Philippe Fauquet-Alekhine

Électricité de France (EDF) | EDF · INTRA robotics

Aims: Digital ethnography has shown its added-value for the analysis of work activity in order to improve the methods of developing the associated necessary competencies. In particular, tracing process methods based on first-person recording of the activity by first-person view camera combined with competencies-oriented and goal-oriented interviews...

After the nuclear accidents of Chernobyl and Fukushima, several countries concerned with nuclear energy production set up robotic accident intervention groups with the aim to intervene in place of humans in hostile environments with high levels of contamination or irradiation. It is the case of France. The operational feedback of such robotic group...

Chapters 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 of this book address psychosocial risks at work. The purpose of the present chapter is to propose questionnaires necessary for these methods of assessing psychosocial risks (PSRs). The questionnaires proposed here were selected based on the following criteria: the number of questions is relatively small, the themes cove...

Chapters 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 of this book address psychosocial risks at work. The purpose of the present chapter is to present the categorisation of psychosocial risk factors according to two approaches, and to propose three evaluation methods, one based on the use of questionnaires, another based on group interviews, and the last being the combina...

Chapters 8 to 12 of this book address psychosocial risks at work. The purpose of the present chapter is to discuss the analyst’s posture in the evaluation of psychosocial risks, present the different facets of the evaluation, address the issue of ethics, consider collaborations that are resourceful, and finally, propose the point of view of the int...

The use of questionnaires for psychosocial risk assessment is one thing; the visibility of the results of these questionnaires is another. Sometimes graphing the data obtained in a relevant and readable way is not obvious at first glance. This is why this chapter proposes options that have the double advantage of being illustrative of the results a...

The two main methods developed for stress state assessment are “subjective” through questionnaires and “objective” through physiological measurements. The former provides an “image” of the stress perceived by the subjects (subjective state) during the stress exposure. This may be done through the Experience Sampling Method (ESM), for instance, or a...

Intuitively, we think that the idea we can have of stress from one country to another, and therefore from one culture to another, is different. What form do these differences take? This is the question that this chapter attempts to answer. The finding is that the answer exists at the macroscopic level, for example, by categories of stressors, but v...

Stress has two dimensions: a psycho-sociological dimension and a physiological dimension, both influencing the behavioral dimension. These dimensions of stress interact permanently and continually. For example, psycho-sociological expressions of stress have been shown to impact on an individual’s physiology; subsequently, that might produce an incr...

Chapters 8–12 of the present book address psychosocial risks at work. The purpose of this chapter is to provide elements of understanding concerning concepts related to psychosocial risks, such as psychosocial risks, psychosocial risk factors, psychosocial disorders and psychosocial risk categories. It also discusses the stakes of assessing psychos...

In this book, we are interested in managing stress to reduce it. Why should we be concerned about how stress can be simulated? The answer is simple and almost trivial: because many professionals regularly tackle crisis situations such as accidents and it is necessary to train them for stress management. One of the possibilities is to engage them in...

This chapter addresses psychopharmacology, namely the pharmacology of so-called higher brain functions, with a focus on treatments for conditions associated with stress. It is provided here for information purposes only and is not a substitute for official medical or regulatory body guidelines and documents.

All professionals work in a particular context that is specific to their occupational sector of activity. The nature of this activity generates constraints and specific demands. It is therefore legitimate to think that the professional sectors are impacted by stress in different ways. This is what this chapter proposes to illustrate by analyzing st...

This chapter focuses on stress prevention measures in the workplace. The aim will be to categorise the various strategies into an overarching system while reviewing evidence of their effectiveness. As such this chapter will take an intentionally broad approach to stress reduction measures, examining a range of very different approaches to the issue...

Stress at work may take different forms with different intensities. For professions with high risks (military occupations, airline or nuclear industry occupations, health and emergency occupations, for example), acute stress may relate to crisis management. Whatever the form or the intensity it takes, strategies and techniques of stress management...

Two methods have been developed for stress state assessment: subjective through questionnaire or objective through physiological measurements. The former provides an “image” of the stress (subjective state) perceived by the subjects during the stress exposure through Experience Sampling Method, for instance, or afterwards when questionnaires are fi...

The conclusion of the book takes stock of the contribution of each chapter. It proposes perspectives for actions, both in political or organisational terms and in professional practical terms, which would improve the management of occupational stress in companies and more generally in the daily life of each individual.

The adoption of legal resolutions or legislative proposals concerning the legal personality of Information Technology entities by the highest decision-making bodies has led to a significant increase in scientific studies on the subject in all disciplines. This sudden interest is a real necessity since, for example, the attribution of the legal stat...

Technological advances are equipping robotic entities with artificial intelligence and endowed with emotional intelligence that gives them a capacity for reflection, analysis, that is closer every day to that of humans. The growing autonomy of robotic entities raises the question of legal responsibility for acts carried out by such entities at the...

Boidroids, androids mixing organic and synthetic components controlled by Artificial Intelligence, will likely spread soon in the daily life. They will interact with humans and will be thinking, behaving and feeling like humans. They will likely take on the appearance of humanoids in order to be better accepted in the civil society. Such artificial...

Collaboration at work is a key component for activities in complex socio-technical systems. Reviewing the scientific literature showed that collaborative work activity has been well characterized, showing that perspective-taking is a crucial feature, but no study quantifies what makes the performance of collaborative activity. Analyzing performance...

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-021-00678-9

Entraîner les unités opérationnelles au management du stress en vue de la gestion des situations opérationnelles réelles n'est pas trivial. Selon les professions, en formation, il est difficile de reproduire des facteurs de stress crédibles dont l'effet stressant ne serait pas atténué par la simulation. Il est donc important de mener une réflexion...

Training operational units in stress management with the objective of dealing with real operational situations is not trivial. Depending on the occupation, during training, it is difficult to reproduce credible stressors whose stressful effect would not be mitigated by simulation. It is therefore important to think about how training can be conduct...

Foreword - It is with great pleasure that the Group INTRA gives a new dimension to the 11th edition of its workshop: this new edition is resolutely oriented towards an international scientific and industrial conference format. We are honored to receive keynote speakers of international renown who have agreed, in addition to oral presentations, to...

Subjective Evidence-Based Ethnography (SEBE) is a family of methods developed in digital ethnography for investigation in social science based on subjective audio–video recordings using first-person perspective. Recordings are used for self-confrontation (collect subjective experience, discussion of findings and final interpretation). Several studi...

Aims: The study aimed at assessing the similarities and the differences between French wine producers’ perception of Belarusian consumers and the actual behavior of Belarusian consumers. Study design: Questionnaires filled in individually were used to compare consumers and producers’ perception. The questionnaire was made up of general questions ad...

The aim of this pilot study was to test a method developed in the Cognitive Task Analysis paradigm for adult occupational training in the field of education. The method used was based on the Square of Percieved ACtion (SPEAC) protocol using the SPEAC model (explaining how to successfully put competencies in action). The study was conducted in two s...

The aim was to test a method developed in nuclear industry applied to a simple activity, the radial artery puncture, and to assess its capacity to improve performance. The method involved digital ethnography based on the Square of PErceived ACtion model applied in real operating situation and first-person perspective video for post-analysis of the...

Aims: A previous study showed that Intersubjectivity Theory could explain how consumers could appreciate a food product when looking at the packaging and reading the brand. Two samples of subjects, English and French consumers, were individually presented first with a foreign language food product and then with a native language food product. Their...

Aims: Experiments undertaken with two professions (engineers and anesthesiologists) have shown the possible overestimation of perceived stress by subjects when self-assessing stress through questionnaires for high levels of acute stress. Previous analyses having demonstrated that the overestimation was effective, the present study aimed at analyzin...

This chapter gives three examples of application of the SEBE/SPEAC protocol, one regarding activities related to reliability practices for professionals of nuclear industries, another about a simple nursing activity in medicine, the radial puncture and a last one in education at school. Results in terms of consecutive operational performances are p...

This chapter describes the rationale of the book from the industrial standpoint: it describes the current occupational need in complex socio-technical systems. The occupational context, the training context and the social context are briefly described and the major weaknesses are highlighted leading to the concept of “skills drain”; the related dif...

This chapter examines through a review how the literature makes the link between knowledge, know-how, skills and competencies. It suggests that competencies must be mobilized in order to perform an activity and that this mobilization is multi-factorial and occurs when in action. It suggests a way to synthetize the conclusions of the review through...

This chapter examines theories and key concepts regarding competencies and activity, and emphasizes the importance of the notion of “competencies in action”. It reviews the available models which might depict this concept. This results in developing a new model, the Square of PErceived ACtion model (SPEAC model) by adapting Le Boterf’s model. A com...

This chapter explores the Cognitive Task Analysis paradigm so as to select a method for accessing competencies in action. This orients us towards “process tracing” method based on first-person video recordings of activities followed by replay subjective interviews, also known as Subjective Evidence-Based Ethnography (SEBE). The SEBE/SPEAC protocol...

Субъективная доказательная этнография (SEBE) была определена S. Lahlou [9]: семейство методов, разработанных в цифровой этнографии для исследований в области социальных наук, основанных на субъективных аудио-видеозаписях с использованием миниатюрных видеокамер (обычно носимых на уровне глаз субъекта: subcam). Этот метод позволяет активировать памят...

This book will undoubtedly become a reference in Knowledge Management because of its pragmatic approach of occupational training strongly underpinned by a clear and complete theoretical contribution. – Jean-Claude Granry, Emeritus Professor, University of Angers, France, Former Director of the Anesthesiology & Resuscitation dept. at the University...

Decision-making occurs several times an hour when working in high risk industry and an erroneous choice might have undesirable outcomes for people and the environment surrounding the industrial plant. Industrial decisions are very often made in a context of acute stress. Time pressure is a crucial stressor leading decision makers sometimes to boost...

Модель SPEAC и соответствующий ей протокол исследования (протокол SPEAC) были разработаны и применялись с целью выявления возможностей использования навыков взрослых людей для их дальнейшей профессиональной подготовки [1]. В дальнейшем в SEBE-лаборатории Лондонской школы экономических и политических наук (Великобритания) были получены убедительные...

Subjective Evidence-Based Ethnography (SEBE) is a family of methods developed for investigation in social science based on subjective audio-video recordings with a miniature video-camera usually worn at eye-level (eye-tracking techniques are included). Facing a lack of tools for SEBE risk assessment when applied to high risk professional environmen...

A specific language of communication at work is developed by professionals particularly in high risk industries (such as energy production industries, aircraft companies and hospitals): this comes from the high level of technicality which is often at the root of these words. One of our previous studies demonstrated that this kind of standard usage...

INTRODUCTION: The use of high fidelity simulators in Medicine can improve knowledge, behaviour and practice but may be associated with significant stress. Our objective was to measure physiological and psychological self-assessed intensity of stress before and after a planned simulation training session among third year anaesthesia and critical car...

The SPEAC protocol using first-person perspective ethnography and subsequent replay interviews was applied to analyze work activities at a French nuclear power plant during real operating situations of Operations shift teams (15 situations and 30 participants, about 1950 min. video recordings and 2400 min. audio recordings). Results were compared w...

Professionals are used to developing a specific language at work, an operational form of communication particularly reinforced in high risk industries (e.g. energy industries, aircraft companies, hospitals) because favored by a high level of technicality of the context which usually provides the roots of this language. Although a psycholinguistic a...

All along this book, we have tried to propose ways and pragmatic advises in order to give the readers matter to think and make their own professional practice to evolve.

Analysis of work activities in nuclear industry has highlighted a new psycho-cognitive phenomenon: the structuring effect of tools (SET) sometimes leading to unexpected operating deviations; the subject is unable to perform a task concerning object A using or adapting a tool designed and presented to perform the same task concerning object B when o...

The renewal of the staff in companies, with no possibilities sometimes for the newcomers to meet experienced workers already retired, is considered by some analysts as a “skills drain”. In such a context, improving the occupational training program is a crucial challenge for any company concerned by this social phenomenon. The method presented her...

Subjective Evidence-Based Ethnography (SEBE) is a family of methods developed for investigation in social science based on subjective audio-video recordings with a miniature video-camera usually worn at eye-level (eye-tracking techniques are included). Despite its application to the analysis of high risk professions (e.g. anesthetists, aircraft pil...

Previous multidisciplinary study of vocational simulation training helped us to elaborate an innovative debriefing protocol for simulation training sessions in seven steps applying two key principles (called “debriefing 7S2P”). This study aimed at testing its efficacy and assessing its potential performance. This was undertaken experimentally for s...

Ignition of cryogenic engines of space launchers is usually preceded by a transient phase during which feeding lines of the combustion chamber are swept by an inert gas. This sweeping flow may be prolonged for several milliseconds while propellants injection begins. Despite the fact that this transient may generate instabilities influencing the ign...

Clothing-based discrimination at work induced by belonging to a subculture is not studied in the literature. This paper aims at contributing to fill this gap through analysis of working conditions of the French Goth subculture. Subjects were contacted individually at random for interviews (1-3h each) examined afterwards through statistical, qualita...

Whereas full scale simulators operated for contextualized simulated training sessions are widely used for occupational training, studies undertaken regarding virtual applications have shown that decontextualized simulated situations could be used as a relevant lever to help trainees improving professional skills. This was here quantified and analyz...

Heart rate variation (HR) being identified as depending on subjects’ stress state when submitted to short term mental stress, this study aimed at analyzing whether or not it could be possible to find a mathematical relationship between the average heart rate variation and the intensity S of a stress indicator in case of short term mental stress, wh...

It is not surprising that a number of trainers met in companies ask themselves recurring questions about what they have to do, if they do it well, if they could do it better… Testimonials in following chapters will provide elements for reflection and will try to provide answers. This chapter proposes to bring to light some conceptual aspects relate...

The operation of nuclear power plants requires a high degree of control of facilities, either in terms of piloting or maintenance, or in normal or accidental situation. It concerns the security and the health of populations, and therefore the possibility of maintaining the nuclear sector in the energy market.

Drawing on decades of industrial experience, this insightful and practical guide uses case studies and an interdisciplinary perspective to explain the fundamentals of simulation training to improve performance of high-risk professional activities. It seeks to identify those conditions under which simulation training has been shown to improve profes...

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) are nowadays widely used during academic or occupational trainings from an official standpoint (integrated in pedagogical programs) as well as from an informal standpoint (non class-related use by students, trainers or learners). Regarding this latter point, the research question was to know how often...

This study undertaken in both naturalistic and experimental conditions aimed at assessing objectively the use of ICT by students whilst attending an academic lecture and to gauge the disturbance effect of ICT use on the learning process. Observations were carried out from end 2012 to end 2014 in a UK university (N=596, MSc, Human Sc. discipline) di...

The industrial society facing a “skills drain” with a massive renewal of staffs these years, improving the training of newcomers in the companies has become a key point. More specifically, being able to integrate tacit knowledge as input data of occupational training programs is a significant issue. On the basis of recent work, we developed a proto...

Drawing on decades of industrial experience, this insightful and practical guide uses case studies and an interdisciplinary perspective to explain the fundamentals of simulation training to improve performance of high-risk professional activities. It seeks to identify those conditions under which simulation training has been shown to improve profes...

The aim of this communication is to advocate for use of high density powders (more than 5000 kg/m3) in experimental simulation of gas-particles flows of Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) boilers. These industrial facilities are used as ecological electricity suppliers with effective pollutants capture for a high thermal net efficiency. Usually, as il...

Consumers' behavior in food industry is a key point of investigation for marketing. Widely studied in different manners including the use of videos, the recent technological progresses allow now the use of miniaturized video facilities. This pilot study showed, for consumers shopping wines, how subjective video analysis of consumers' activity could...

Consumers’ behavior in food industry is a key point of investigation for marketing. Widely studied in different manners including the use of videos, the recent technological progresses allow now the use of miniaturized video facilities. This pilot study showed, for consumers shopping wines, how subjective video analysis of consumers’ activity could...

Stress, suicide au travail, harcèlement, mal-être, épuisement professionnel… Les mots pour dire les maux du travail ont envahi le discours médiatique et politique, mais aussi la vie quotidienne des organisations publiques et privées. Pourtant, derrière chacun de ces mots d’allure parfois simple se cachent des partis pris théoriques qui gênent la bo...

Decades of research about stress have shown that it could be source of performance but also of cognitive deficit. The studies have led to highlight occupational stress variables that researchers have characterized by physiological measurements, data treatments and protocols becoming more and more complex with time. If these devices are gaining in p...

In universities of West Europe as in Industrials training centers and in work places, the use of Information & Communication Technologies (ICT) such as the iPad, iPhone, tablet and laptop computers, has widely spread. Advantage or drawback? Based on observations and interviews of students at the LSE (UK), this study aims at contributing to highligh...

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are increasing in importance every day, especially since the 90's (last decade of birth for the Millennials generation). While social interactions involving the Millennials generation have been studied, a lack of investigation remains regarding the use of the ICT by this generation as well as the imp...

For professions of high risk industries, simulation training has always been thought in terms of high degree of fidelity regarding the real operational situation. Due to the recent progress, this way of training is changing, modifying the human-computer and software interactions: the interactions between trainees during simulation training session...

On the basis of questionnaires and interviews of two samples of subjects (French and Anglo-Saxon) for which two food products were presented (one of the subject's country and one of the foreign country), we have shown how consumers could be sensitive to the label or brand written on the package of the food product. Furthermore, in the light of Inte...

The aim of this study is to get a better comprehension of gas-particles fluidization regimes. Experiments have been conducted in an experimental Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) with solid particles of high density (bronze) compared to those generally encountered in literature (sand, glass beads or FCC). Analysis of the standard deviation of pressur...

Studies with French nuclear reactor operating teams have shown the established use of “standard of communication” which was efficient within the team but showed drawbacks when shared outside the team. A new standard has been implemented all over the nuclear fleet. Difficulties for implementation have been identified in terms of i) changing habits i...

Many researches have been done concerning the study of parameters which make people choose or not such product on the market. Concerning food industry, scientists have been involved in the analysis of technical parameters (nutrition, health characteristics) and their perception by the consumer, and in the analysis of psycho-sociological parameters...

This paper deals with the vocabulary used by operators and technicians of nuclear power plants, with vocabulary changes occurring during exchanges and with time and discusses the related consequences that may arise regarding safety and efficiency at work.

Safety management in nuclear power plants involves analysing “safety events” to understand them and to reduce occurrences. For several years, an approach identifying and analysing factors included in the production of the event has been applied to EDF nuclear power plants; however some outstanding difficulties still remain.The article presents two...

Résumé. Les centrales nucléaires d'EDF bénéficient de consultants internes : les Consultants Facteurs Humains. Cette fonction a introduit sur les centrales nucléaires une compétence positionnée sur le management de la sûreté nucléaire, et centrée sur l'activité de travail des intervenants comme des manageurs. Le CFH doit aider à prendre en compte l...