
Peter W. De LangenCopenhagen Business School
Peter W. De Langen
PhD
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124
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Introduction
Skills and Expertise
Publications
Publications (124)
This paper addresses the effects of state ownership on decisions of port development companies, through a case study of Port of Rotterdam (PoR). This issue is relevant, given the economic impact of port development and the important role of ports in the transition towards a more sustainable economy. The insights from this case study thus can be use...
Port clusters are expected to play a significant role in the transition towards a circular economy, both at the level of facilitating regional and global transport within circular production chains, as well as hosting circular activities in port areas. There is strong evidence that significant investments in the circular economy (CE) are being made...
This paper advances the conceptual understanding of strategies of port development companies (PDCs) through applying the business ecosystem perspective. This leads to a distinction between four stylized strategies for PDCs and associated types of services: minimalist (six services), integrator (six services) and ecosystem services (six services). A...
The term ‘innovation ecosystem’ has become popular among stakeholders involved in innovation. The core idea is that innovation does not thrive through isolated actions of individual companies, but rather depends on a broad array of interrelated actors, institutions and policies. In this paper, we apply the concept of innovation ecosystems to ports...
The reduction of Greenhouses gasses (GHG) and other air emissions represents a major challenge for ports. The world over, however, ports vary considerably in their efforts to reduce air emissions, and the causes for this variation remain under-researched. This paper examines the drivers for the adoption of air emissions abatement measures in a samp...
Companies related directly or indirectly to ships and international commodity chains and located in the port area can jointly be considered as a port cluster. The colocation of such interrelated companies in ports creates synergies, such as the shared use of infrastructure and services and the availability of specialized knowledge and skills. The p...
The maritime industry has witnessed transformational changes due to the
structural developments in the competitive landscape among maritime stakeholders. These
trends lead to cooperation between ports, particularly those sharing common hinterland.
This paper extends the existing frameworks for analysing cases of port cooperation among
adjacent port...
There is a gradual but clear transition towards a circular economy (CE) that will potentially have significant impacts on ports, both in their function as transport nodes and as locations for logistics and manufacturing activities. A rough appraisal of new investments in circular manufacturing activities in ports in Europe drawn from organizational...
In the present work, the determinants of port choice regarding container cargoes from specific hinterland regions are analyzed, based on an empirical study of Spain. Previous work has been extended by including novel explanatory variables for the market shares of ports in hinterland locations. Discrete choice theory is the methodological approach u...
For millennia, the Mediterranean has been one of the most active trading areas, supported by a transport network connecting riparian cities and beyond to their hinterland. The Mediterranean has complex trade patterns and routes--but with key differences from the past. It is no longer an isolated world economy: it is both a trading area and a transi...
This study analyses the relation between management practices and the per-
formance of Brazilian port authorities. In order to do so, a survey-based evaluation tool of
the quality of management practices was developed. In addition, a set of operational and
financial performance indicators of such port authorities and their ports was calculated.
The...
Recent trends in port development show that ports are making increasing efforts to forge mutually beneficial cooperation strategies, particularly ports sharing a common hinterland. In this paper, we analyse the North Adriatic ports (Koper, Rijeka, Trieste and Venice) with a focus on two related themes. First, the complementarity of the North Adriat...
This chapter deals with the hinterland transport chain of ports. This chapter approaches hinterland accessibility as an organisational issue. It will show the importance of analysing coordination between actors responsible for an efficient functioning port-related transport chain. Why is coordination in hinterland chains important? Which coordinati...
This paper discusses how public interests in seaports can be secured in the cor- poratized model. This corporatized model, in which port authorities engage in port development on a commercial basis, is increasingly used. We discuss in detail an important question that so far has not received attention in the literature on port governance: how can t...
A review of seven large landlord port authorities around the world reveals a notable diversity of pricing structures. While port authorities increasingly act as commercial undertakings, port pricing often seems to be not driven by commercial considerations. In this paper, we argue that ports can be regarded as “business ecosystems” with multiple us...
In this paper we analyse the intermodal connectivity in Europe. The empirical analysis is to our knowledge the first empirical analysis of intermodal connections, and is based on a comprehensive database of intermodal connections in Europe. The paper focuses on rail and barge services, as they are the backbone of intermodal freight transport chains...
In this paper we argue that much of the literature on port governance takes the embeddedness of the port authority in the public sector as a given, whereas we argue that port development is intrinsically commercial and it is thus appropriate to regard a port authority as a port development company. In line with this, we provide a critique of the te...
Over the last decade, insights from the strategic management discipline have increasingly been applied to ports. A review of literature shows that in the analysis of port authority strategy, mainly outside-in approaches are applied. This paper adds to the emerging understanding of the port authority’s strategy by applying a cognitive perspective. S...
In recent years, there has been significant interest in the development of connectivity indicators for ports. For short sea shipping, especially in Europe, Roll-on Roll-off (RoRo) shipping is almost equally important as container shipping. In contrast with container shipping, RoRo shipments are primarily direct, thus the measurement of its connecti...
Although anecdotal evidence suggests that co-location can bring about several benefits for co-located logistics companies, implying the need to incorporate such considerations in location decisions, these benefits have hardly been analysed empirically. This paper provides detailed insights for decision making by precisely analysing the synergies at...
The transport sector accounts for 25% of the global CO2 emissions. All firms in the transport industry share a responsibility for this environmental impact. This paper explores, as one of the first, the attitude of both shippers and forwarders, as the main purchasers of transport services, towards environmental sustainability in the sourcing of tra...
This paper presents a comparison of coordination initiatives and their results in the ports of Valencia and Santos. The comparison is based on both secondary data from these ports and primary data obtained through questionnaires amongst international freight forwarders an important group of port users active in both ports. Performance indicators of...
Port competition has become a complex and multi-faceted concept due to changes in the market environment of ports and the resulting intensification of rivalry between operators in the same port, between neighbouring ports, between multi-port gateway regions and between entire port ranges. This chapter discusses port competition in Europe with a mai...
Research applying a strategic management perspective to port authorities is limited and mostly consists of specific case studies or comparative analyses of port authorities in a specific geographical area. In response, this paper offers a worldwide survey of 94 port authorities, the results of which address their strategic scope, i.e., the set of a...
Seaports can be meaningfully analysed with a cluster perspective. In this perspective, seaports are regarded as concentrations of economic activity related to the arrival and service of ships and cargoes at ports. This perspective has two main advantages: first, it draws attention to forces of agglomeration and disagglomeration in seaports. Some se...
In this paper we describe the capabilities and strategies required for obtaining a concession to operate a terminal in a seaport. The extent to which concession procedures create entry barriers and lower the contestability of the market is assessed. Recent studies and policy initiatives have stressed the importance of lowering economic, institution...
Many different private companies — shipping lines, terminal operating companies, forwarders, hinterland transport providers, and inland terminal operators — are involved in hinterland transport. In addition, different public actors such as the port authority, customs and excise, and infrastructure managers are involved. Creating effective hinterlan...
The port authority of Rotterdam has been the first to incorporate modal split obligations in concession contracts for container terminals. Given the increasing focus of port authorities on sustainable hinterland connectivity, other port authorities may also move in this direction. A reduced share of road transport in the modal split can increase co...
The two main value propositions in international container transport are ‘port-to-port’ services and ‘door-to-door’ services. In port-to-port services, buyers ‘just’ purchase maritime transport from a shipping line. Door-to-door services comprise the total transport chain and include land-based transport. Carriers as well as forwarders offer these...
Shipping lines generally offer their clients two main value propositions: port-to-port and door-to-door transport. In addition, some shipping lines offer a third value proposition in the form of transport up to inland terminals (ILTs). This third value proposition combines maritime and inland transport and is offered to two types of customers: ship...
The ongoing process of port reform has led to an increasing number of publicly owned but corporatised port authorities (PAs). The performance effects of corporatisation have been analysed, for example, for the airports industry, often showing positive effects. This paper reviews the literature on port reform and the relationship between port govern...
This paper analyzes the relationship between freight accessibility and logistics employment in the US. It develops an accessibility measure relevant for logistics companies based on a gravity model. This allows for an analysis of the accessibility of US counties focusing on four different modes of transportation: road, rail, air, and maritime. Usin...
Port economics, management and policy have progressively emerged as a distinctive research field, and a core part of maritime economics. This paper provides an analysis of all the 267 port studies published in Maritime Policy & Management (MPM) since its inception in 1973. This paper provides a content analysis for seven interrelated research theme...
The measurement of port performance is relevant for port users, policy makers, port developers and other stakeholders. This paper describes the development of one port performance indicator: intermodal connectivity. Intermodal connectivity is relevant, as many port authorities as well as policymakers have the ambition to handle a larger share of th...
In this paper, we aim to develop the international component of port authority strategy, by discussing and analyzing the case of the Port of Rotterdam and its recent developments in terms of establishing an international strategy. The objective is to discuss the types of operating modes that might exist for port authorities in international busines...
a b s t r a c t This paper deals with path dependence in seaport governance. A central notion in this respect is lock-in. Economic geographers have recently started to reconsider the deterministic perspective on lock-in and developed the concept of institutional plasticity. Such plasticity is the result of actions of actors to pur-posefully 'recomb...
International container transport is the backbone of global supply chains. Hinterland transport, the transport from the port to the final destination and vice versa, is an important component of international container transport. However, academic attention to hinterland transport has emerged only recently. This chapter discusses business models an...
Improving intermodal connectivity is important for ports. However, developing new rail connections, especially in the contestable hinterland, is complex and requires substantial investments. Therefore, rail operators are reluctant to start new connections unless risks are limited. Port authorities can play a role in these hinterland connections to...
Long term projections of cargo throughput are indispensable for port development plans. Although commodity flow projections are useful for governments, port authorities, terminal operating companies and port users, scientific research on commodity flow projections for ports is limited. Existing studies generally use econometric models that assume s...
IntroductionDefining a Port ClusterThe Cluster Perspective and Port GovernancePorts in Proximity: One Port Cluster?SummaryNotesReferencesFurther Reading
This paper describes in detail the award process of the concession for a large container terminal in the port of Rotterdam. This process can be termed competitive bidding, and differs from a tender because of the frequent interaction between the Port of Rotterdam Authority and the candidates. The competitive bidding process is a potentially attract...
Although anecdotal evidence suggests that co-location of logistics establishments can bring about several benefits for the co-located logistics firms. These benefits have not been widely researched. This article seeks to contribute to an understanding of the spatial concentration of logistics establishments by empirically analysing the synergies th...
Port authorities generally focus on the development of the local port area and play a minor role in the development of port hinterlands, whereas shippers, forwarders, barge and rail operators have always been involved in the port-hinterland connection. The increasing importance of intermodal hinterland networks for the competitive position of ports...
This paper presents a taxonomy and analysis of the content of published research in port economics, policy and management (port studies). The recent increase of these publications suggests a growing interest in the study of ports. However, the research characteristics and directions of this research field are unidentified. This paper provides a sys...
This article presents a method to identify “Absolute and Relative Employment Concentration (AREC) areas” for a particular industry. Two novel characteristics of the method are that it simultaneously analyses AREC, and that it combines spatial concentration per area with the spatial concentration in neighbouring areas. The method is easy to understa...
This paper analyzes location dynamics of logistics establishments in relation to spatial clustering. Such an analysis is relevant for both decision makers within logistics firms and regional policy makers, as co-located logistics establishments as well as society as a whole can benefit from co-location of logistics establishments. For this analysis...
The 2008 credit crunch and the subsequent economic crisis ended a period that lasted over two decades wherein international seaports around the globe experienced double-digit volume increases. This chapter provides an analysis of the structural effects that the crisis has on seaports, focusing mostly on developments in Europe. It does so via an exa...
Terminal concessions in seaports have only recently gained interest in academic circles. Issues such as the allocation mechanisms (to be) used for granting those concessions, the determination of the concession term and concession fees, as well as the inclusion of special clauses aimed at assuring that the terminal operator will act in the interest...
Over the last years, the concept of clustering has become a central concept for analysing the competitiveness of nations, industries and firms. The cluster concept can be usefully applied to study clustering of maritime activities. Maritime activities, such as shipping, shipbuilding and port and maritime services, are clearly geographically concent...
The importance of hinterland transport in intercontinental door-to-door chains is widely recognised. Intermodal hinterland transport services are provided by many different firms, each taking care of a part of the chain. Consequently, there is a need for cooperation and coordination in hinterland chains, to ensure an attractive overall service for...
This paper reviews research in port economics, policy and management during the period 1997–2008. In an increasingly international economy, research interest in ports is gradually emerging. This paper examines the developments, themes and characteristics of this research, by reviewing a comprehensive database consisting of all the 395 relevant jour...
In this article we analyse the location patterns of firms that provide specialized advanced producer services (APS) to international commodity chains that move through seaports. Such activities can take place in world cities or in port cities. The analysis of APS location patterns in port cities provides a good opportunity to integrate the study of...
This paper deals with the changing role of terminal operating companies (TOCs) in supply chains. Relevant trends in the port industry and the consequences for terminal operators are discussed. A framework to analyse strategies of TOCs, based on Brewer's [2001 Handbook of logistics and supply chain management. Amsterdam: Pergamon.] classification of...
We argue that port authorities (PAs) should contribute actively to better hinterland access. We discuss different types of PA involvement as well as some reasons for such involvement. The analysis applies to landlord PAs with public goals. Landlord PAs take the initiative for the expansion and redevelopment of port infrastructure. Traditionally PAs...
Port authorities generally focus on the development of the local port area and play a minor role in the development of port hinterlands, whereas shippers, forwarders, barge and rail operators have always been involved in the port-hinterland connection. The increasing importance of intermodal hinterland networks for the competitive position of ports...
Ports in Proximity provides an overview of key contemporary research in the field through a broad range of international case studies. The concepts of strategic management, supply chain management, port and transport economics and economic and transport geography are applied throughout the book to offer an in-depth understanding of the processes un...
Chapter one by César Ducruet, Theo Notteboom and Peter de Langen, the New Economic Geography (NEG) is seen as a possible bridge for a better integration between economic geography literature and port studies. The authors demonstrate that NEG has distanced itself from traditional economic geography in the early 1990s by applying a modelling approach...
In this paper, we describe the capabilities and strategies required for obtaining a concession to operate a terminal in a seaport. The extent to which concession procedures create entry barriers and lower the contestability of the market is assessed. Recent studies and policy initiatives have stressed the importance of lowering economic, institutio...
The quality and availability of labour is important for the performance of ports. Insights from cluster theories are relevant for analysing training and education in ports, as ports can be regarded as clusters. In general, labour in clusters is relatively mobile, education services in clusters are relatively good and employees have a high willingne...
Many different private companies – shipping lines, terminal operating companies, forwarders, hinterland transport providers, and inland terminal operators – are involved in hinterland transport. In addition, different public actors such as the port authority, customs, and infrastructure managers are involved. Creating effective hinterland transport...
Effective coastal zone management requires regulations of various forms. Inevitably, some of these have an impact on seaports. Understandably, regulations that may weaken the competitive position of a seaport are difficult to implement. The stakeholders of ports are well aware of their local, regional, and national economic impact. These stakeholde...
n this paper, it is argued that port authorities can actively contribute to better hinterland access. Different types of involvement of the port authority are discussed, as well as reasons for such involvement. The analysis is explorative and aims to provide a basis for further discussion. The analysis applies to landlord port authorities (PAs) wit...
The different types of entry barrier in seaports are analysed and the policies and practices to reduce them are discussed in this paper. In most seaports, economic, regulatory, and geographical entry barriers are substantial and increasing in complexity as ports become embedded in supply chains and multilayered networks with multiple entry-levels....
Port-related impacts are often presented in terms of quantity, e.g. employment generated in the port. The quality of jobs, in terms of average wage level is hardly discussed. This is surprising given the fact that most economists (and macro-economic models) assume labour markets work relatively efficiently. Thus, it is assumed people employed in th...
This paper deals with port competition and port selection for cargo to/from Austria. Austria is located centrally in Europe and seaports in at least five countries are used for imports and exports. Changes of market shares over time of different ports serving Austria are analysed. Switching of cargo between ports does take place, but friction preve...
This chapter describes the governance structures of the port authorities of the major Dutch seaports. This description is based on a framework to assess the fit between the environment, governance model, strategy and capabilities of the port authority. Changes in the port environment have triggered changes in the governance model and strategy of se...
In this chapter, an analysis is made of conflicting interests in seaports. Such conflicting interests are relevant since various stakeholders influence port development and have different goals. Based on an overview of the interests of different stakeholders, five conflicts of interests that are relevant in most seaports are identified. Each of the...
The central theme of this paper is the issue of the governance of cooperation within the Chilean wine industry. The effects
of the internationalization of this industry for the importance and the quality of governance of intra-cluster cooperation
involving firms and other actors are analysed. Two questions stand central. First, what has been the re...
In this chapter, an analysis is made of conflicting interests in seaports. Such conflicting interests are relevant since various stakeholders influence port development and have different goals. Based on an overview of the interests of different stakeholders, five conflicts of interests that are relevant in most seaports are identified. Each of the...
De Rotterdamse haven is een verzameling van meer dan 3000 bedrijven, actief in overslag, transport, logistiek, industrie en handel. Gezamenlijk vormen deze bedrijven een omvangrijk havencluster. De ontwikkeling van deze cluster is van groot belang voor alle bedrijven. Onderzoek naar de factoren die de ontwikkeling van deze cluster beïnvloeden is du...
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