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Philip C. Jackson, Jr., Ph.D.

Philip C. Jackson, Jr., Ph.D.
TalaMind LLC (www.talamind.com)

Doctor of Philosophy

About

44
Publications
7,295
Reads
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332
Citations

Publications

Publications (44)
Preprint
Full-text available
A previous paper showed that the real numbers between 0 and 1 could be represented by an infinite tree structure, called the 'infinity tree', which contains only a countably infinite number of nodes and arcs. This paper discusses how a finite-state Turing machine could, in a countably infinite number of state transitions, write the countably infini...
Preprint
Full-text available
Earth is a finite planet, with a finite supply of fossil fuels. Our civilization will be forced to stop burning fossil fuels when Earth's finite supply runs out, even if there were not concerns about global warming – and some projections indicate that Earth’s oil reserves may be exhausted in fifty years. This paper discusses why thorium and synthet...
Preprint
Full-text available
This paper gives a quantitative discussion of the Covid pandemic. Perhaps the most surprising information is that the infection fatality rate of Covid during April 2020 was comparable to that of the World Flu Pandemic of 1918-1920: Covid may have been more dangerous than many people realized at the time. The rapid, successful development of vaccine...
Preprint
Full-text available
This very short paper describes a way to keep shopping malls from going out of business due to online shopping, while preserving freedom of enterprise.
Article
Full-text available
This paper discusses how the infinite set of real numbers between 0 and 1 could be represented by a countably infinite tree structure which would avoid Cantor’s diagonalization argument that the set of real numbers is not countably infinite. Likewise, countably infinite tree structures could represent all real numbers, and all points in any number...
Preprint
Full-text available
This paper discusses how the infinite set of real numbers between 0 and 1 could be represented by a countably infinite tree structure which would avoid Cantor’s diagonalization argument that the set of real numbers is not countably infinite. Likewise, countably infinite tree structures could represent all the real numbers, and all points in any num...
Chapter
How could AI systems achieve human-level qualitative reasoning? This research position paper proposes that a system architecture for human-level qualitative reasoning would benefit from a neuro-symbolic approach combining a ‘natural language of thought’ with qualitative process semantics.KeywordsQualitative reasoningHuman-level artificial intellige...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
What is the nature of goal reasoning needed for human-level artificial intelligence? This research position paper contends that to achieve human-level AI, a system architecture for human-level goal reasoning would benefit from a neuro-symbolic approach combining deep neural networks with a 'natural language of thought' and would be greatly handicap...
Presentation
What is the nature of goal reasoning needed for human-level artificial intelligence? This presentation contends that to achieve human-level AI, a system architecture for human-level goal reasoning would benefit from a neuro-symbolic approach combining deep neural networks with a ‘natural language of thought’ and would be greatly handicapped if rely...
Technical Report
Full-text available
How could AI systems achieve human-level qualitative reasoning? This research position paper proposes that a system architecture for human-level qualitative reasoning would benefit from a neuro-symbolic approach combining a 'natural language of thought' with qualitative process semantics.
Conference Paper
Full-text available
What is the nature of knowledge representation needed for human-level artificial intelligence? This position paper contends that to achieve human-level AI, a system architecture for human-level knowledge representation would benefit from a neuro-symbolic approach combining deep neural networks with a ‘natural language of thought’ and would be great...
Technical Report
Full-text available
Note: Rather than this paper, I (the author) recommend reading the more recent, published paper "On Achieving Human-Level Knowledge Representation by Developing a Natural Language of Thought", which contains additional discussions. -- PCJ 9/21/21 -- What is the nature of knowledge representation needed for human-level artificial intelligence? This...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
How can we define and understand the nature of understanding itself? This paper discusses cognitive processes for understanding the world in general and for understanding natural language. The discussion considers whether and how an artificial cognitive system could use a ‘natural language of thought’, and whether the ambiguities of natural languag...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Rosenbloom gave reasons why Computing should be considered as a fourth great domain of science, along with the Physical sciences, Life sciences, and Social sciences. This paper considers Metascience as the future, fifth great domain of science, and discusses reasons why metascience may be closely related to metacognition in human intelligence and h...
Chapter
Rosenbloom (2013) gave reasons why Computing should be considered as a fourth great domain of science, along with the Physical sciences, Life sciences, and Social sciences. This paper adapts Rosenbloom’s ‘metascience expression language’ to support descriptions and comparison of metascience and metacognition, and discusses the similarity of metasci...
Book
How can human-level artificial intelligence be achieved? What are the potential consequences? This book describes a research approach toward achieving human-level AI, combining a doctoral thesis and research papers by the author. The research approach, called TalaMind, involves developing an AI system that uses a 'natural language of thought' base...
Book
This updated edition includes extensive new text on "Artificial Intelligence in the 21st Century," introducing deep neural networks, conceptual graphs, languages of thought, mental models, metacognition, economic prospects, and research toward human-level AI. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Are we...
Book
This updated edition includes extensive new text on "Artificial Intelligence in the 21st Century," introducing deep neural networks, conceptual graphs, languages of thought, mental models, metacognition, economic prospects, and research toward human-level AI. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Are we...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Understanding the meanings of words is essential for natural language understanding in cognitive systems. This paper discusses the nature and existence of word meanings, and how word meanings can be represented in artificial cognitive systems. An analysis is given of Kilgarriff's (1997) arguments that word senses do not exist, showing there is room...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
This paper provides a starting point for the development of metacognition in a common model of cognition. It identifies significant theoretical work on metacognition from multiple disciplines that the authors believe worthy of consideration. After first defining cognition and metacognition, we outline three general categories of metacognition, prov...
Article
Full-text available
This paper provides a starting point for the development of metacognition in a common model of cognition. It identifies significant theoretical work on metacognition from multiple disciplines that the authors believe worthy of consideration. After first defining cognition and metacognition, we outline three general categories of metacognition, prov...
Article
Full-text available
(This paper is available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.11.051 )This paper discusses how natural language could be supported in further developing the Common Model of Cognition following the TalaMind approach toward human-level artificial intelligence. These thoughts are presented as answers to questions posed by Peter Lindes, Paul...
Article
Full-text available
(This paper is available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.11.049 ) This paper considers the ‘bands of action’ discussed by Newell in 1990. Reasons are given for a larger range of intelligent processing to happen in the cognitive and rational bands than Newell described. Different reasons are given from those proposed by Newell for con...
Preprint
Full-text available
This paper provides a starting point for the development of metacognition in a common model of cognition. It identifies significant theoretical work on metacognition from multiple disciplines that the authors believe worthy of consideration. After first defining cognition and metacognition, we outline three general categories of metacognition, prov...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
This paper discusses theoretical and practical limitations for Newell's (1982) definition of the 'knowledge level'. An alternative definition is given for an 'intelligence level', corresponding to human-level artificial intelligence. Topics for research and development in the intelligence level are discussed, illustrated by the TalaMind approach to...
Data
This white paper considers a counter-argument and caveat to the position of a previous paper (Jackson 2018) that a purely symbolic artificial consciousness is not equivalent to human consciousness and there need not be an ethical problem in switching off a purely symbolic artificial conscious-ness. The counter-argument is based on Newell and Simon’...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
This paper considers ethical, philosophical, and technical topics related to achieving beneficial human-level AI and superintelligence. Human-level AI need not be human-identical: The concept of self-preservation could be quite different for a human-level AI, and an AI system could be willing to sacrifice itself to save human life. Artificial consc...
Data
Slides for paper; corrected typographical error in slides.
Data
This TalaMind White Paper further discusses some topics in (Jackson 2017): reasoning with natural language syntax; interlinguas and generalized societies of mind; self-talk; artificial consciousness and the Hard Problem of consciousness.
Conference Paper
Full-text available
A comparison of Laird, Lebiere, and Rosenbloom's Standard Model of the Mind with the 'TalaMind' approach suggests some implications for computational structure and function of human-like minds, which may contribute to a community consensus about architectures of the mind.
Thesis
Note: This thesis is now available as a book, published in 2019 by Dover Publications. This doctoral thesis presents a novel research approach toward human-level artificial intelligence. The approach involves developing an AI system using a language of thought based on the unconstrained syntax of a natural language; designing this system as a colle...
Article
This paper presents a perspective on a previously studied heuristic tree search algorithm for the NP-complete “3SAT” satisfiability problem, which synthesizes results by Brown, Franco, Purdom, and others. It is shown that when an a priori calculation indicates a random, nontrivial 3SAT formula is very likely unsatisfiable, then the heuristic algori...
Conference Paper
The technical information engineering system (TIES) is a computer-as- sisted methodology to help achieve significant improvements in prod- uct quality, production cycle time, and market share. TIES builds on the foundation of quality function deployment (QFD), a systematic method of ensuring that customer demands are accurately translated into appr...
Conference Paper
This paper discusses the semantics of Dempster-Shafer (DS) belief intervals for missing and conflicting evidence. An argument is given against using the DS normalization convention in the aggregation of conflicting evidence. This argument is extended to study certain kinds of missing evidence. The use of "meta-belief vectors" is introduced as a pra...
Conference Paper
Variable precision logic (VPL) is a formalism for reasoning with uncertain information, in situations where resources constrain the amount of reasoning which can take place. The conclusions developed using VPL may vary in certainty according to the computational resources that are available. This paper describes implementation methods for embedding...
Article
Full-text available
This paper outlines the design of a computer system for simulating subatomic particles within discrete field theories, and then describes a class of relativistic, discrete unified field theories, which might be simulated by such a system.
Thesis
This thesis presents research in artificial intelligence directed toward the construction of systems which develop their own concepts. The ultimate goal of this research is to construct a system of initial concepts which is so flexible and general that it can develop concepts to understand any real-world environment. This thesis will present a cont...
Article
Some characteristics of nine recently developed or historically significant languages are discussed. Abstraction capabilities of the languages are noted in particular. Some characteristics of the languages are displayed in tabular form and others are presented in a separate discussion for each language. A hash coded string table program is written...
Book
Are we intelligent enough to understand intelligence? One approach to answering this question is "artificial intelligence", the field of computer science that studies how machines can be made to act intelligently. This book is intended to be a general introduction to the field of artificial intelligence (AI). The subjects for discussion are machine...

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