Peter Michael Hollingsworth

• PhD in Aerospace Engineering
• Lecturer at The University of Manchester

The work addresses the allometric scaling of unmanned rotorcraft. Compound unmanned rotorcraft are not considered in this study. A population of 93 unmanned rotorcraft are compiled into a single dataset comprising size and performance parameters, including the maximum takeoff weight, maximum payload weight, battery mass, battery capacity, rotor dia...

This paper appraises the existing studies, addresses possible knowledge gaps and highlights the future research for the Collaboration in developing Complex Products and Systems (CoPS). A well-defined systematic literature review was undertaken to identify research themes, trends and patterns, theoretic lenses used and key issues that emerge. Our fi...

A growing interest in constellations of small satellites has recently emerged due to the increasing capability of these platforms and their reduced time and cost of development. However, in the absence of dedicated launch services for these systems, alternative methods for the deployment of these constellations must be considered which can take adv...

The accurate quantification of methane emissions from point sources is required to better quantify emissions for sector-specific reporting and inventory validation. An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) serves as a platform to sample plumes near to source. This paper describes a near-field Gaussian plume inversion (NGI) flux technique, adapted for downw...

The rapid developments in micro-technologies and the introduction of modularity and standardization into system designs, present significant opportunities for cost reduction in the design and development of satellite systems. However, the high cost of space launch has become a major hindrance to capitalizing on these opportunities. Therefore, seeki...

Determining the “best” aircraft design for a given market segment is a challenging proposition. In this paper, a value-driven design framework is created to illustrate how economic theory can be used to assess business strategies and engineering solutions within the civil aviation industry. The framework addresses a number of assumptions inherent w...

The rapid development of emerging concepts and technologies, e.g., modularity, standardization, and fractionation, has resulted in the miniaturization of satellites and simplification of mission design, as well as a move towards more responsive and economical systems. However, the current customized and labor-intensive design philosophy is not natu...

Methane is an important greenhouse gas and emission controls for methane are a part of the international Paris Agreement and UK national strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Landfill gas is mainly composed of methane and carbon dioxide, in near equal measure. While modern UK landfills capture and use much of the methane gas produced, some...

This paper describes the development of a new sampling and measurement method to infer methane flux using proxy measurements of CO2 concentration and wind data recorded by Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). The flux method described and trialed here is appropriate to the spatial scale of landfill sites and analogous greenhouse gas emission hotspots, ma...

Emerging design concepts such as miniaturisation, modularity, and standardisation, have contributed to the rapid development of small and inexpensive platforms, particularly cubesats. This has been stimulating an upcoming revolution in space design and development, leading satellites into the era of “smaller, faster, and cheaper”. However, the curr...

The demand for a design paradigm which enables better decisions through a dynamic process of a product life-cycle (design to decommission) is flourishing the System Engineering community. The reason for this significance is that a product, which meets the design requirements, does not consistently provide the most successful solution for the produc...

There are a range of different philosophies and methodologies which can be used to design a space mission architecture. However, at present none have consistently proven successful outcomes in space missions and are varying in their implementation and outcomes. Notably in the space industry, design for objectives, design for capacity, design for bu...

A novel dynamic resource allocation model is introduced for efficient sharing of services provided by ad hoc assemblies of heterogeneous autonomous vehicles. A key contribution is the provision of capability to dynamically select sensors and platforms within constraints imposed by time dependencies, refueling, and transportation services. The probl...

The rise in launch and use of small satellites in the past decade, a result of improved functionality through technology miniaturisation and alternative design philosophies, has spawned interest in the development of distributed systems or constellations of small satellites. However, whilst a variety of missions based on constellations of small sat...

As minaturisation of ever improving enabling technologies increase the capabilities of small satellites, the issue of commercially affordable access to Earth orbit becomes more significant. Whilst the current practice of multiple manifesting is dominant, the emergence of new small launch vehicles may instigate a transition to the dedicated launch o...

This study demonstrates novel measurements of in situ ozone (O3) concentrations and thermodynamics sampled on-board an instrumented Skywalker Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Small spatial and temporal gradients were observed over a localized region, which nearby ground-based in situ measurements lack the ability to resolve. It was found that the UAV...

The lack of significant buoyancy effects in zero gravity conditions poses an issue with fluid transfer in a stagnant liquid. In this paper bubble movement in a stagnant liquid is analysed and presented numerically using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. The governing continuum conservation equations for two phase flow are solved using...

Value driven design is an innovative design process that utilizes the optimization of a system level value function to determine the best possible design. This contrasts with more traditional systems engineering techniques, which rely on satisfying requirements to determine the design solution. While ‘design for value’ is intuitively acceptable, th...

Simple constraints analysis, as taught to most aerospace engineering students, gives little guidance as to exactly which design point should be selected. There is a recent body of work that attempts to solve this for initial designs, without having to fully size the new aircraft concept. The best of these focuses on maximizing a ‘Range Parameter’ w...

Value-Driven Design provides a framework to enhance the systems engineering processes for the design of large systems. By employing economics in decision making, Value-Driven Design enables rational decision making in terms of the optimum business and technical solution at every level of engineering design. This paper explains the application of Va...

The design of modern aerospace systems is commonly an exercise in creating and working with complex systems. This complexity stems from a combination of the complexity of the system itself, the interaction with environment that it operates in and often the organization which is creating the system. Historically, this complexity has been seen as a s...

One of the issues with commercial aircraft design is that most of the methods of developing and propagating requirements allow for nominally satisfying but less than ideal designs to be produced. There is a significant body of work that illustrates the issues that are inherent with the standard requirements flow-down approach. As an attempt to addr...

Program overruns and delays have long been an issue within the aerospace industry. With so many external pressures from stakeholders and the continuously declining economy, aerospace manufacturers and developers are forced to concentrate effort to limit these overruns and delays. This paper introduces the development of a Value Driven Design inspir...

Identifying easy-to-use and easy-to-communicate extensive design metrics for aircraft noise could be of substantial benefit to the aircraft design community. The current means of communication often revolves around the margin to the certification stringencies. These stringencies are hard to communicate and not directly related to external impact. A...

Disturbances within the European transport system have recently generated millions of pounds worth of damages and caused widespread passenger delays. The Eyjafjallajokull volcanic eruption demonstrated how a large scale disturbance within one transport sector can cause a series of knock on effects through other modes of transport, which were illequ...

Value-driven design is a movement that is using economic theory to transform systems engineering to better use optimization to improve the design of large systems, particularly in aerospace and defense. This paper describes the ideas and methods that are current in value-driven design. An overview of the history of value-driven design is provided,...

Typically value based approaches to the design of civil and commercial aircraft, be they net present value, surplus value, or any other utility based approach focus solely on the difference in cost between the alternatives, neglecting changes in revenue which might occur between the two concepts. Alternatively, if they do have a revenue focus, it i...

and the technology portfolios currently under development in various research & development establishments. This paper demonstrates one such capability, developed for NASA’s Subsonic Fixed Wing Project, as a means of rapidly looking at what technology combinations might help close the gap between the current trends and dierent proposed policies. It...

The increasing awareness of aviation's environ-mental impact has stimulated the development of a range of aggressive technology and system level improvement programs. These programs and the goals that are associated with them are described at various levels of abstraction, some at the technology and vehicle level and others at the air transportatio...

In today's aircraft design, more and more attention is paid to the conceptual and preliminary design stages in order to increase the capability of choosing a design that will be successful. Therefore, the decisions made during these design phases play a central role in determining the success of a design. Decision making techniques at these stages,...

The desire to make better informed aviation environmental policy decisions has pushed the US Federal Aviation Administration to make a concerted effort to improve the state-of-the-art in aviation policy emissions modeling. This capability is designed to look at the effect of environmental policy decisions in an equilibrium future state. This improv...

The success of a modern, complex engineering program is inherently a dynamic economic exercise. Because of this it is not possible to fully grasp what decisions are important to the success of a program using only the typical static or "frozen" design methods and processes. This paper attempts to provide a basic understanding of these design proces...

One of the major impetuses for the development of modern, robust design methodologies is the need for affordable aerospace systems. Because the affordability of a system is directly tied to the economics of developing, manufacturing, operating, and disposing of that system, it has become common practice to perform an economic analysis of a potentia...

The drive toward robust systems design, especially with respect to system affordablility throughout the system life-cycle, has led to the development of several advanced design methods. While these methods have been extremely successful in satisfying the needs for which they have been developed, they inherently leave a critical area unaddressed. No...

Presented at the 2nd AIAA ATIO Forum, Los Angeles, CA, October 1-3, 2002. Modern propulsion system design and selection for future air-vehicle systems is an inherently uncertain process. The long lead-times in the development of new propulsion systems produce significant levels amount of risk for the propulsion system manufacturer. Additionally, th...

Presented at the SAE Aerospace Congress and Exhibition, Seattle, WA, September 10-13, 2001. A method to identify the topology of an aerospace systems requirements space,specifically the location and type of the discontinuities that occur at the boundaries of the available technology and the physics of the system,allows the designer to make decision...

Presented at the 5th World Aviation Congress and Exposition, San Diego, CA, October 10-12, 2000. Several unique aspects of the design of hypersonic aerospace systems necessitate a truly multidisciplinary approach from the outset of the program. These coupled with a vague or changing requirements environment, provide an impetus for the development o...

The authors express their appreciation to the individuals who reviewed drafts of this report, offering their thoughtful comments and expert counsel. Following careful examination, we addressed many of these suggestions in this final version. Other suggestions are being considered as part of ongoing development; we will address these suggestions in...