Piero Quarati

• Polytechnic University of Turin

The Comments are explicitly related to contents of two published papers: actual [1] and [2].[...]

Negentropy (negative entropy) is the negative contribution to the total entropy of correlated many-body environments. Negentropy can play a role in transferring its related stored mobilizable energy to colliding nuclei that participate in spontaneous or induced nuclear fusions in solid or liquid metals or in stellar plasmas. This energy transfer me...

In the past, the phase-space elementary cell of a non-quantized system was set equal to the third power of the Planck constant; in fact, it is not a necessary assumption. We discuss how the phase space volume, the number of states and the elementary-cell volume of a system of non-interacting N particles, changes when an interaction is switched on a...

Nuclear fusion cross-sections considerably higher than corresponding theoretical predictions are observed in low-energy experiments with metal matrix targets and accelerated deuteron beams. The cross-section increment is significantly higher for liquid than for solid targets. We propose that the same two-body correlation entropy used in evaluating...

This article means to show how the method of the lead isotopes is applied to the ingots from the Roman mines of the second largest lead producing area of the Iberian peninsula : the Sierra Morena. The chosen instance is that of the ingots of the Cabrera 4 wreck. The graphs on which the geochemist relies to effect his diagnosis are presented in full...

We present a detailed investigation Of the intrinsic activity of LaBr3 scintillators from the natural abundance of radioactive isotope La-138. Compared to earlier studies of lanthanum halides intrinsic activity, we gained a sharper insight by using samples of different sizes, ranging from 0.16 cm(3) to 347 cm(3), and by applying in our recent analy...

This document illustrates the technical layout and the expected performance of the Micro Vertex Detector (MVD) of the PANDA experiment. The MVD will detect charged particles as close as possible to the interaction zone. Design criteria and the optimisation process as well as the technical solutions chosen are discussed and the results of this proce...

Using results of a previous phenomenological and numerical analysis of the photofission of Bi, Th and U in the QD energy region, we study the photofission probability as the solution of a differential equation of Clausius-Clapeyron type and derive an expression for the time of photofission. We argue about some aspects of the photofission dynamics f...

We link, by means of a semiclassical approach, the fractional statistics of particles obeying the Haldane exclusion principle to the Tsallis statistics and derive a generalized quantum entropy and its associated statistics.

This study concerns a situation when measurements of the nonresonant cross-section of nuclear reactions appear highly dependent on the environment in which the particles interact. An appealing example discussed in the paper is the interaction of a deuteron beam with a target of deuterated metal Ta. In these experiments, the reaction cross section f...

We investigate the relativistic equation of state of hadronic matter and quark-gluon plasma at finite temperature and baryon density in the framework of the nonextensive statistical mechanics, characterized by power-law quantum distributions. We study the phase transition from hadronic matter to quark-gluon plasma by requiring the Gibbs conditions...

Lead isotope analysis is applied to Roman lead ingots to identify and recognise the importance of those from the mines of Cartagena, and to define the cluster characteristics of the Cartagena ore district on an isotopic map. Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables

Following the basic prescriptions of the Tsallis' nonextensive relativistic thermodynamics, we investigate the relevance of nonextensive statistical effects on the relativistic nuclear and subnuclear equation of state. In this framework, we study the first order phase transition from hadronic to quark-gluon plasma phase by requiring the Gibbs condi...

Non-resonant fusion cross-sections significantly higher than corresponding theoretical predictions are observed in low-energy experiments with deuterated matrix target. Models based on thermal effects, electron screening, or quantum-effect dispersion relations have been proposed to explain these anomalous results: none of them appears to satisfacto...

Experimental measurements in terrestrial laboratory, space and astrophysical observations of variation and fluctuation of nuclear decay constants, measurements of large enhancements in fusion reaction rate of deuterons implanted in metals and electron capture by nuclei in solar core indicate that these processes depend on the environment where take...

Non-resonant fusion cross-sections significantly higher than corresponding theoretical predictions are observed in low-energy experiments with deuterated matrix target. Models based on thermal effects, electron screening, or quantum-effect dispersion relations have been proposed to explain these anomalous results: none of them appears to satisfacto...

Nuclear electron capture rate from continuum in an astrophysical plasma environment (like solar core) is calculated using a modified Debye-Huckel screening potential and the related non-Gaussian q-distribution of electron momenta. For q=1 the well-known Debye-Huckel results are recovered. The value of q can be derived from the fluctuation of number...

A screened potential modified by nonstandard electron cloud distributions, which are responsible for the shielding effect on fusion of reacting nuclei in astrophysical plasmas, is derived. The case of clouds with depleted tails in space coordinates is discussed. The modified screened potential is obtained both from statistical mechanics arguments b...

Stimulated by the recent debate on the physical relevance and on the predictivity of q-Gaussian formalism, we present specific analytical expressions for the parameters characterizing non-Gaussian distributions, such as the nonextensive parameter q, expressions that we have proposed for different physical systems, an important example being plasmas...

Fluctuations and dynamical collisions can be responsible of non standard distributions observed in many astrophysical environments or astrophysical plasmas. In fact, since Coulomb collisions are the means to achieve equilibrium, plasmas are typically not in global thermodynamic equilibrium. We examine three different and linked problems whose solut...

Screened potential, modified by non standard electron cloud distributions responsible for the shielding effect on fusion of reacting nuclei in astrophysical plasmas, is derived. The case of clouds with depleted tails in space coordinates is discussed. The modified screened potential is obtained both from statistical mechanics arguments based on flu...

Density and temperature conditions in many stellar core and in the first stage of relativistic heavy-ion collisions imply the presence of non-ideal plasma effects with memory and long-range interactions between particles. Recent progress in statistical mechanics indicates that Tsallis non-extensive thermostatistics could be the natural generalizati...

Physical motivations indicating that the electron-nuclear plasma of a stellar core (like the solar core) is not in a global thermodynamical equilibrium but satisfies the conditions of a metastable state are described. Momentum distributions of electrons and ions are nonextensive power law distributions, rather than the Maxwellian distribution of a...

In this work we introduce a new expression of the plasma Dielecronic Recombination (DR) rate as a function of the temperature, derived assuming a small deformation of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution and containing corrective factors, in addition to the usual exponential behaviour, caused by non-linear effects in slightly non ideal plasmas. We th...

Up to now the origin of 102 lead ingots of the Comacchio (Ferrara, Italy) relict, found in 1981, has been difficult to solve and different hypothesis have been proposed. Recently 20 representative ingots have been analysed at the European JRC Laboratory of Ispra(Italy) and the lead isotope signature determined. From the performed results we may sug...

Density and temperature conditions in many stellar core (like the solar core) imply the presence of nonideal plasma effects with memory and long-range interactions between particles. This aspect suggests the possibility that the stellar core could not be in a global thermodynamical equilibrium but satisfies the conditions of a metastable state with...

We show that, if a random force is present, the microscopic dynamics of ion elastic collisions and quantum effects may sensibly modify the momentum distribution of ions and electrons in stellar plasmas. We also show that a few microscopic interactions among the particles, that are signif- icant in very specific energy intervals, lead to peculiar sl...

In fusion reactions, the Coulomb barrier selects particles from the high-momentum part of the distribution. Therefore, small variations of the high-momentum tail of the velocity distribution can produce strong effects on fusion rates. In plasmas several potential mechanisms exist that can produce deviations from the standard Maxwell-Boltzmann distr...

This article illustrates how very small deviations from the Maxwellian exponential tail, while leaving unchanged bulk quantities, can yield dramatic effects on fusion reaction rates and discuss several mechanisms that can cause such deviations. Comment: 9 ReVTex pages including 2 color figures

An interest for the low-energy range of the nonextensive distribution function arises from the study of radiative recombination in electron cooling devices in particle accelerators, whose experimentally measured reaction rates are much above the theoretical prediction. The use of generalized distributions, that differ from the Maxwellian in the low...

In the hot interiors of dense stellar plasma, the equilibrium CNO cycle converts most of the carbon and oxygen into nitrogen. We discuss implications of new measurements concerning the modified thermonuclear CNO reaction rates and the chemical abundance evolution of the stellar core as a function of the temperature. We show that strong CNO abundanc...

Galitskii and Yakimets showed that in dense or low temperature plasma, due to quantum uncertainty effect, the particle distribution function over momenta acquires a power-like tail even under conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium. We show that in weakly non-ideal plasmas, like the solar interior, both non-extensivity and quan- tum uncertainty sho...

Density and temperature conditions in many stellar core (like the solar core) imply the presence of nonideal plasma effects with memory and long-range interactions between particles. This aspect suggests the possibility that the stellar core could not be in a global thermodynamical equilibrium but satisfies the conditions of a metastable state with...

By minimizing free energy density, we show that the stellar core of a hydrogen burning star is not in a global thermodynamical equilibrium unless density, temperature, mass and composition assume given values. The core (as the solar interior) can more appropriately be viewed as a metastable state with very long lifetime. Slightly non-extensive dist...

We show that in stellar core plasmas, the one-body momentum distribution function is strongly dependent, at least in the high velocity regime, on the microscopic dynamics of ion elastic collisions and therefore on the effective collisional cross sections if a random force field is present. We take into account two cross sections describing ion-dipo...

By minimizing free energy density, we show that the stellar core of a hydrogen burning star is not in a global thermodynamical equilibrium unless density, temperature, mass and composition assume given values. The core (as the solar interior) may be viewed more appropriately as a metastable state with very long lifetime. Slightly non-extensive dist...

Following the basic prescriptions of the Tsallis’ nonextensive thermodynamics, we study the relativistic nonextensive thermodynamics and the equation of state for a perfect gas at the equilibrium. The obtained results are used to study the relativistic nuclear equation of state in the hadronic and in the quark–gluon plasma phase. We show that small...

We study the dependence of the CNO nuclear reaction rates on temperature, in the range of 107–, the typical range of temperature evolution from a Sun-like star towards a white dwarf. We show that the temperature dependence of the CNO nuclear reaction rates is strongly affected by the presence of non-extensive statistical effects in the dense stella...

We study two different physical scenarios of thermonuclear reactions in stellar plasmas proceeding through a narrow resonance at low energy or through the low-energy wing of a wide resonance at high energy. Correspondingly, we derive two approximate analytical formulae in order to calculate thermonuclear resonant reaction rates inside very coupled...

Results of numerical simulations of fusion rate d(d,p)t, for low-energy deuteron beam, colliding with deuterated metallic matrix (Raiola et al. Phys. Lett.B 547 (2002) 193 and Eur. Phys J. A 13 (2002) 377) confirm analytical estimate given in Coraddu et al. nucl-th/0401043, taking into account quantum tails in the momentum distribution function of...

The Bochum experimental enhancement of the d+d fusion rate in a deuterated metal matrix at low incident energies is explained by the quantum broadening of the momentum-energy dispersion relation and consequent modification of the high-momentum tail of the distribution function from an exponential to a power-law.

The Bochum experimental enhancement of the d+d fusion rate in a deuterated metal matrix at low incident energies is explained by the quantum broadening of the momentum-energy dispersion relation and consequent modification of the high-momentum tail of the distribution function from an exponential to a power-law.

We study the dependence of the CNO nuclear reaction rates on temperature, in the range of $10^7\div 10^8$ K, the typical range of temperature evolution from a Sun-like star towards a white dwarf. We show that the temperature dependence of the CNO nuclear reaction rates is strongly affected by the presence of non-extensive statistical effects in the...

We study two different physical scenarios of thermonuclear reactions in stellar plasmas proceeding through a narrow resonance at low energy or through the low energy wing of a wide resonance at high energy. Correspondingly, we derive two approximate analytical formulae in order to calculate thermonuclear resonant reaction rates inside very coupled...

The super-Kamiokande best global fit, which includes data from SNO, gallium and chlorine experiments, results in a hep neutrino contribution to the signals that, even after oscillation, is greater than the SSM prediction. The solar hep neutrino flux that would yield this contribution is four times larger than the one predicted by the SSM. Recent de...

We calculate the phase space volume Ω occupied by a nonextensive system of N classical particles described by an equilibrium (or steady-state, or long-term stationary state of a nonequilibrium system) distribution function, which slightly deviates from Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB) distribution in the high energy tail. We explicitly require that the numbe...

The lead isotope compositions of many different samples from lead ingots of Roman age from two relicts (from Cabrera, and from Saintes‐Maries‐de‐la‐Mer) of the Western Mediterranean have been measured. Other lead isotope analyses of ores, metals or lead ingots from mines of Sierra Morena and from Cartagena and Sardinia have been accomplished. All t...

We show that non-conventional statistical effects (due to the presence of long range forces, memory effects, correlations and fluctuations) can be very relevant in the interpretation of the experimental observables in relativistic heavy-ions collisions. Transverse mass spectrum, transverse momentum fluctuations and rapidity spectra are analysed in...

Recent progress in statistical mechanics indicates the Tsallis non-extensive thermostatistics as the natural generalization of the standard classical and quantum statistics, when memory effects and long-range forces are not negligible. In this framework, we show that in weakly non-ideal plasma non-extensive and quantum uncertainty effects should be...

We show that moderate deviations from the Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution can increase deuterium reaction rates enough to contribute to the heating of Jupiter. These deviations are compatible with the violation of extensivity expected from temperature and density conditions inside Jupiter.

After considering the kinetical interaction principle (KIP) introduced in ref. Physica A {\bf296}, 405 (2001), we study in the Boltzmann picture, the evolution equation and the H-theorem for non extensive systems. The $q$-kinetics and the $\kappa$-kinetics are studied in detail starting from the most general non linear Boltzmann equation compatible...

Energy and momentum of the elementary excitations become independent variables in medium: energy and momentum statistical distributions are not identical. The momentum distribution and not the energy distribution is relevant for barrier penetration. The deviations of the momentum distribution from the Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution can be ex...

We consider a planar particle system obeying a generalized Pauli exclusion principle. In the mean field approximation, this system is described by a Schrdinger equation we recently introduced, containing a complex nonlinearity. The particle number, the total energy, and the angular momentum are conserved in such a system. We consider vortexlike sta...

It has been shown by Galitskii and Yakimets that in a dense plasma, like the stellar core, the tunneling particles undergo simultaneous collisions with other particles and, due to quantum uncertainty effects, the particles distribution function over momenta acquires a non-Maxwellian power-like tail even under thermodynamic equilibrium. We show that...

We introduce a nonlinear and noncanonical gauge transformation which allows the reduction of a complex nonlinearity, contained in a Schrodinger equation, into a real one.

We show that in weakly non-ideal plasmas, like the solar interior, both non-extensivity and quantum uncertainty (a' la Galitskii and Yakimets) should be taken into account to derive equilibrium ion distribution functions and to estimate nuclear reaction rates and solar neutrino fluxes.

We introduce a nonlinear and noncanonical gauge transformation which allows the re- duction of a complex nonlinearity, contained in a Schrodinger equation, into a real one. This Schrodinger equation describes a canonical system, whose kinetics is governed by a generalized Exclusion-Inclusion Principle. The transformation can be easily general- ized...

We show that in weakly non-ideal plasmas, like the solar interior, both non-extensivity and quantum uncertainty (à la Galitskii and Yakimets) should be taken into account to derive equilibrium ion distribution functions and to estimate nuclear reaction rates and solar neutrino fluxes.

We describe the physical motivations why we are urged to look for an ionic equilibrium distribution function slightly different from the Maxwellian to calculate nuclear reaction rates in the solar core plasma answering, at the same time, to a recent paper by Bahcall et al. (astro-ph/0010055).

Nonextensive and quantum uncertainty effects (related to the quasiparticles composing the stellar core) have strong influence on the nuclear rates and, of course, affect solar neutrino fluxes. Both effects do coexist and are due to the frequent collisions among the ions. The weakly nonextensive nature of the solar core is confirmed. The range of pr...

The presence of memory effects and color long-range forces among the many-parton system in the early stage of heavy-ion collisions can affect the particle statistical behavior at the freeze-out temperature. In this context, we calculate, in the framework of the equilibrium generalized non-extensive thermostatistics, the shape of pion transverse mas...

Starting from the experimental evidence that high-energy nucleus–nucleus collisions cannot be described in terms of superpositions of elementary nucleon–nucleon interactions, we analyze the possibility that memory effects and long-range forces imply a non-extensive statistical regime during high-energy heavy-ion collisions. The relevance of these s...

Nonextensive and quantum uncertainty effects (related to the quasiparticles composing the stellar core) have strong influence on the nuclear rates and, of course, affect solar neutrino fluxes. Both effects do coexist and are due to the frequent collisions among the ions. The weakly nonextensive nature of the solar core is confirmed. The range of pr...

We propose a new nonrelativistic abelian Maxwell-Chern-Simons model describing a collectively interacting particle system obeying a generalized Exclusion-Inclusion Principle. Starting from the Lagrangian of the system, in the frame of the canonical formalism, we derive the equations of motion for matter and gauge fields. Within this model we write...

We consider a nonlinear canonical Schrödinger model recently proposed by us, describing collectively interacting nonrelativistic particles via a generalized Exclusion-Inclusion Principle. Starting from the energy-momentum tensor we study the space-time symmetries of this model and derive the conserved quantities and the associated fluxes. We also s...

Recent progresses in statistical mechanics indicate the Tsallis nonextensive thermostatistics as the natural generalization of the standard classical and quantum statistics, when memory effects and long-range forces are not negligible. In this framework, weakly nonextensive statistical deviations can strongly reduce the puzzling discrepancies betwe...

A method of elimination, from continuum calculations of nuclear reaction cross sections, of all spuriosities deriving from the centre-of-mass motion is proposed. With a simple modification of the treatment of the one-particle continuum in nuclear reaction theory of Barrett and Delsanto (1974), it is possible to tie the centre-of-mass to the origin.

The authors have tested, in the case of the 4He nucleus, the method of Delsanto and Quarati (see ibid., vol.2, p.161 (1976)) for elimination, from continuum calculations of nuclear reaction cross sections, of spuriosities deriving from the centre-of-mass motion. The results seem to indicate that the method is effective and the overall agreement sat...

Density and temperature conditions in the solar core suggest that the microscopic diffusion of electrons and ions could be nonstandard: Diffusion and friction coefficients are energy dependent, collisions are not two-body processes and retain memory beyond the single scattering event. A direct consequence of nonstandard diffusion is that the equili...

The physics of nuclear reactions in stellar plasma is reviewed with special emphasis on the importance of the velocity distribution of ions. Then the properties (density and temperature) of the weak-coupled solar plasma are analysed, showing that the ion velocities should deviate from the Maxwellian distribution and could be better described by a w...

Nuclear reactions in stars occur between nuclei in the high-energy tail of the energy distribution and are sensitive to possible deviations from the standard equilibrium thermal-energy distribution. We are able to derive strong constraints on such deviations by using the detailed helioseismic information of the solar structure. If a small deviation...

Recently [G. Kaniadakis, Phys. Rev. A 55, 941 (1997)], we introduced a Schrödinger equation containing a complex nonlinearity W(ρ,j)+iW(ρ,j) which describes the collective interaction introduced by an exclusion-inclusion principle (EIP). The EIP does not affect W(ρ,j) and determines W(ρ,j) univocally. In the above reference W(ρ,j) was deduced by me...

The solar core, because of its density and temperature, is not a weakly-interacting or a high-temperature plasma. Collective effects have time scales comparable to the average time between collisions, and the microfield distribution influences the particle dynamics. In this conditions ion and electron diffusion is a non-Markovian process, memory ef...

Nuclear reactions in stars occur between nuclei in the high-energy tail of the energy distribution and are sensitive to possible deviations from the standard equilibrium thermal-energy distribution. We are able to derive strong constraints on such deviations by using the detailed helioseismic information of the solar structure. If a small deviation...

A justified modification of the real part of the complex non-linearity of a Schrödinger equation, recently proposed G. Kaniadakis, Phys. Rev. A 55 (1997) 941], allows us to obtain a new canonical quantum system obeying an exclusion–inclusion principle. The soliton solutions of this new effective Schrödinger equation are obtained in an implicit form...

We consider a nonlinear Schrödinger equation for particles obeying an exclusion-inclusion principle recently proposed by us and derive, within the Wigner formalism, a generalized quantum phase-space transport equation. We calculate the ħ expansion of this equation and study the quantum corrections, up to the ħ2 order, of the finite temperature Thom...

Constraints on the neutrino fluxes Φp, ΦB, ΦCNO and ΦBe are derived from the available experimental results. Physical implications are discussed by means of non-extensive statistics which takes into account many-body effects and long-range interactions. The different reduction factors for 7Be and 8B fluxes with respect to their standard solar model...

Baryon pairing and neutron superfluidity are believed to play an important role in the evolution of neutron stars. The pairing interaction provides a partial antisym-metrization of the nucleons in the stars with the evidence that fractional statistics must hold. By using a kinetic approach recently proposed [G. Kaniadakis, A. Lavagno and P. Quarati...

We study by means of a kinetic approach recently proposed [Phys. Rev. E 49, 5103 (1994)] both classical and quantum statistics, stationary solutions of a non-linear Fokker-Planck equation. The non-linear term in this equation has origin in a generalized exclusion-inclusion principle which takes into account the quantum effects due to the bosonic, f...

We have studied the kinetics of q-deformed bosons and fermions, within a semiclassical approach. This investigation is realized by introducing a generalized exclusion-inclusion principle, intrinsically connected with the quantum q-algebra by means of the creation and annihilation operator matrix elements. In this framework, we have derived a nonlin...

We consider the low-temperature thermodynamic and magnetic properties of an ideal gas of particles obeying a generic fermion-like fractional statistics. The coefficients of the Sommerfeld expansion are calculated in terms of the central moments of the derivative of the density of entropy with respect to the occupational number.

We have studied the kinetics of $q$-deformed bosons and fermions, within a semiclassical approach. This investigation is realized by introducing a generalized exclusion-inclusion principle, intrinsically connected with the quantum $q$-algebra by means of the creation and annihilation operators matrix elements. In this framework, we have derived a n...

In this paper we will show that, assuming the existence of a long-range microscopic memory of the random force, acting in the solar core, mainly on the electrons and the protons rather than on the light and heavy ions (or, equally, assuming the existence of an anomalous diffusion of solar core constituents of light mass and of normal diffusion of h...

We show that the observational data recently provided by Giovanelli et al. (1996 a, b) and discussed by Bahcall and Oh (1996) concerning the velocity distribution of clusters of galaxies can be naturally fitted by a statistical distribution which generalizes the Maxwell-Boltzmann one (herein recovered for the entropic index $q=1$). Indeed a recent...

We show that the kinetic approach to statistical mechanics permits an efficient treatment of fractional exclusion statistics. By using the exclusion-inclusion principle recently proposed [Phys. Rev. E 49 (1994) 5103] as a generalization of the Pauli exclusion principle, we derive a variety of different statistical distributions interpolating betwee...

The low-temperature properties of the internal energy, the specific heat and the Pauli susceptibility for an ideal gas of particles obeying to a fermion-like fractional statistics are considered. The Sommerfeld expansions of this quantities are calculated in tems of the central moments of the derivative of the density of entropy with respect to the...

The empirical-phenomenological quasi-deuteron photofission description is theoretically justified within the semiclassical, intermediate statistics model. The transmutational fermion (nucleon) - boson (quasi-deuteron) potential plays an essential role in the present context and is expressed in terms of thermodynamical and of microscopical quantitie...

We present numerical solutions of a nonlinear Fokker-Planck equation to describe a Fermi gas. The model equation (G. Kaniadakis, P. Quarati, Phys. Rev. E 49 (1994) 5103) includes a nonlinear term due to the Pauli exclusion principle which has been disregarded up to now. A new numerical method to study the time evolution of the distribution function...

The generalized Tsallis statistics produces a distribution function appropriate to describe the interior solar plasma, thought as a stellar polytrope, showing a tail depleted respect to the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution and reduces to zero at energies greater than about $20 \, k_{_B} T$. The Tsallis statistics can theoretically support the distrib...

The generalized Tsallis statistics produces a distribution function appropriate to describe the interior solar plasma, thought as a stellar polytrope, showing a tail depleted with respect to the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution and reduces to zero at energies greater than about 20kBT. The Tsallis statistics can theoretically support the distribution...

Contemporary transition description, in the nearest neighbors frame, allows a more complete and rigorous treatment of the kinetics of a system of identical particles obeying an exclusion-inclusion principle than the only individual transition approximation. Within this description, statistical distributions are derived, as stationary states of a ge...

We show that the kinetic approach to statistical mechanics permits an elegant and efficient treatment of fractional exclusion statistics. By using the exclusion-inclusion principle recently proposed [Phys. Rev. E49, 5103 (1994)] as a generalization of the Pauli exclusion principle, which is based on a proper definition of the transition probability...

LUNA is a pilot project initially focused on the 3He(3He,2p)4He cross section measurement within the thermal energy region of the Sun (15–27 KeV). A compact high current 50 KV ion accelerator facility including a windowless gas target system, a beam calorimeter, and four detector telescopes has been built, tested, and installed underground at the L...

We propose a set of non‐Maxwellian statistical distributions, stationary solutions to the Fokker‐Planck equation, in which the diffusion and drift coefficients are different from the Brownian case (non interacting particles). These distributions, slightly different from the Maxwellian, describe classical interacting particles and, at equal temperat...