Peter VandenabeeleGhent University | UGhent · Department of Archaeology
Peter Vandenabeele
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Publications (275)
Fábrica de Loiça de Sacavém (ca. 1858–1994) was among the first to produce white earthenware in Portugal, becoming one of the country’s leading ceramic manufacturers during the late 19th to early 20th centuries. Research on white earthenware has accompanied the growing interest in post-industrial archaeology but is still poorly explored compared to...
The lower part of a shallow profile on volcanic ash from Isla Santa Cruz of the Galápagos archipelago was found to contain abundant bayerite, a relatively rare Al(OH)3 polymorph, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy analyses. The bayerite-bearing interval consists of orange-brown colloidal material with high Al and Fe content, a...
Raman spectroscopy has been applied to the non‐destructive study of ivory artefacts. Molecular Raman spectra of this material have been recorded previously using FT‐Raman spectroscopy (1064 nm excitation) and attempts were made to differentiate between species of different origin. However, few attempts have been made to examine this interesting mat...
Raman spectroscopy is frequently implemented in the analysis of art objects. Especially its non‐destructive character and the advent of mobile instruments, often equipped with fibre optics probe heads, have opened the doors for many direct investigations of artworks. However, Raman spectroscopy usually requires stable positioning of the objective l...
Here the development of the theory of Raman spectroscopy from its discovery in 1928 and following its wider application as advances in instrumentation made it more accessible to a wider range of materials is traced chronologically. Featuring the understanding of a Raman spectrum and the role of laser wavelength selection,peak wavenumber position, p...
Raman spectroscopic studies of artworks in rock shelters and caves is now well established and the analytical information provided has been much more than pigment studies as were first envisaged. The Raman spectra demonstrate the presence of the inorganic mineral pigments and the interaction with their rock substrates but also provide valuable anci...
The historical importance of the importation of Chinese porcelain into Europe and the response of the European porcelain manufacturers is reviewed. A comparison is made of the European and Chinese enamelling technologies and the role of the Jesuit missions in China and Japan in the seventeenth century in the transfer of technical knowledge is ident...
This chapter reviews some of the major advances made using Raman spectroscopy as an analytical technique for the characterisation of biomaterials in the preservation of cultural heritage. Raman spectroscopy is able to identify organic compounds in association with inorganic minerals and this is invaluable for the determination of environmental degr...
The change in emphasis of the requirements for sampling for Raman spectral data acquisition over the 100 years of the existence of the Raman Effect are reviewed in the light of new discoveries for the improvement of technology concerned. Landmark applications in this regard of the adaptation of the laser, microscope and recording advances such as t...
One of the most important linen textile specimens to be subjected to scientific analysis is unquestionably the Shroud of Turin, which is believed by many to have been the burial cloth of Jesus Christ in which He was placed in the garden tomb following His crucifixion. Intense periods of multidisciplinary scientific activity over approximately 40 ye...
In the nineteenth century, literature started to address the public awareness of science, especially the applications of forensic scientific investigation utilised by the new breed of detectives that became so popular with their global audiences: examples include the doyen of Victorian crime literature and his ability to expose the most intricate o...
The Raman spectroscopic analysis of the porcelain top of a unique padauk wood tripod table has confirmed its attribution to the Rockingham porcelain manufactory by comparison with a marked porcelain dessert plate dating from about 1838 to 1840. The body paste and pigment enamel characteristics evidenced by Raman spectroscopy both match for the tabl...
The role of scientific analysis in the attribution of art works to specific periods and sources of manufacture is pivotal in the establishment of their authenticity when coupled with historical documentation and provenance. The parallel feature of expert opinion for the reliable determination of the artist and perhaps factory or place of origin is...
The role of Raman spectroscopy in the input of data to the results of combined analytical experiments on materials of relevance to cultural heritage preservation. The features and limitations of techniques and the coupling of elemental and molecular spectroscopic experiments are discussed.KeywordsOptical microscopyRaman microscopySEMCastaing microp...
The diverse area of pigments and dyes and their degradation products is considered here commencing with the detailed historical chronology of Raman spectral studies and a comprehensive survey of the pigments and organic dyes used over many centuries. Advantages and drawbacks of Raman spectral studies. Comparison with elemental data obtained from SE...
The basis of the generation of characteristic Raman spectral signatures of glass, pottery and enamelled artefacts is considered and the theory underlying the structural changes taking place in glassy and crystalline silicates. A historical survey is undertaken of glass compositional changes through the ages and the Raman spectral fingerprints that...
Raman spectroscopy of pigment specimens excised from a putative portrait in oils on canvas of William Shakespeare have confirmed that they are consistent with its assignment to the early seventeenth Century. Genuine portraits of Shakespeare are rare but the style of dress and pose are characteristic of the period. The painting is in rather poor con...
The application of Raman spectroscopy to the preservation of industrial heritage sites and to the identification and conservation of artefacts associated with the industrial processes being undertaken there is a relatively recent phenomenon. Here the growth of industrial archaeology and the particular problems relevant to the excavation and preserv...
The identification of pigments in ancient historiated manuscripts and paintings and their degradation products was the first application of Raman spectroscopy to cultural heritage. The advent of a range of laser wavelengths and modern instrumentation for fluorescence background rejection has enabled a wider application of the technique coupled with...
A prime conclusion that can be derived from the interpretation of analytical scientific signatures of pigments and associated materials in an artwork relates to the potential for its chronological placement to a period which is consistent with that of the putative artist – in a forensic art context. In some cases, this has been a highly successful...
An account of the growth of Raman spectroscopy internationally from its prediction in the early 1920s to its first observation by Sir C.V. Raman in 1928. Key landmark improvements in technique and the incorporation of novel methods of generating monochromatic radiation, imaging and the accession of scattered radiation are reviewed chronologically....
Much research on ancient manuscripts has dealt with the identification and use of the pigments in their historiation and the degradation of the vellum substrates and relatively less work has been undertaken on the composition of the inks. In the case of ancient maps, the ink holds the key to much analytical information as few involved the use of pi...
The role of Raman spectroscopic studies in identifying natural and synthetic gemstones is comprehensively evaluated. Input to provenance studies and correlation of spectral data with combined techniques. Distinguishing gems from glass and the detection of fakes and results from the improvement of the quality of gemstones by artificial methods. Case...
A comprehensive survey is made of the various types of mobile Raman spectroscopic instrumentation that is available for in- field and on site analysis and an evaluation is made of the spectral data that are given from their usage. The reasons for on-site analysis are explored against the taking of specimens for analysis in the laboratory.The role o...
In the first quarter of the nineteenth century the factories established at Swansea and Nantgarw created some of the finest quality porcelain in the world, rivalling that of the highly esteemed Sèvres porcelain manufactory in France, but, beset by economic difficulties resulting from extraordinarily high kiln losses approaching 90%, their productio...
Here the corrosion of metallic artefacts and the production of a patina are considered along with the deterioration of building stones and stained glass. The Raman spectral signatures on artefacts that are characteristic of oxidation and their exposure to acid rain are evaluated and listed and input of this information to conservation treatment is...
Raman spectroscopy is one of the most favorable techniques applied in the art analysis field. Its unique characteristics, namely the organic and inorganic components identification, spatial resolution down to micrometers scale, control of the laser power and measuring conditions and fast identification are just some of the remarkable features of th...
Hydrated aluminum‐rich sulfates belong to less widespread secondary minerals on Mars, which are probably connected with hydrothermal alterations. On Earth, such sulfates result from acidic weathering of aluminosilicates, and their formation is controlled by factors such as pH, temperature, or water activity. Physical‐chemical conditions can be reco...
Micro‐Raman spectroscopy was used for the analysis of painted pre‐Islamic ceramics from the Kur River Basin (Fars province, Southwest Iran). A total of 21 sherds were analysed dating from the Neolithic to the Late Bronze Age and belonging to different ceramic wares and sites. The main focus of this research was to identify the pigments used for the...
This paper reports on the preliminary results of the ongoing research on Medieval and Renaissance ceramic corpus from a cistern placed under the Incontri-Viti Palace in Volterra, Italy. The potteries found in the cistern are dated between 14th and 16th centuries; this period is marked by the transition between the late Middle-Ages and the Renaissan...
Eight miniaturized Raman spectrometers were used to perform a fast outdoor screening and discrimination of carotenoids of a series of halophilic and non-halophilic microorganisms on a set of eight lyophilized samples, each containing high concentrations of a specific dominant carotenoid pigment. Raman spectra were acquired using different excitatio...
The street art murals ‘The Big Mother’ by Gola Hundun, the ‘Big Sacral Bird’ by Kenor, the ‘Oriental Carpet” by H101 and “The Economy Subdues You” by Zosen, belonging to the Cooperative Popular Houses of Mancasale and Coviolo in Reggio Emilia (Italy), were investigated by the use of various mobile Raman spectrometers coupled to different lasers and...
Zeolites are present in numerous outcrops of volcanites of different ages in Sicily (Italy). Some of these outcrops are important because they constitute the ideal genesis conditions of some of these minerals, which represent geological indicators of chemical and geothermal gradients involved during their formation. For this purpose, a group of zeo...
Phoenician-Punic glass beads recovered from the necropolis of Vinha das Caliças 4 (Beja, Portugal), dated to the Iron Age, were studied by variable pressure scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (VP-SEM–EDS) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS).
All glass was found to...
Micro‐Raman spectroscopy was employed for the analysis of samples collected from the shelters Campo Cerda 1, Angostura Blanca and Campo Moncada 1 located in Piedra Parada valley, Chubut province, Argentinian Patagonia. Different coloured layers, degradation products and rock supports were analysed. Haematite (α‐Fe2O3), goethite (α‐FeOOH), green ear...
The mechanisms and evolution of metallic structural colours are of both fundamental and applied interest, yet most work in arthropods has focused on derived butterflies and beetles with distinct hues. In particular, basal hexapods—groups with many scaled, metallic representatives—are currently poorly studied and controversial, with some recent stud...
Raman spectroscopy is considered as one of the most appreciated analytical techniques in the cultural heritage research field, thanks to some of its favourable characteristics such as the relatively quick time of analysis, identification of both inorganic and organic molecules. The necessity of conducting the research non‐destructively on‐site and...
Raman spectroscopy has grown to a frequently applied technique in the analysis of art and archaeological objects. The growth in applications is further driven by the development of new, small and compact spectrometers that are well suited for in situ analysis. Different spectral databases have been composed, to allow fast identification of the mate...
Organic molecules are currently believed to be abundant in space, but the possible biogenic origin, or the mere existence, on some planetary surfaces, Mars specifically, is a pending question. Reliable methods of detection are required to answer this question unambiguously and Raman spectroscopy has already been suggested for this task years ago. W...
The technological advances in portable instruments has had a significant and positive impact on archaeometry research. Advantages to the integration of portable instrument-based measurements for work within the archaeology and cultural heritage fields are many. Molecular spectroscopic techniques are frequently applied in cultural heritage research;...
Iridescence is widespread in the living world, occurring in organisms as diverse as bacteria, plants, and animals. Yet, compared to pigment-based forms of coloration, we know surprisingly little about the developmental and molecular bases of the structural colors that give rise to iridescence. Birds display a rich diversity of iridescent structural...
In order to verify correct labeling and purity of natural lacquer ingredients sold today, 66 resins, gums and oils were analyzed by THM-GC/MS and compared with non-commercial reference samples. 21 deviations were found, indicating an adulteration or mislabeling of a resin. Many of the deviations occurred in sandarac resin, traditionally harvested f...
Mobile Raman and XRF systems are particularly suitable for the study of cultural heritage objects, allowing in situ, nondestructive analysis on a large variety of materials. Nowadays, thanks to technological developments, the size of the new generation of mobile instruments is reduced. Moreover, operation of the instrumentation is straightforward,...
Syntheses of transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) using colloidal-chemistry approaches are gaining significant interest in recent years, as these methods enable the morphology and properties of the nanocrystals to be tuned for targeted applications. In this work, by only varying the ligand used during synthesis, we synthesized nanoflowers with o...
This paper discusses results obtained from in situ analysis of the tesserae of the Roman mosaic of Los Amores (Cástulo site, Linares, Spain) dating back to the turn of the 1st to the 2nd century AD. Specifically, it focuses on the scene The Judgment of Paris. In view of the exceptional state of preservation of the mosaic, from which very few tesser...
This paper discusses results obtained from in situ analysis of the tesserae of the Roman mosaic of Los Amores (Cástulo site, Linares, Spain) dating back to the turn of the 1st to the 2nd century AD. Specifically, it focuses on the scene The Judgment of Paris. In view of the exceptional state of preservation of the mosaic, from which very few tesser...
Reviewing the analytical strategies used in the study of cultural heritage assets such as movable artworks and archaeological items, and immovable objects like mural paintings, archaeological sites and historical buildings, this book pays particular attention to analytical methodology. It is not always necessary to use new and sophisticated instrum...
Raman and infrared spectroscopy are two of the most frequently used molecular techniques in the fields of archaeometry and art analysis. Both techniques use advanced benchtop configurations for conducting laboratory investigations, but also can be applied on-site and/or directly on the artefact, and produce high-quality results. In this chapter, vi...
In this work, we provide a detailed account of the liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) of rhenium disulfide (ReS2), a promising new-generation two-dimensional material. By screening LPE in a wide range of solvents, we show that the most optimal solvents are characterized by similar Hildebrand or dispersive Hansen solubility parameters of 25 and 18 MPa1/...
Organic minerals occur rather rarely in some types of peat bogs, sedimentary geological environments, and hydrothermal veins. Commonly, calcium oxalates are produced by several plants, terpenoids are often associated with conifers Because of the organic precursor, these minerals, from the smallest group of the mineralogical system, are sometimes co...
Improved chemical- and bio-sensing with Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) requires nanostuctures that can be flexibly designed and fabricated with different physical and optical properties. Here, we present nano-pillar arrays ranging from 200 nm to 600 nm as SERS substrates for mycotoxin detection that are fabricated by means of two-photon...
Since thousands of years, gems were used as tools and amulets often associated with social status and money. At the beginning, gems were used in their rough form, or polished with curved surfaces or engraved. Simple forms of faceting appeared around the start of thirteenth century and it radically improved after the industrial revolution. During di...
The main scope of gem analysis is the identification of a gem, finding out the material of which it is made, whether it is natural or synthetic and if it has been treated/enhanced. The identification depends to some extent on whether the gems are in the rough state, polished, cut, and even on the way in which they are mounted. Sometimes gems mounte...
The São Domingos area (Corte do Pinto, Portugal) represents a large sulfide ore deposit in the Iberian Pyrite Belt that was mined primarily for copper and sulfur in the past. Currently, the deserted mine and mine wastes are the reason for the production of acid mining drainage releasing potentially harmful elements. Because metastable secondary sul...
When examining a piece of antique jewellery or object for its authenticity, it is not only important to know about the types of gemstones that existed at the time, but also about the various types of treatments, imitations and synthetic gems. Treatments involve all processes used to modify the appearance of gem materials in order to make the more a...
An answer to most archaeometrical questions can be obtained via the gem analysis presented in the previous chapters. The vast majority of published studies on items of archaeometrical interest are focused on gem identification. Usually the items are mounted, so the possible methods to use are restricted. Additionally, for security reasons most of t...
El proyecto Cástulo: Investigación Arqueométrica y Transferencia Social ha sido concebido como un proyecto de investigación arqueométrica de carácter interdisciplinar en el que participan el Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Arqueología Ibérica de la Universidad de Jaén, el Conjunto Arqueológico de Cástulo y la Universidad de Gante (Bélgi...
Archaeometry is the research area on the edge between humanities and natural sciences: it uses and optimises methods from chemistry, spectroscopy, physics, biology, etc. to help answering research questions from humanities. In general, these objects are investigated for several reasons. Besides the fundamental interest to know about the materials t...
The glass bead assemblages recovered during the 2014 excavations of the ruins of Kulumbimbi located in Mbanza Kongo (Angola) were analyzed by means of a multi-analytical minimally invasive methodology, which includes handheld X-ray fluorescence (hXRF), variable pressure scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry...
The Archaeological Collection of Ghent University Museum hosts one of the most remarkable cork models representing the Pantheon of Rome, made by the master Antonio Chichi (1743–1816). Ghent University started a restoration campaign dedicated to the cork masterpiece, which has great artistic value. Next to macroscopic analysis, an extensive physicoc...
Identifying the manufacturer of historical wall tiles is often based on visual inspection by an expert. This is a subjective and time-consuming approach, as it can only be performed on sight by few experts. In this work, it is evaluated whether Raman and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy can create a chemical fingerprint to discriminate the til...
An in situ archaeometrical campaign was organized in 2018 for the physicochemical analysis of the exceptional Mosaico de los Amores of the Cástulo archaeological site (Linares, Spain). Several mobile instruments were brought on the field to investigate the colourful tesserae of the mosaic. The main aim of the current research paper is the compariso...
This study aims to characterize the Neolithic ceramics (Mushki, Bashi, and Jari wares) of the Kur River Basin and reconstruct the origin of the raw materials and manufacturing technology. Neolithic ceramics from 13 different sites have been studied with handheld X-ray fluorescence (hXRF) spectroscopy and thin section petrography. The geochemical si...
This study proposes a new nondestructive methodology that combines micro‐Raman spectroscopy and micro‐X‐ray diffraction (μ‐XRD), complemented by variable pressure scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry, to determine the composition of glass artifacts and the manufacturing techniques employed in their producti...
A total of 119 middle to late second millennium bce pottery samples from six sites in the Kur River Basin (Fars, Iran) were examined to characterize these ceramics and reconstruct their manufacturing technology and the origin of the primary materials. For this, a combined study of handheld XRF and thin‐section petrography was performed. The geochem...
Five scarabs and one scaraboid found in Vinha das Caliças 4 (Beja, Portugal) were analyzed using a micro-analytical methodology in order to determine their mineralogical and chemical composition. Microstructural characterization and chemical analysis revealed that all were composed of a white body of crushed feldspathic sand covered by a lead-rich,...
Full text can be found here: https://www.academia.edu/38109096/Lipids_funerals_gifts_and_feasts_Organic_residue_analysis_on_Merovingian_ceramics_from_the_Elversele_burial_field_Belgium_
During the excavation of a Merovingian cemetery in Elversele (Temse, Belgium), archaeologists encountered nine burials each with one earthenware vessel clearly dep...
Archaeometry is the research area on the edge between humanities and natural sciences: it uses and optimises methods from chemistry, spectroscopy, physics, biology, etc. to help answering research questions from humanities. In general, these objects are investigated for several reasons. Besides the fundamental interest to know about the materials t...
An extensive in situ Raman spectroscopic campaign was performed on archaeological sites in three different provinces in Patagonia, Argentina (Neuquén, Río Negro and Chubut). 16 open air shelters located in different environments (forests, ecotones, steppes) were investigated and interpreted in terms of pigments used and the identification of substr...
Defocusing micro-spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (micro-SORS) is a recently developed technique that was proven to be successful in cultural heritage research to investigate non-destructively the stratigraphy of turbid or semi-transparent paint layers. However, until now this approach was not applied to obtain imaging information with inhomogen...
The study of La Famille Soler using non-invasive imaging, molecular, structural, and elemental analysis allowed the re-examination of changes of the work. Considered as the earliest of Picasso’s versions of Le déjeuner sur l’herbe by E. Manet, evidence suggests that an underlying landscape painted by Vidal in 1903 also referred to Manet’s masterpie...
Micro-spatially-offset Raman spectroscopy (micro-SORS) has been proposed as a valuable approach to sample molecular information from layers that are covered by a turbid (non-transparent) layer. However, when large magnifications are involved the approach is not straightforward, as spatial constraints exist to position the laser beam and the objecti...
In this paper, a series of beryl varieties with the accent on emeralds was investigated using seven portable Raman spectrometers equipped mainly with 785- and 532-nm excitation lasers. Additionally, one dual system and a new portable sequentially shifted excitation Raman spectrometer were applied. The advantage of using handheld instrumentation for...
We demonstrate a new printing method for transferring micron-size graphene films to desired sites on a target substrate. After patterning the graphene layer, a photoresist mask is used to realize a suspended graphene-resist stack. This stack is then transferred toward the desired site on the target substrate using a patterned polydimethylsiloxane (...
As part of the Late Roman research project in Belgium and the Netherlands, 187 Roman copper alloy brooches were analyzed by means of handheld X-ray fluorescence (hXRF) spectroscopy in order to explore the relationship between composition, production organization and change over time.
The selected brooch type is called ‘the crossbow brooch’, which i...
A non-invasive multi-analytical approach combining optical microscopy (OM), micro- X-ray diffraction (µXRD), in-situ X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), variable pressure scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (VP-SEM-EDS) and Raman micro-spectroscopy has been employed for the first time to investigate the...
This review is to be considered part of the development of the MEMORI dosimeter, to evaluate the impact of climate (relative humidity, temperature, illumination, etc., including volatile organic compounds) on moveable objects. In the framework of the MEMORI project, Ghent University was given the task to assess pigment degradation upon acetic acid...
Intheframeworkofthe inter-disciplinary KongoKing project, a set of beads from archaeological excavations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo was analysed by means of a minimally invasive, multi-analytical approach based on micro-Raman spectroscopy. The full characterization of the materials, including glassy network, opacifiers and colorizers,...
Portable Raman spectroscopy is applied for the first time on rock art paintings from hunter-gatherers in three different provinces in Patagonia, Argentina (Neuquén, Río Negro and Chubut). Selected archaeological sites were examined, revealing the local ‘palette’ of the native population and, if possible, the technology used. Moreover, alteration pr...