Peter Hawthorne

• PhD
• University of Minnesota

The Restoration Opportunities Optimization Tool (ROOT) was developed out of a need to more efficiently and effectively communicate the importance of ecosystem services to decision makers. IUCN’s collective experience working to increase ecological productivity and improve human well-being through forest landscape restoration (FLR) demonstrated that...

Improving water quality and other ecosystem services in agriculturally dominated watersheds is an important policy objective in many regions of the world. A major challenge is overcoming the associated costs to agricultural producers. We integrate spatially-explicit models of ecosystem processes with agricultural commodity production models to anal...

Rising energy demands, volatile oil prices, and concerns about climate change have led countries to look for alternatives to fossil fuels. Biofuels, or fuels produced from organic matter, have been embraced as a promising alternative to oil, because in principle they can lower carbon emissions, enhance domestic energy security, and revitalize rural...

Forest loss and degradation globally has resulted in declines in multiple ecosystem services and reduced habitat for biodiversity. Forest landscape restoration offers an opportunity to mitigate these losses, conserve biodiversity, and improve human well-being. As part of the Bonn Challenge, a global effort to restore 350 million hectares of defores...

Designing landscapes that can meet human needs, while maintaining functioning ecosystems, is essential for long-term sustainability. To achieve this goal, we must better understand the trade-offs and thresholds in the provision of ecosystem services and economic returns. To this end, we integrate spatially explicit economic and biophysical models t...

Impact mitigation is a primary mechanism on which countries rely to reduce environmental externalities and balance development with conservation. Mitigation policies are moving away from traditional project-by-project to landscape-level planning. Although this larger-scale approach is expected to provide greater conservation benefits at the lowest...

Improving water quality and other ecosystem services in agriculturally dominated watersheds is an important policy objective in many regions including the U.S. Midwest. We integrate spatially-explicit biophysical models of ecosystem processes with agricultural commodity production models to analyze the biophysical and economic consequences of alter...

Inclusive wealth is a measure designed to address whether society is on a sustainable development trajectory. Inclusive wealth is defined as the aggregate value of all capital assets. Increases in inclusive wealth indicate an improved productive base capable of supporting a higher standard of living in the future. To be truly inclusive, measures of...

Stochastic switching, diversification rate, and a visual description of the model. Figure S2: Temporal autocorrelation of risk in a multicellular life history.

Life is full of risk. To deal with this uncertainty, many organisms have evolved bet-hedging strategies that spread risk through phenotypic diversification. These rates of diversification can vary by orders of magnitude in different species. Here we examine how key characteristics of risk and organismal ecology affect the fitness consequences of va...

Although nutrient enrichment frequently decreases biodiversity, it remains unclear whether such biodiversity losses are readily reversible, or are critical transitions between alternative low- and high-diversity stable states that could be difficult to reverse. Our 30-year grassland experiment shows that plant diversity decreased well below control...

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Biomass carbon content on land converted to urban or cropland use between 2000 and 2015. (0.21 MB JPG)

Areas where significant irrigation use is assumed if the grid cell is in cropland use. (0.37 MB JPG)

Cropland suitability map for the country scenario. Scores have been normalized within a country so cross country comparisons are not appropriate. (0.45 MB JPG)

Estimates of equation (10) in Text S1. (0.04 MB XLS)

The average yield of each crop or crop group in 2000 by country (Mg ha−1). (0.07 MB XLS)

Calories per crop or crop type. (0.05 MB XLS)

The relative mix of crops or crop groups produced in each country in 2000: q = year 2000 crop mix. (0.07 MB XLS)

Alternative 2015 crop mix by country: q = 2 (“Low” 2015 harvested hectare mix). (0.07 MB XLS)

Alternative 2015 crop mix by country: q = 4 (“Mean” 2015 harvested hectare mix). (0.07 MB XLS)

Irrigated and rainfed cropland grid cell area in 2000 and 2015 under both scenarios. (0.09 MB XLS)

Crop grid cell area growth rate for each region under the regional scenario. (0.03 MB XLS)

Expected growth in yields by crop or crop group and country. (0.06 MB XLS)

Alternative 2015 crop mix by country: q = projected 2015 crop mix. (0.07 MB XLS)

Average biomass carbon storage by forest type by country in 2000 (Mg of carbon equivalent ha−1). (0.05 MB XLS)

Avoided emissions analysis. (0.03 MB XLS)

Urban suitability map. (0.24 MB JPG)

Cropland suitability map for the regional scenario. Scores have been normalized within a region so cross region comparisons are not appropriate. (0.49 MB JPG)

Urban grid cell area in 2000 and 2015 under both scenarios. (0.07 MB XLS)

Change in cropland grid cell area under the country scenario. (0.07 MB XLS)

Observed irrigation intensity in grid cells assigned irrigated cereal yield by country. (0.06 MB XLS)

The fraction of cropland grid cell area in each cropping zones under both scenarios. (0.07 MB XLS)

Alternative 2015 crop mix by country: q = 3 (“Mean” 2015 Harvested Hectare Mix). (0.07 MB XLS)

Net loss of biomass carbon between 2000 and 2015 due to LULC change. Results are summarized at the country-level and presented in Mg ha−1 units. (0.36 MB JPG)

Regions and their member countries in the regional scenario. (0.03 MB XLS)

Change in cropland grid cell area under the regional scenario. (0.04 MB XLS)

The relative difference in cropland suitability in 2015 versus 2000 by country. (0.06 MB XLS)

Average water yield on rainfed cropland in 2000 and under both scenarios by country. (0.05 MB XLS)

As the global human population grows and its consumption patterns change, additional land will be needed for living space and agricultural production. A critical question facing global society is how to meet growing human demands for living space, food, fuel, and other materials while sustaining ecosystem services and biodiversity [1]. We spatially...

Stresses like dietary restriction or various toxins increase lifespan in taxa as diverse as yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila and rats, by triggering physiological responses that also tend to delay reproduction. Food odors can reverse the effects of dietary restriction, showing that key mechanisms respond to information, not just resources....

1. We provide the first theoretical analysis of multihost disease dynamics to incorporate social behaviour and contrasting rates of within- and between-group disease transmission. 2. A stochastic susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model of disease transmission involving one to three sympatric species was built to mimic the 1994 Serengeti canine d...

Increasing energy use, climate change, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuels make switching to low-carbon fuels a high priority. Biofuels are a potential low-carbon energy source, but whether biofuels offer carbon savings depends on how they are produced. Converting rainforests, peatlands, savannas, or grasslands to produce food crop...