Philip LloydCape Peninsula University of Technology | CPUT · Energy Institute
Philip Lloyd
PhD (Chem Eng)
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63
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Introduction
Publications
Publications (63)
Two of the challenges facing any transition to a lower carbon economy in the building sector are the questions of how rapidly the existing low-efficiency stock of domestic housing can be replaced with more efficient housing and how efficient the new housing stock can be made. This paper therefore develops a model for the replacement of the global h...
![Figure 1. Primary energy sources, 1965-2016 [1] Since 2000, use of coal...](profile/Philip-Lloyd/publication/319141474/figure/fig3/AS:667793246654474@1536225725635/Primary-energy-sources-1965-2016-1-Since-2000-use-of-coal-by-OECD-nations-has-fallen_Q320.jpg)
![Fig.2 PM 10 levels in the Eastern Highveld priority area [23] Similarly...](profile/Philip-Lloyd/publication/319141474/figure/fig1/AS:528027920023552@1502903074975/PM-10-levels-in-the-Eastern-Highveld-priority-area-23-Similarly-sulphur-dioxide-levels_Q320.jpg)
The world depends upon coal for much of its energy, yet coal had developed a reputation for being "dirty" and polluting. The reputation seems undeserved; coal can be, and often is, burned cleanly. There are concerns about various emissions, particularly sulphur and nitrogen oxides and mercury, but the impact of these emissions seems overstated, so...
Using World Bank Development Indicators, it is shown that the use of energy is strongly related to almost every conceivable aspect of development. Wealth, health, nutrition, water, infrastructure, education, even life expectancy itself, are strongly and significantly related to the consumption of energy per capita. In general, the approach taken wa...
Two of the challenges facing any transition to a lower-carbon economy in the building sector are the questions of how rapidly the existing low-efficiency stock of domestic housing can be replaced with more efficient housing, and how efficient the new housing stock can be made. This paper therefore develops a model for the replacement of the global...
It is widely believed that the burning of fossil fuels has increased the CO2 content of the atmosphere (Step 1), which in turn has led to global warming (Step 2), which in turn has caused climate change (Step 3) which is characterized by an increase in the frequency and magnitude of extreme events, which in turn will render parts of the globe uninh...
Two of the challenges facing any transition to a lower carbon economy in the building sector are the questions of how rapidly the existing low-efficiency stock of domestic housing can be replaced with more efficient housing and how efficient the new housing stock can be made. This paper therefore develops a model for the replacement of the global h...
Wind energy introduces a dynamic component to energy supply. The generation industry has adapted to significant variations in demand, but intermittent non-dispatchable sources such as wind energy pose new and different challenges to those seeking to maintain a consistent supply of adequate power at an effectively constant frequency.
In order to un...
There has been widespread investigation of the drivers of changes in global temperatures. However, there has been remarkably little consideration of the magnitude of the changes to be expected over a period of a few decades or even a century. To address this question, the Holocene records up to 8000 years before present, from several ice cores were...
Worldwide, millions of people with limited access to modern energy sources cook food using a wide variety of solid fuels, primarily biomass. Often the cooking arrangement is no more than three stones supporting a pot; sometimes there is an appliance which may be fashioned from local materials; sometimes there is a fabricated appliance. In most case...
The LP gas industry in South Africa forms a small but vital part of the liquid hydrocarbon industry as a whole. About 600 000t/a is produced, against a demand of the order of 350 000t/a plus an export demand of about 150 000t/a, with the balance being consumed by the refineries themselves. Imports are slowly growing as the facilities for coastal st...
The Update to the Integrated Resource Plan 2010 [IRP2010 Update] has generally been well-received. In the light of evidence that the basis for the original IRP was too rigid, the Update is far more flexible in its approach. It has examined a wider range of scenarios. It has abandoned multi-criterion decision analysis, which had been the subject of...
This paper describes the results of a pilot programme to introduce ethanol gel as a replacement for paraffin for cooking in a low-income informal settlement, Samora Machel, in the Philippi district of Cape Town. A baseline study had shown that paraffin was the dominant source of energy in this community, and that the community knew that its use was...
While the electrification of households in South Africa since 1994 has been impressive, many of the major energy services in poor households are still met by traditional fuels such as, on the Highveld, coal; in coastal regions, paraffin; and in rural areas by wood. Their use is associated with a range of challenges, from chronic respiratory tract i...
This paper describes the results of a pilot programme to introduce ethanol gel as a replacement for paraffin for cooking in a low-income informal settlement, Samora Machel, in the Philippi district of Cape Town. A baseline study had shown that paraffin was the dominant source of energy in this community, and that the community knew that its use was...
As part of a household energisation experiment, a baseline survey was undertaken from a sample of 152 households in the informal settlement of Samora Machel. The survey covered energy needs for cooking, space heating, water heating, lighting and any other demands, the costs of energy and total household monthly expenses. The average home had 3-4 in...
As part of a household energisation experiment, a baseline survey was undertaken from a sample of 152 households in the informal settlement of Samora Machel. The survey covered energy needs for cooking, space heating, water heating, lighting and any other demands, the costs of energy and total household monthly expenses. The average home had 3-4 in...
This paper describes the results of a pilot programme to introduce ethanol gel as a replacement for paraffin for cooking in a low-income informal settlement, Samora Machel, in the Philippi district of Cape Town. A baseline study had shown that paraffin was the dominant source of energy in this community, and that the community knew that its use was...
It is a deeply entrenched belief that emissions of sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere are harmful to the environment, and that sulphur compounds should be removed from the gaseous wastes before discharge. The difficulties with this view are summarised. Extensive work in both North America and Europe has failed to demonstrate any of the early claim...
ISBN 978-0-9814311-8-5
The purpose of this paper is to review the contributions of the past 20 years of DUE Conferences to resolving the question of how the poor cook and energise their homes in South Africa.
Gas samples were taken from a wide range of target areas on dumps arising from coal mining activities. Some of the dumps had largely burned out, some were still burning, some were in the process of rehabilitation, and on others rehabilitation was essentially complete. It was found that rehabilitation was very effective in reducing emissions to tole...
The monolithic structure of the Electricity Supply Commission (ESKOM) has grown to an intractable size. There is much merit in considering fragmentation into a power generation unit in open competition with private industry generation, a national transmission backbone open to all users, and a distribution unit in open competition with municipalitie...
Perceptions of disaster caused by burning fossil fuels have reached such a pitch that they seriously threaten the very future of the industry. Coal is a dirty word. A leader in Business Day (January 19 2009) claimed 'There is no disputing that renewable and nonpolluting energy sources are preferable to the country-the true cost of so-called cheap c...
South Africa has a coal-based energy economy, and the use of coal is likely to increase as new coal-fired electricity generation
stations and coal-to-liquids plants are built. This situation has been exacerbated by the decision of the electricity utility
to delay the construction of further nuclear-powered electricity generation stations. Notwiths...
Treasury has made a proposal that there should be a carbon tax in South Africa. In its Discussion Paper, the rationale for the tax is given as "Climate change and its effects are the result of GHG emissions, which are not paid for by the emitters. Such emissions impose external costs on society -an "externality" in economic terms. Because these cos...
Data on wet-only precipitation from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network were analysed for trends in the sodium and chloride fluxes over the United States between 1 January 1984 and 31 December 2006. The data were first checked for consistency and for ionic balance. It was necessary to correct for changes in bicarbona...
This paper describes how management and information failures can retard transitions from the traditional use of biomass fuel by low income rural consumers and micro-producers. In general, societies move away from traditional biomass use as economic development takes place. If one accepts the doctrine of revealed preference (built on the initial wor...
The Breede River is not a large river by world standards, but is the largest in South Africa's Western Province, and plays a significant part in the province's economy. Models predict that flows into it could be seriously affected by climate change. Accordingly a study was made of trends in flow over recent decades, in the hope that any trends dete...
The generation of power within Southern Africa is reviewed. A study is described in which the emission factors for CO(2) and NO(x) were determined experimentally across a wide range of power stations and technologies, and compared to the IPCC default factors. It was found that the CO(2) emission factors tended to be at the upper end of the IPCC def...
The question of how to assess trends in rainfall data is very relevant to that of climate change. A short review of prior work revealed that there was little consensus on the methodology to be adopted. Many methods had been tried and abandoned. Some methods had found comparatively wide acceptance although they employed a statistical software packag...
The generation of power within Southern Africa is reviewed. A study is described in which the emission factors for CO 2 and NO x were determined experimentally across a wide range of power stations and technologies, and compared to the IPCC default factors. It was found that the CO 2 emission factors tended to be at the upper end of the IPCC defaul...
![Figure 1: Hospital admissions from low-income households [5]](profile/Philip-Lloyd/publication/237605599/figure/fig1/AS:651235996729344@1532278169424/Hospital-admissions-from-low-income-households-5_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 2: Makeup of peak demand [10]](profile/Philip-Lloyd/publication/237605599/figure/fig2/AS:651235996733441@1532278169443/Makeup-of-peak-demand-10_Q320.jpg)
Many accidents have resulted from using of paraffin as a fuel for cooking and heating. These accidents were caused because of leaks and the paraffin appliances could consequently burst into violent flames. As a result, compulsory standards for the construction and operation of these appliances have been introduced, and the sale of the unsafe applia...
The widely employed IPCC models for the release of methane from underground coalmining operations are reviewed, and put in the context of the South African National Communication on greenhouse gas emissions. Then attempts to calibrate the model via measurements on South African coalmines are described. These attempts failed because it rapidly becam...
The South African downstream petroleum industry was in the hands of Whites and Multinational Oil Companies during the apartheid era. Many Historically Disadvantaged South Africans (HDSA's) were excluded from the mainstream industry through, among other instruments, laws passed by the government such as the Petroleum Products Act 120 of 1977. Agains...
A report of domestic energy use in the community of Nkweletshini in south western Kwa-Zulu Natal in 2002, is discussed. The community has a low housing density, below the 50 households per km2 measure used by Eskom as the limit for future electrification. About 78% of households reported problems with the fuel they used because it made them cough,...
Households have an absolute need for thermal energy, particularly for cooking. Poorer households use coal, dung, fuelwood, LPG and paraffin. Unpressurised paraffin appliances are far from safe. The temperature in the fuel tank can easily exceed the flashpoint of the fuel, when the appliance becomes a time bomb waiting to "explode". In contrast LPG...
The environmental impacts of coal mining in South Africa are reviewed. The primary impacts arise from mining, particularly underground mining, largely because South African coal mines are relatively shallow. Coal washing gives rises to large waste dumps, which may ignite spontaneously and cause air pollution. Water pollution arises from some abando...
This study examined the intervention potential for low-smoke fuels (LSFs) in the coal distribution chain. Premised on the assumption that after satisfying the technical and social aspects, the remaining challenge for LSF to enter the low-income household market is an economic one, the current study focused primarily on the economic challenges. In p...
The provision of household energy to households at the lower end of the economic spectrum presents grave difficulties. The primary problems arise in cooking and space heating. The role of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is explored. While its use presents hazards, there is clear evidence that the health, environmental and safety risks are at least an...
Although hundreds of millions of tonnes of waste coal have been generated during the life of the industry in South Africa, a wide-scale study of the remaining dumps has shown less than 100 million tonnes of remaining material with any significant energy content. Much of the material has been lost due to spontanteous combustion; some has already bee...
For three weeks, the fuel supply to some 3 000 households in Qalabotjha was low-smoke as a replacement for bituminous coal. Two types of fuel were tested, namely a bituminous cosl that had been devolatilized thermally to less than 10% total volatiles and a fuel of waste paper and waste wax. The local coal merchants distributed the fuel to the house...
Sulphidic minerals in gold mining residues slowly oxidize on exposure to air. It was found that, in the very fine slimes material, the oxidation initially progressed at a rate of some 10cm per month, but slowed with depth as access to air was reduced. The mechanism of oxygen tranfer into the slimes was changes in the barometric pressure, which drov...
Society is fully justified in its concern about the environment, but that concern may, at present, be too uncritical. Society normally expresses its concern through regulation. A review of existing South African legislation was therefore carried out, and it was found that: laws regarding water were probably too stringent to be effective; legislatio...
Over 1 billion tons of gold mining wastes have been dumped along a line over 80 km long, centered on Johannesburg. The paper reviews experience arising from the potential hazard over a considerable time.
There has been spectacular progress in extending electrification to homes throughout South Africa. Between 1990 and 2001, the number of connections grew from nearly 3 million to well over 7 million. However, all such programmes must be examined from time to time to evaluate their success against a number of measures. This paper looks at the impacts...
It is a deeply entrenched belief that emissions of sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere are harmful to the environment, and that sulphur compounds should be removed from the gaseous wastes before discharge. The difficulties with this view are summarised. Extensive work in both North America and Europe has failed to demonstrate any of the early claim...
Projects
Projects (2)
Part of the key is an electrostatically driven micropump 2cm square 2mm thick pumping at up to 5ml/minute; it enables the volume of paraffin at risk to be brought to millilitre volumes.
To prevent paraffin fires. In the Western Cape alone, about 50 000 homes are destroyed annually by such fires. The existing appliances, although meeting the requirements of SANS 1908, can still be made to burn at energies of up to 1MW, which heats a shack to >400 deg C in 40 seconds.
