Phil L Salmon

• PhD
• Researcher at Bruker Corporation

The role of chaos in the climate system has been dismissed as high dimensional turbulence and noise, with minimal impact on long-term climate change. However theory and experiment show that chaotic systems can be reduced or “controlled” from high to low dimensionality by periodic forcings and internal feedbacks. High dimensional chaos is somewhat f...

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate six files on the pericervical dentin (PCD) and the smallest dentin thickness zones (SDTZ) in mesial root canals of mandibular molars. Materials and methods Sixty mandibular molars with two mesial canals and Vertucci configuration were aleatory allocated in 6 experimental groups of 10 molars and 20 ro...

Objective: Archaeological textiles represent a variety of structures and materials, often subject to post-depositional effects such as dirt and decay. In this study, we examined textiles in 3D with high-resolution micro-computed tomography (μCT) imaging and studied the internal structures and patterns of textiles. In addition, nanoscale CT was used...

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate six files on the pericervical dentin (PCD) and the smallest dentin thickness zones (SDTZ) in mesial root canals of mandibular molars. Materials and Methods: Sixty mesial roots with 2 canals were scanned before and after instrumentation with WaveOne Gold (WG), Reciproc Blue (RB), TRUShape (TS), XP-en...

Introduction Histomorphometry of rodent metaphyseal trabecular bone, by histology or microCT, is generally restricted to the mature secondary spongiosa, excluding the primary spongiosa nearest the growth plate by imposing an ‘offset’. This analyses the bulk static properties of a defined segment of secondary spongiosa, usually regardless of proximi...

Purpose Synchrotron radiation-based tomography yields microanatomical features in human and animal tissues without physical slicing. Recent advances in instrumentation have made laboratory-based phase tomography feasible. We compared the performance of three cutting-edge laboratory systems benchmarked by synchrotron radiation-based tomography for t...

Introduction: This research studies and compares the shaping ability of WaveOne Gold (WG; Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, OK), the Reciproc Blue (RB; VDW, Munich, Germany), TRUShape (TS, Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties), XP-endo Shaper (XP; FKG, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland), iRace (IR, FKG), and TruNatomy (TN; Dentsply Sirona, Ballai...

Latent transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-binding proteins (LTBPs) are microfibril-associated proteins essential for anchoring TGFβ in the extracellular matrix (ECM) as well as for correct assembly of ECM components. Variants in LTBP2, LTBP3, and LTBP4 have been identified in several autosomal recessive Mendelian disorders with skeletal abnormalit...

Introduction This research studies and compares the shaping ability of Wave One Gold (WG; DENTSPLY- Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, OK, USA), Reciproc Blue System (RB; VDW, Munich, Germany), TRUShape (TS; Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, OK), XP-endo Shaper (XP; FKG, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland), iRace (IR; FKG, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Swit...

Proteoglycans are structurally and functionally diverse biomacromolecules found abundantly on cell membranes and in the extracellular matrix. They consist of a core protein linked to glycosaminoglycan chains via a tetrasaccharide linkage region. Here, we show that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated b3galt6 knock-out zebrafish, lacking galactosyltransferase II, w...

Animal models are essential tools for addressing fundamental scientific questions about skeletal diseases and for the development of new therapeutic approaches. Traditionally, mice have been the most common model organism in biomedical research, but their use is hampered by several limitations including complex generation, demanding investigation o...

Proteoglycans are structurally and functionally diverse biomacromolecules found abundantly on cell membranes and in the extracellular matrix. They consist of a core protein linked to glycosaminoglycan chains via a tetrasaccharide linkage region. Here, we show that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated b3galt6 knock-out zebrafish, lacking galactosyltransferase II, w...

Research conducted by the Royal Veterinary College (RVC), in collaboration with Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces and UCL, has found new insights into how a bone acts as an organ to regulate its shape and quantity to protect itself from breaking. Bones can change their shape throughout our life by regulating bone formation and resorp...

Bones adapt to mechanical forces according to strict principles predicting straight shape. Most bones are, however, paradoxically curved. To solve this paradox, we used computed tomography-based, four-dimensional imaging methods and computational analysis to monitor acute and chronic whole-bone shape adaptation and remodeling in vivo. We first conf...

This HubLE Method is about all the morphometric parameters that microCT can measure in bone. What do they mean? Which ones are important for my genetic / disease model?

Micro-CT is becoming a gold standard for quantitative imaging in preclinical disease models in bone and dental research. Osteoporosis research routinely uses micro-CT for 3D analysis of the architecture and mechanical competence of trabecular and cortical bone. Most published methodological research on micro-CT in bone has focussed on osteoporosis....

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Ionizing radiation constitutes a health risk to imaging scientists and study animals. Both PET and CT produce ionizing radiation. CT doses in pre-clinical in vivo imaging typically range from 50 to 1,000 mGy and biological effects in mice at this dose range have been previously described. [¹⁸F]FDG body doses in mice have been estimated to be in the...

Plastic analogue teeth or dentiforms have been used in dentistry for over one hundred years. Plastic analogue teeth offer standardization in form and wide choice of teeth and pathological carious lesions. The teeth can be manufactured multilayered with enamel, dentine, and pulp tissue simulations. The use of simulated caries in plastic analogue tee...

3D analysis of animal or human whole teeth and alveolar bone can be performed with high sensitivity in a nondestructive manner by microcomputed tomography. Here we describe the protocols to be followed for the most common applications in the developmental studies of dental and craniofacial tissues. Emphasis is placed on the basis of choosing settin...

Theme: Technology Enhanced Learning Number: 13 Title: Innovative MicroCT Scanning Techniques for in-depth Assessment of Dental Students’ Tooth Cavity Preparation Skills Presenter: Dr Barry Quinn Authors:, Quinn, B F A1, Salmon P2, Cox M J.1 Authors’ Affiliation: 1.King’s College London Dental Institute 2.MicroCT Imaging, Bruker, SkyScan, Kontic...

Aims:To use Micro-CT Scanning techniques to compare the results of undergraduate dental students’ clinical cavity preparation skills; trained traditionally versus haptically using a virtual reality simulator (hapTEL). The conclusions to date of this study are that MicroCT affords a quantitative volumetric analysis of dental undergraduate students’...

Long-term effects of repeated in vivo micro-computed tomography (μCT) scanning at key stages of growth and bone development (ages 2, 4 and 6 months) on trabecular and cortical bone structure, as well as developmental patterns, have not been studied. We determined the effect of repetitive μCT scanning at age 2, 4 and 6 months on tibia bone structure...

The parameters of a micro-computed tomography (μCT) scan, including whether a bone is imaged in vivo or ex vivo, determine the quality of the resulting image. In turn, this impacts the accuracy of the trabecular and cortical outcomes. The absolute impact of μCT scanning at different voxel sizes and whether the sample is imaged in vivo or ex vivo on...

In vivo micro-computed tomography (μCT) provides the ability to measure longitudinal changes to tibia microarchitecture, but the effect of this radiation is not well understood. The right proximal tibia of Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 12/group) randomized to Sham-control (Sham) or ovariectomy (OVX) surgery at 12 weeks of age was scanned using μCT at 13...

Structure model index (SMI) is widely used to measure rods and plates in trabecular bone. It exploits the change in surface curvature that occurs as a structure varies from spherical (SMI = 4), to cylindrical (SMI = 3) to planar (SMI = 0). The most important assumption underlying SMI is that the entire bone surface is convex and that the curvature...

PHOSPHO1 is one of principal proteins involved in initiating bone matrix mineralisation. Recent studies have found that Phospho1 KO mice (Phospho1-R74X) display multiple skeletal abnormalities with spontaneous fractures, bowed long bones, osteomalacia and scoliosis. These analyses have however been limited to young mice and it remains unclear wheth...

Contribution to a conf. proceeding (book/online)

The three-dimensional morphology of bone arises through adaptation to its required engineering performance. Genetically and adaptively bone travels along a complex spatiotemporal trajectory to acquire optimal architecture. On a cellular, micro-anatomical scale, what mechanisms coordinate the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts to produce comple...

The context-sensitivity of microCT bone densitometry due to beam hardening artefacts was assessed. Bones and teeth are scanned with varying thickness of surrounding media (water, alcohol, biological tissue) and it is important to understand how this affects reconstructed attenuation ("density") of the mineralized tissue. Aluminium tubes and rods wi...

The etiological factors and timing of the onset of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) are still not clear. The aim of this study was to examine ground radial and sagittal sections from teeth diagnosed with MIH using light microscopy, polarized light microscopy and X-ray micro-computed tomography (XMCT) and to estimate the onset and timing of th...

Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) and fibrin glue (FG) are used for surgical applications. Their combination is promising to create bone substitutes able to promote cell attachment and bone remodeling. This study proposes a novel approach to create CPC-FG composites by simultaneous CPC setting and FG fibrinogenesis. CPC-FG composites were obtained b...

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cements are widely used in spinal surgery. Nevertheless, these types of cements present some documented drawbacks. Therefore, efforts have been made to improve the properties and biological performance of solid PMMA. A porous structure would seem to be advantageous for anchoring purposes. This work studied the bulk phy...

Porosity and interconnectivity are important properties of calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) and bone-replacement materials. Porosity of CPCs can be achieved by adding polymeric biodegradable pore-generating particles (porogens), which can add porosity to the CPC and can also be used as a drug-delivery system. Porosity affects the mechanical propert...

This study monitored in vivo the effect on bone microarchitecture of initiating antiresorptive treatment with zoledronic acid in rats at 2 weeks following ovariectomy, an early phase at which major degenerative bone changes have been found to occur. The treatment still facilitated the full reversal of cancellous bone loss in rat tibia, highlighting...

Micro-CT scanners are becoming widely used for in-vivo imaging of small laboratory animals. However, imaging of chest area remains a challenging task due to periodic respiratory and cardiac motion. To reduce motion artifacts and to allow dynamic imaging, we propose a retrospective synchronization method for scans of chest area in in-vivo micro-CT s...

Animal models are being used extensively in pre-clinical and safety assessment studies to assess the effectiveness and safety of new chemical entities and delivery systems. Although never entirely replacing the need for animal testing, the use of computer simulations could eventually reduce the amount of animals needed for research purposes and ref...

Matrix strains due to external loading are different in bones of different pathologies with different bone mineral density (BMD), and are likely sensed by the osteocytes, the putative bone mechanosensors. The mechanosensitivity of osteocytes appears to be strongly influenced by their morphology. In this study, we explored the possibility that osteo...

Aurovist is a contrast agent containing gold nanoparticles 1. Imaging was performed using micro-CT (SkyScan 1178 micro-CT system; SkyScan, Kontich, Belgium) at a resolution of 83 µm. The total acquisition time was 6 min. Each animal underwent a micro-CT scan before contrast injection, immediately after contrast injection and at 1h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h,...

Micro-CT imaging of objects at very high magnification runs into the problem of small geometric movements of the x-ray emission spot relative to the object, thermally induced or otherwise, causing magnified shifts in the projection images during scanning. This produces movement artefacts in the reconstructed images. Here a technique is described to...

Micro-CT imaging of objects at very high magnification runs into the problem of small geometric movements of the x-ray emission spot relative to the object, thermally induced or otherwise, causing magnified shifts in the projection images during scanning. This produces movement artefacts in the reconstructed images. Here a technique is described to...

High resolution micro-CT scanners are becoming widely used for in vivo imaging of small laboratory animals. However, imaging of chest area remains a challenging task due to periodic respiratory and cardiac motion, where respiratory motion dominates. To reduce motion artifacts and to allow dynamic imaging, we propose a retrospective synchronization...

Investigations of bony tissues are often performed using micro computed tomography based on X-rays, since the calcium distribution leads to superior contrast. Osteoporotic bone, for example, can be well compared with healthy one with respect to density and morphology. Degenerative and rheumatoid diseases usually start, however, at the bone-cartilag...

Micro-CT and especially nano-CT scanning requires very high mechanical precision and stability of object manipulator, which is difficult to reach. Several other problems, such as drift of emission point inside an X-ray source, thermal expansion in different parts of the scanner, mechanical vibrations, and object movement or shrinkage during long sc...

In the field of tissue engineering, micro computed tomography (mu CT) should allow non-destructively assessing the extracellular matrix deposited by cells within porous scaffolds in-vitro. While synchrotron radiation-based mu CT combines micrometer resolution with a high signal-to-noise ratio (contrast), recent advances in desktop mu devices have a...

Nondestructive three-dimensional (3D) micro-computed tomography (CT) image analysis used in orthopedic research needs to be accompanied by adequate tools for the numerical assessment of experimental systems. Such quantitative tools should be user-friendly and intuitive, not too complex for the orthopedic researcher to implement, as well as accurate...

External mechanical forces on cells are known to influence cytoskeletal structure and thus cell shape. Mechanical loading in long bones is unidirectional along their long axes, whereas the calvariae are loaded at much lower amplitudes in different directions. We hypothesised that if osteocytes, the putative bone mechanosensors, can indeed sense mat...

HIF prolyl hydroxylases (PHD1-3) are oxygen sensors that regulate the stability of the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in an oxygen-dependent manner. Here, we show that loss of Phd1 lowers oxygen consumption in skeletal muscle by reprogramming glucose metabolism from oxidative to more anaerobic ATP production through activation of a Pparalpha path...

The primary aim of the study was to describe and correlate pain behavior and changes in bone morphology in animal models of arthritis both in rats and guinea pigs. Either complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or mono-iodoacetate (MIA) solution was injected into the left knee joint to obtain a model for rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, respective...

The application of micro-CT technology to biomedical and bone research is considerable and growing. This chapter focuses on applications requiring particularly high spatial image resolution in micro- and nano-CT imaging. Specific examples described here include the analysis of bone for fine-scale architecture and material quality, the study of synt...

Both ER and AR activation regulates trabecular bone mass. We show that combined estrogen and androgen treatment results in additive protection of trabecular bone in OVX rats. This may in part be attributable to the effect of AR activation to attenuate the inhibitory effect of ER activation on bone formation. Sex steroids are important regulators of...

The primary aim of the study was to correlate pain development during bone cancer growth with objectively obtained tumor-induced changes in bone morphology. Additionally morphine sensitivity of this bone pain was evaluated. Mice were injected into the femur with osteolytic NCTC2472 cells, and behaviorally followed during a 3-week period. During the...

The RANK-RANKL-OPG system of osteoclast regulation may play a key role in determining chaotic structure in trabecular bone. Iliac trabecular bone from juvenile Paget's disease patients deficient in functional OPG shows parallel, anisotropic structure instead of normal chaotic structure. Evidence from experimental systems suggests that RANK-RANKL-OP...

Androgens may regulate the male skeleton either directly by stimulation of the androgen receptor (AR) or indirectly by aromatization of androgens into estrogens and, thereafter, by stimulation of the estrogen receptors (ERs). To directly compare the effect of ER activation on bone in vivo with the effect of AR activation, 9-month-old orchidectomize...

Glucocorticoids are potent anti-inflammatory molecules used in the treatment of asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and other inflammatory and dermatological diseases, as well as in posttransplantation immunotherapy. Although glucocorticoids have been prescribed for many years, their potential side effects, when administered o...

There are indications that alpha-particle-emitting bone-seekers such as plutonium or americium could enhance bone mass by suppressing bone resorption. To assess this possibility, this study calculates doses from alpha-particle emitters to the cells involved in trabecular bone turnover. Alpha-particle energy deposition in tissue from a bone surface...

The DOSE210 model is an internal dosimetric model for 210Pb and 210Po which is based on current ICRP generic models. It is constrained and validated by reference to up-to-date published biokinetic data for both nuclides. The model has been validated primarily in regard to the relation between levels of chronic lifetime intake and organ concentratio...

Dietary intake of 210Pb is generally higher than inhalation intake, but fractional uptake to blood is higher from inhalation. In this study publications are reviewed in which both inhalation and ingestion intake of 210Pb are measured. Concentrations of 210Pb in bone are also given, where available. Up-to-date biokinetic information on Pb is used to...

Natural levels of the radionuclides 210Po and 210Pb were determined in biopsied human red bone marrow. Aspirate biopsies taken from haematological diagnosis from 98 patients in eight UK hospitals were pooled into a single sample of marrow and measured by radiochemistry for 210Po. The calculated activity concentrations of 210Po and 210Pb in red marr...

To measure microdistibution and age of 210Pb in Canadian caribou bone, and assess the accuracy of ICRP biokinetic and dosimetric models for 210Pb-supported 210Po at bone surfaces. The previously described use of alpha spectroscopy to study 210Pb microdistribution at bone surfaces was expanded in a study of femora from 23 caribou. A new technique fo...

To calculate the depth distribution of radioactive decays in bone by fitting a calculated alpha-particle energy spectrum to a measured spectrum. The dose to bone surface cells is then calculated from the depth distribution. The spectra are calculated using Monte Carlo methods and a numerical depth distribution obtained by trial and error. Alpha spe...

Natural levels of the radionuclides Po-210 and Pb-210 were determined in biopsied human red bone marrow. Aspirate biopsies taken for haematological diagnosis from 98 patients in eight UI< hospitals were pooled into a single sample of marrow and measured by radiochemistry for Po-210. The calculated activity concentrations of Pc-210 and Pb-210 in red...

Two applications of TASTRAK plastic to measurement of alpha activity are described. (1) Alpha particle spectroscopy is possible by automated analysis of etched alpha particle tracks in TASTRAK (CR-39) type plastic. The method is based on the measurement of two geometric parameters of etched tracks, the minor axis, and the diameter of the etched out...

Alpha particle spectroscopy by automated analysis of etched alpha particle tracks in TASTRAK™ (CR-39) type plastic is described. The method is based on the measurement of two geometric parameters of etched tracks, the minor axis (m), and the diameter of the etched out track end (d). Accurate measurement of these two parameters allows reliable separ...

Alpha particle energy spectra were measured at femoral endosteal surfaces of Canadian Arctic caribou (Rangifer tarandus) to assess the profile of concentration with depth of 210Po supported by 210Pb. Femur samples from five caribou all showed a pronounced superficial concentration of 210Po, in a layer 1.9 - 6.4 microns thick. Within this layer 210P...

Current work is concentrated upon the detection and analysis of hot particles from contaminated ground. Simultaneous measurement of parameters as activity and size of radioactive particle would have immense value for many applications in radiation protection and control of the environment. The algorithm and performance of multiple alpha track analy...

The technique of α-particle spectroscopy by CR-39 type TASTRAK plastic has been used to study the depth distribution of natural α-particle emitters at the surface of human bone. The predominant component of this α-particle activity was ²¹°Po supported by ²¹°Pb, although a smaller activity of ²²⁶Ra was also detected. Autopsy samples of...

Context. The aim of this study was to explore the prognostic significance correlation between the endocrinopathy and the size of the pituitary adenoma with the sellar floor bone mineral density values using microfocus computerized tomography (µCT) analysis. Subjects and Methods. 16 consecutive patients with pituitary adenomas had full endocrinologi...