Peter E Langdon

The University of Warwick and Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust

Background Persons with intellectual disabilities (ID) may have difficulties providing reliable and valid accounts of their personal experiences through self-report measures. The aim of the current study was to systematically review the peer-reviewed research literature on the adaptations needed to develop ‘ID-inclusive’ self-report measures. Met...

Mental imagery is recognised for its role in both psychological distress and wellbeing, with mental imagery techniques increasingly being incorporated into psychological interventions. In this systematic review and narrative synthesis (PROSPERO 2021: CRD42021240930), we identify and evaluate the evidence base for the phenomenon and phenomenology of...

Background We examined whether a series of variables were related to the number of psychiatric inpatients using publicly available data about English psychiatric bed utilisation and NHS workforce. Method Using linear regression, with auto-regressive errors, we examined relationships between variables over time using data from December 2013 to Ma...

Objective The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO 2020 CRD42020169323) was to evaluate the efficacy of psychological therapy with people with intellectual disabilities. Method A comprehensive literature search yielded 22,444 studies which were screened for eligibility. Studies were eligible for inclusion if a psychological th...

Background An increasing number of children, adolescents and adults with intellectual disabilities and/or autism are being admitted to general psychiatric wards and cared for by general psychiatrists. Aims The aim of this systematic review was to consider the likely effectiveness of in-patient treatment for this population, and compare and contras...

Background National policy recommends intensive support teams for all areas of England for adults with intellectual disabilities who display challenging behaviour. However, to the best of our knowledge, there has not been a systematic evaluation of intensive support teams to date. Objectives Our objectives were to identify and describe the geograp...

Many children and youth struggle to complete surveys and questionnaires by themselves. They are often assisted when are asked to give their opinion. From discussions with youth from the client council at a residential treatment facility for youths in The Netherlands, the notion emerged that interaction factors may impact the results of surveys, esp...

There are many well-developed screening tools for both intellectual disabilities and autism, but they may not be culturally appropriate for use within Africa. Our specific aims were to complete a systematic review to (1) describe and critically appraise short screening tools for the detection of intellectual disabilities and autism for older childr...

An easy-to-read summary of our paper titled: Investigating the relationship between learning channel sets during the mathematical practice of autistic students.

Objectives: Mental imagery is important in the development and maintenance of psychological disorders and well-being but has been neglected in people with intellectual disabilities. A detailed idiographic analysis of the lived experience of mental imagery in this population is presented. Design: This qualitative study uses interpretative phenome...

Aims Autism prevalence is currently estimated to be approximately 1%. Ascertaining autism prevalence within the Criminal Justice System (CJS) has implications for understanding clinical and forensic need, alongside facilitating autism-specific CJS responses. This review aims to systematically identify and synthesise studies that investigate autism...

Aims About 28% of the UK population are obese and a further 36.2% are overweight. The prevalence of both in those with mental illness and/or intellectual disability (ID) is much higher. Several therapeutic approaches have been tried, with varying efficacy. Recently a three-session intervention which uses mindfulness techniques (The compassionate ap...

Background Intensive Support Teams (ISTs) are recommended for individuals with intellectual disabilities who display behaviours that challenge. However, there is currently little evidence about the clinical and cost effectiveness of IST models operating in England. Aims To investigate the clinical and cost effectiveness of IST models. Methods We...

Background: The Adapted Firesetting Assessment Scale was developed for use with adults with developmental disabilities targeting fire-related factors thought to be associated with deliberate firesetting behaviour (i.e. attitudes towards fire, fire interest, fire normalisation, identification with fire and fire safety awareness). However, the psych...

This is an easy read version of the relevant paper.

Learning channels refer to the way students receive instruction and respond to it. We examined the relationship between See-Say and See-Write learning channel sets during the mathematical practice of four male autistic students, aged 8 to 14 years. Participants received practice in the ×7 and ×8 tables across both channel sets. Lessons included unt...

Group-based psychological interventions for autistic adults have tended to focus upon teaching social skills or helping with mental health problems, such as anxiety or depression, or a combination of the two. There are a variety of factors associated with outcomes from group-based interventions, mainly centered around group dynamics, such as cohesi...

Objectives This study aimed to determine the characteristics of ethical review and recruitment processes, concerning the inclusion of adults with capacity-affecting conditions and associated communication difficulties in ethically sound research, under the provisions of the Mental Capacity Act (MCA, 2005) for England and Wales. Design A documentar...

Background: The theoretical understanding of firesetting behaviour has predominantly been developed with men in prisons or psychiatric hospitals without neurodevelopmental disabilities. Consequently, there is a lack of evidence regarding the validity of current theory when applied to adults with intellectual disabilities and/or autism. Method: Thi...

Written by internationally recognized experts, this comprehensive CBT clinician's manual provides disorder-specific chapters and accessible pedagogical features. The cutting-edge research, advanced theory, and attention to special adaptations make this an appropriate reference text for qualified CBT practitioners, students in post-graduate CBT cour...

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a precision teaching (PT) framework on the mathematical ability of students with intellectual and developmental disabilities. We also examined if students of moderate mathematical ability could perform as well as their peers with fewer difficulties with their math skills. Sixteen students parti...

Social media can lead to rejection, cyber-bullying victimisation, and cyber-aggression, and these experiences are not fully understood as experienced by autistic adults. To investigate this, 78 autistic adults completed self-report measures of social media use, cyber-bullying victimisation, cyber-aggression, and self-esteem. High levels of social m...

Background: Treatment for adults who set fires relies upon valid and reliable assessment. Research is needed to ensure self-report measures are available for adults with neurodevelopmental disabilities and that they are robust. Method: Qualitative and quantitative data from three rounds of a Delphi exercise with practitioners and a focus group dis...

Objectives To characterise the changes at work experienced by psychologists working with people with intellectual disabilities during the pandemic and whether these changes, stressors and aspects of working life were associated with mental wellbeing and occupational stress. Methods Ninety-seven psychologists completed an online survey. Free text c...

Background Few robust autism-specific outcome assessments have been developed specifically for use by teachers in special schools. The Assessment of Barriers to Learning in Education – Autism (ABLE-Autism) is a newly developed teacher assessment to identify and show progress in barriers to learning for pupils on the autism spectrum with coexisting...

Background The Mental Capacity Act (MCA, 2005) and its accompanying Code of Practice (2007), govern research participation for adults with capacity and communication difficulties in England and Wales. We conducted a systematic review and narrative synthesis to investigate the application of these provisions from 2007 to 2019. Methods and findings...

Background: The recent COVID-19 pandemic led to widespread international restrictions, severely impacting on health and social care services. For many individuals with an intellectual disability (ID) this meant reduced access to services and support for them and their carers. Aim: The aim of this study was to gain insight into the ways parents of...

A systematic review was completed to identify assessments used with children with intellectual disabilities to assess adaptive behaviour, challenging behaviour and autism-related behaviour and consider their appropriateness for use by special education teachers with autistic pupils. The findings of this review led to the recommendation that the Per...

Background Recent COVID‐19 lockdown restrictions resulted in reduced access to educational, professional and social support systems for children with intellectual disabilities and their carers. Aim The aim of this study was to gain insight into the ways mothers of children with intellectual disabilities coped during the first 2020 lockdown period....

Introduction Approximately 17% of adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) living in the community display behaviours that challenge. Intensive support teams (ISTs) have been recommended to provide high-quality responsive care aimed at avoiding unnecessary admissions and reducing lengthy inpatient stays in England. We have identified two models o...

This study compared two goal-setting approaches found in the Precision Teaching literature, namely the minimum celeration line and the beat your personal best during the mathematical practice of three male students diagnosed with autism, aged 8-9. An adapted alternating treatments design with a control condition was embedded in a concurrent multipl...

People with neurodevelopmental disorders often present with challenging behaviours and psychiatric illnesses. Diagnosis and treatment require patients, families and healthcare professionals to work closely together in partnership, acknowledging their respective areas of expertise. Good treatment outcomes should also be underpinned by robust researc...

Two focus groups were conducted with special needs teachers to: (a) identify barriers to learning for autistic pupils, (b) consider broad assessment domains and specific skills or behaviours which teachers consider important for these pupils, and (c) give their opinions on teacher assessments. Data analysis resulted in six main themes: (a) barriers...

Fire setting behaviour has devastating consequences and a significant number of adults who set fires have intellectual disabilities and/or autism. However, there has been no comprehensive review of the characteristics and treatment needs of this group of offenders, with existing reviews being limited in terms of sample population and methodological...

Objective To investigate how people with communication and understanding difficulties, associated with conditions such as dementia, autism and intellectual disability, are represented in research guidance supplementary to the Mental Capacity Act (MCA: 2005) in England and Wales. Methods A documentary survey was conducted. The sample comprised the...

Although the research base on mental health in intellectual disabilities is advancing, there are long-standing barriers that hinder successful completion of funded studies. A variety of stakeholders hold the key to mitigating the challenges and arriving at sustainable solutions that involve researchers, experts by experience, clinicians and many ot...

Background. This study outlines how a modified Delphi procedure was used with special educational needs teachers to select skills and behaviours for inclusion in the Assessment of Barriers to Learning in Education‐Autism (ABLE‐Autism). The ABLE‐Autism is a new teacher assessment to show progress in barriers to learning for pupils on the autism spec...

Aims Clinicians working with individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) who display sexual offending behaviours may face challenges during treatment, as a result of the cognitive and behavioural profile associated with ASD. This research explored the views and experiences of those running adapted sex offender treatment groups with men with AS...

Introduction: The measures implemented to manage the COVID-19 pandemic have been shown to impair mental health. This problem is likely to be exacerbated for carers. Method: Informal carers (mainly parents) of children and adults with intellectual disabilities, and a comparison group of parents of children without disabilities, completed an onlin...

Issues: The current COVID-19 pandemic is a pressing world crisis and people with intellectual disabilities are vulnerable due to disparity in healthcare provision and physical and mental health multi-morbidity. Position: The aim of this paper is to present guidelines for the care and treatment of people with intellectual disabilities during the COV...

Attentional bias toward negative and positive pictorial stimuli and its relationship with distorted cognitions, empathy, and moral reasoning amongst men with intellectual disabilities who have committed crimes Abstract The aims of this study were to examine: (a) whether men with intellectual disabilities who have a history of criminal offending att...

Lay abstract: Autistic adults who have a history of committing crimes pose challenges for the criminal justice system in terms of disposal and treatment. For this reason, we investigated the validity of a proposed sub-typology of autistic adults detained in secure psychiatric hospitals. Initially, we ran a focus group with psychiatrists, clinical...

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a Precision Teaching (PT) framework on the mathematical ability of students with intellectual & developmental disabilities. We also examined if students of moderate mathematical ability could perform as well as their peers with fewer difficulties with their math skills. Sixteen students partici...

Issues: The International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IASSIDD) is an international group of researchers, clinicians, students, parents, and self‐advocates that promotes worldwide research and exchange of information on intellectual and developmental disabilities. IASSIDD recently developed a...

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is the most pressing issue we now face and has had major implications on the way we all live our lives. There are clearly specific issues faced by people with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD) and many of these have been summarised in a recent guidelines document (Alexander et al, 202...

This is a copy of the General Sexual Knowledge Questionnaire. Copyright is held by the authors and the University of East Anglia.

Historically, many people with intellectual disabilities (ID) were considered unable to take part in psychological therapies. This view has changed considerably, and there has been an increasing focus on the development of psychological therapies for people with intellectual disabilities (ID), including methods to help improve the accessibility of...

Background Approximately 18% of adults with intellectual disabilities living in the community display behaviours that challenge. Intensive support teams (ISTs) have been recommended to provide high-quality responsive care aimed at avoiding unnecessary admissions and reducing lengthy in-patient stays. Aims To identify and describe the geographical...

Presents the results of the stage 1 of the NIHR funded HS&DR mixed methods investigation into intensive support teams in England.

Intellectual Disability (ID), a lifelong condition characterized by an impairment of intellectual functioning and deficits in adaptive skills is part of a spectrum of developmental disorders which also includes other conditions like autism and ADHD. While psychiatric problems are three to four times more common in those with ID, diagnosing it can b...

Background: This trial aimed to measure the effects of extrinsic and intrinsic factors on users' comprehension of health information provided in adapted written "easy read" material. Method: Sixty adults with intellectual disabilities undertook The Easy Read Task, randomly allocated with stratification by reading ability to one of four condition...

Despite laudable intentions, since its inception, the Mental Capacity Act 2005 of England and Wales (MCA) has proved to be a controversial piece of legislation. The majority of legal scholarship has concentrated on the problems created by the Act in relation to the treatment of incapacitated patients. However, there is an additional and somewhat un...

Background: The cognitive and behavioural profile associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) includes difficulties with social interaction, communication and empathy. Each of these may present barriers to effective participation in sexual offending treatment, leading to poorer outcomes. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with...

This chapter reviews models of social problem‐solving and makes links with social neuroscience, moral development and social information processing (SIP) theories in relation to people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). These differing theoretical perspectives are drawn together into a single, unified framework ‐ the Social Inf...

How moral decision-making occurs, matures over time and relates to behaviour is complex. To develop a full picture of moral decision-making, moral development and moral behaviour it is necessary to understand: (a) how real-time moral decisions are made (including relevant social and contextual factors), (b) what processes are required to develop to...

Objective Mental health problems are more prevalent in people with than without intellectual disabilities, yet treatment options have received little attention. The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacological and psychological interventions in the treatment of mental health problems in children and adults wit...

Purpose: The diagnosis of psychosis in individuals with autism spectrum disorder poses a unique clinical challenge. The presence of intellectual disability further complicates the diagnostic picture. Reliable and timely diagnosis of psychosis in such individuals minimizes the duration of untreated psychotic symptoms and the subsequent impact on the...

This study investigated the use of adapted sex offender treatment programmes for individuals with ASC, gathering the experiences of those who have completed a treatment group and exploring the views of clinicians working with men with ASC who display sexual offending behaviours.

Background: There is a growing interest in using group cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) with people who have Asperger syndrome (AS) and comorbid mental health problems. This study aims to assess the cost-effectiveness of modified group CBT for adults with AS experiencing co-occurring anxiety compared to treatment-as-usual. Methods: Economic evalu...

Mental health problems affect people with intellectual disabilities (ID) at rates similar to or in excess of the non-ID population. People with severe ID are likely to have persistent mental health problems. In this systematic review (PROSPERO 2015:CRD42015024469), we identify and evaluate the methodological quality of available measures of mental...

Digital media have increased the accessibility of psychological therapies for the general population, but not for people with intellectual disability (ID), despite their greater mental health needs. This study explores and compares the views of service users and clinicians on how computers can be integrated in psychological therapies for people wit...

Background: There is robust evidence that psychological therapies are an effective treatment for trauma-related symptoms, including post-traumatic stress disorder. However, there are relatively few studies involving people with intellectual disabilities, and no studies drawing on positive behavioural support as the mechanism for the delivery of tre...

Theoretical suppositions suggest a potential vulnerability in some individuals with autism spectrum conditions (ASCs) to displaying offending behaviours. Additionally, it is recognised that the features of ASCs may result in possible barriers to treatment. A systematic review was undertaken to identify empirical evidence examining the effectiveness...