our classification of scientific laws, which is based on the works of K. Ajdukiewicz and W. Krajewski. The classification is described formally and complemented...

The paper tackles two problems. The first one is to grasp the real meaning of Jerzy Kalinowski’s theory of normative sentences. His formal system K 1 is a simple logic formulated in a very limited language (negation is the only operator defined on actions). While presenting it Kalinowski formulated a few interesting philosophical remarks on norms a...

Jerzy Kalinowski's K1 logic is one of the frst systems of deontic logic. Kalinowski presented it in two forms: as an axiomatic system and with the use of deontic tables analogous to Łukasiewicz's thee-valued propositional logic. Adequacy of those two approaches is proven.

The article presents an ontology called “Science” designed for representing proved and disproved statements extracted from scientific papers from the database of the ProOptiBeef project. We argue that the proved and disproved statements are the best characterization of the content of the papers they are extracted from. We show that ontological repr...

Deontic logic is devoted to the study of logical properties of normative predicates such as permission, obligation and prohibition. Since it is usual to apply these predicates to actions, many deontic logicians have proposed formalisms where actions and action combinators are present. Some standard action combinators are action conjunction, choice...

Building on our diverse research traditions in studying reasoning, language and communication, the Polish School of Argumentation integrates different disciplines and institutions across Poland in which scholars are dedicated to understanding the phenomenon of the force of argument. Crafting methodological program and establishing organisational in...

Deontic considerations are usually conducted in one of the following contexts: (i) general norms expressed in: legal documents, regulations or implicitly present in society in the form of moral or social rules; (ii) specific norms, i.e., duties of particular agents in particular situations. Norms of the two kinds refer to obligatory, permitted and...

Abstract: Using ontology for the presentation and implementation of standards in meat production The "UNECE Standard Bovine Meat - Carcases and Cuts" proposed and developed by the Economic Commission for Europe (United Nations Economics for Europe) offers a standardized language unambiguously defining different parts of the carcass at deboning. The...

By pure calculus of names we mean a quantifier-free theory, based on the classical propositional calculus, which defines predicates known from Aristotle’s syllogistic and Leśniewski’s Ontology. For a large fragment of the theory decision procedures, defined by a combination of simple syn- tactic operations and models in two-membered domains, can be...

We present an ontology called Science designed for repre-senting scientific laws and rejected hypotheses from scientific papers and experimental results in the area of beef production and consumption. The ontology is designed on the basis of 1) classifications of scientific laws presented in the works of Polish philosophers of science and nature: K...

In the paper we discuss different intuitions about the properties of obligatory actions in the framework of deontic action logic based on boolean algebra. Two notions of obligation are distinguished–abstract and processed obligation. We introduce them formally into the system of deontic logic of actions and investigate their properties and mutual r...

In the paper we provide an overview of issues related to the models used in the research on the logic of norms and actions. We present two models of the variability of the world: temporal (acyclic) and atemporal (cyclic). In the first one the past is always clearly defined, and the future is potentially “branched”. The second type of model allows f...

The paper presents a formalisation of one of the leading ontologies in Knowledge Management by the name of Formal Knowledge Management Ontology. After elaborating why the latter ontology is not a formal ontology in the sense of logic and how it might benefit from being logic-based, we detail a logical theory Formalised Formal Knowledge Management O...

A calculus of names is a logical theory describing relations between names. By a pure calculus of names we mean a quantifier-free formulation of such a theory, based on classical propositional calculus. An axiomatisation of a pure calculus of names is presented and its completeness is discussed. It is shown that the axiomatisation is complete in th...

We start our investigations from the deontic action model defined in multi-situation settings. Then we discuss the validity of formulas constructed in a language with a finite number of basic actions, parallel and sequential compositions of actions, a free choice operator and the standard deontic operators of obligation, strong permission and prohi...

The aim of the paper is to point out the modelling choices that lead to different systems of deontic action logic. A kind of a roadmap is presented. On the one hand it can help the reader to find the deontic logic appropriate for an intended application relying on the information considering the way in which a deontic logic represents actions and h...

We present a current state of development of an ontology of beef production and consumption developed within the interdisciplinary project ProOptiBeef, which focuses on increasing the level of innovation of beef sector in Poland. The ontology is intended to improve communication between specialists from different disciplines and expressing the resu...

The aim of the paper is to apply the software tool Perseus to modelling epistemic interactions. We focus on the issue of agents’ knowledge acquisition, using a logical puzzle in which agents increase their knowledge about the hats they wear. In the paper, first we present a model of epistemic interactions, which allows us to resolve the hats puzzle...

In the paper we present a formal system motivated by a specific methodology of creating norms. According to the methodology, a norm-giver before establishing a set of norms should create a picture of the agent by creating his repertoire of actions. Then, knowing what the agent can do in particular situations, the norm-giver regulates these actions...

The system of Syllogistic presented by J. Słupecki is a minimal, Łukasiewicz style system that includes all the theses present in Aristotle's writings. The axiomatic system is quite simple but it has no straightforward semantic counterpart. In the paper the semantics of the Słupecki's system is investigated: two approaches are used which lead to it...

Niniejszy rozdział skryptu poświęcony jest podstawowym zagadnieniom informacji naukowej. Podana jest definicja dyscypliny wiedzy, jaką jest informacja naukowa. Przedstawione są jej cele i adresaci w społeczeństwie informacyjnym oraz instytucje z nią związane. Zarysowana jest historia informacji naukowej. Przedstawione są wymogi stawiane tekstom nau...

The aim of the present paper is to provide a metalogical systematisation in the area of deontic action logic based on Boolean algebra. Differences among the systems in question lie in two aspects: the level of closedness of a deontic action logic and the possibility of performing no action at all. It is also shown that the existing definitions of o...

The aim of the paper is to apply the software tool Perseus to modelling of epistemic interactions. We focus on the issue of agents' knowledge acquisition, using a logical puzzle in which agents increase their knowledge about hats they wear. In the paper, first we present a model of epistemic interactions, which allows to resolve the hats puzzle. Th...

The paper presents preliminary results in the area of ontological engi- neering for historical research. Historical information systems are still in the initial stage of development. Our experience hitherto shows that the decisive stage in the development of such systems is a conceptual model and ontological engineering seems to be the right tool t...

Aristotle in Analytica Posteriora presented a notion of proof as a special case of syllogism. In the present paper the remarks of Aristotle on the subject are used as an inspiration for developing formal systems of demonstrative syllogistic, which are supposed to formalize syllogisms that are proofs. We build our systems in the style of J. Łukasiew...

In the article attention is paid to the analogy between considerations concerning the number of objects that are the empirical basis for the theory of being and investigations concerning the size of the models necessary for solving formulas on the ground of calculus of names without quantifiers. In both cases a minimum of two objects appear as an a...

Within the scope of interest of deontic logic, systems in which names of actions are arguments of deontic operators (deontic action logic) have attracted less interest than purely propositional systems. However, in our opinion, they are even more interesting from both theoretical and practical point of view. The fundament for contemporary research...

In the paper we present a dynamic model of knowledge. The model is inspired by public announcement logic and an approach to a puzzle concerning knowledge and communication using that logic. The model, using notions of situation and epistemic state as foundations, generalizes structures usually used as a semantics for epistemic logics in static and...

The conceptual world of AI is inhabited by a number of epistemic puzzles whose role is to provide a test harness environment for various methods and algorithms. In our paper we focus on those puzzles in which agents either collaborate or compete with one another in order to adopt their epistemological situations to their environment. Our goal is to...

The paper presents the preliminary version of Ontobella - a domain ontology of beliefs. The philosophical assumptions of this system are taken from the philosophy of Roman Ingarden and from the psychological results obtained in the Lvov-Warsaw school. Ontobella is applied as the conceptual framework for a computer system that collects information a...

In the paper we examine the method of axiomatic rejection used to describe the set of nonvalid formulae of Aristotle's syllogistic. First we show that the condition which the system of syllogistic has to fulfil to be completely axiomatised, is identical to the condition for any first order theory to be used as a logic program. Than we study the con...

Systemy sterowane przez komputer, bądź korzystające z komputerów w inny istotny dla nich sposób są w dzisiejszym świecie omalże powszechne. Wymienić tu można na przykład automatycznego pilota w samolocie, sterowane komputerowo linie produkcyjne, systemy ogrzewania i wentylacji w dużych budynkach, ale również komputerowe systemy ewidencji ludności c...