Peter M. Haugan

University of Bergen | UiB · Geophysical Institute

More than 200 countries have a coastline, and this forms the basis for their claims to territorial waters and exclusive economic zones (EEZs). Globally, about 40% of the world’s population live within the “near coastal zone”—the area below an elevation of 100 metres (m) and closer than 100 kilometres (km) from the coast (Kummu et al. 2016). The vas...

People across the world have diverse economic, sociolegal, institutional, social and cultural relationships with the ocean—both its littoral zones and the open sea spaces through which people have traditionally navigated, migrated, fished, traded, played and sought solace, spiritual enlightenment, adventure, material enrichment, social identity, cu...

The ocean is the ultimate sink for anthropogenic pollution. According to the HydroSHED model, over 80% of the land mass on Earth is in a watershed that drains directly to the ocean (Lehner and Grill 2013). Until recently, the ocean seemed to be endlessly able to absorb all the waste that human activity has discharged into it. The Ocean Health Index...

The ocean is the ultimate commons. Sustainability narratives now recognise what science continues to demonstrate—that ecosystems on land, rivers, deltas, estuaries and the ocean are intrinsically linked (Mathews et al. 2019). There is a growing consensus that the prosperity and well-being of humanity depends on the health of the ocean environment,...

The ‘ocean genome’ is the foundation upon which all marine ecosystems rest and is defined here as the ensemble of genetic material present in all marine biodiversity, including both the physical genes and the information they encode. The dynamics of the ocean genome enable organisms to adapt to diverse ecological niches and changing environmental c...

A healthy ocean is the foundation for prosperous, healthy and vibrant economies. There is an unprecedented opportunity, through global stimulus and recovery responses to the COVID-19 crisis, to reset and rebuild economic activities in ways that will ensure a more sustainable, equitable and resilient ocean economy fit for everyone’s future. This rep...

With the unprecedented growth in economic activities relating to the ocean economy, the need for a sustainable concept where socioeconomic development can occur without environmental degradation is widely recognised. This is manifested at the global level by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which provides the basic...

The ocean is critically important to our global economy. Collectively, it is estimated that ocean-based industries and activities contribute hundreds of millions of jobs and approximately US$2.5 trillion to the global economy each year, making it the world’s seventh-largest economy when compared with national gross domestic products (GDPs) (Hoegh-G...

This report can be read like a book, ‘cover to cover’—the reader will follow a narrative arc which balances hope and concern, present and future states, concrete examples and more abstract ideas.

We have a collective opportunity and responsibility to protect and restore the health of our ocean, and build a sustainable ocean economy that can provide food, empower coastal communities, power our cities, transport our people and goods and provide innovative solutions to global challenges.

The ocean and its resources provide key ecosystem services and benefits that are crucial for human well-being and the prosperity of the global economy, but these services are at risk. The ocean’s wide range of ecosystem services (including food, energy, recreational/ cultural services and trading/transport routes) is vital for the well-being of soc...

The ocean covers more than 70% of Earth’s surface and plays a crucial role in providing ecosystem goods and services that sustain life and support the well-being of billions of people worldwide (Teh and Sumaila 2013; FAO 2018; Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2019; IPBES (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services) 2019)....

The ocean is a dominant feature of our planet, covering 70% of its surface and driving its climate and biosphere. The ocean sustains life on earth and yet is in peril from climate change.

Marine habitats are extremely valuable in many ways (e.g., economically, culturally or for subsistence) and provide many necessary services for humans (Costanza et al. 1997, 2014). Despite their importance, coastal and oceanic habitats are increasingly threatened by fishing, climate change, oil and gas exploration, pollution and coastal development...

The fisheries sector, like most economic sectors, is impacted by organised crime. Organised crime deprives states of national revenue and threatens the legitimate fishing industry and the livelihoods of those that rely on it.

Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing accounts for 20% of the world catch and up to 50% in some areas. This industry often uses bonded labour, destructive fishing practices and deceptive practices to reap profits at the expense of local fisheries, coastal states and the marine environment. Although international resolutions and reports...

We are in the middle of an explosion in new data on the ocean, creating enormous potential for advances in our understanding and stewardship of ocean resources. An exponential increase in the number and variety of ocean observing systems and other new data sources has created the prospect of a digital ocean ecosystem. Advances in processing techniq...

Scenarios for sustainable transformation of the global economy to near zero greenhouse gas emissions in 2050 in line with the Paris Agreement and the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development rely strongly on renewable energy. Offshore wind shows potential to become a globally significant supplier of electricity in these scenarios. Floating solar...

Realising the goal of the High Level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy (Ocean Panel) to catalyse the transition to a sustainable ocean economy depends on coordinating and managing humanity’s relationship with the ocean and the broader environment. This task requires organising information that currently is often disorganised, spread across mult...

Global food demand is rising, and serious questions remain about whether supply can increase sustainably (FAO 2018). Land-based expansion is possible but may exacerbate climate change and biodiversity loss, and compromise the delivery of other ecosystem services (Olsen 2011; Foley et al. 2005, 2011; Mbow et al. 2019; Amundson et al. 2015). As food...

Integration of variable renewables such as solar and wind has grown at an unprecedented pace in Europe over the past two decades. As the share of solar and wind rises, it becomes increasingly important for long-term energy system models to adequately represent their short-term variability. This paper uses a long-term TIMES model of the European pow...

As transitioning away from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources comes on the agenda for a range of energy systems, energy modelling tools can provide useful insights. If large parts of the energy system turns out to be based on variable renewables, an accurate representation of their short-term variability in such models is crucial. In this pap...

This paper presents a thorough review of 75 modelling tools currently used for analysing energy and electricity systems. Increased activity within model development in recent years has led to several new models and modelling capabilities, partly motivated by the need to better represent the integration of variable renewables. The purpose of this pa...

The North Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) carries heat and salt towards the Arctic. This circulation is partly sustained by buoyancy loss and is generally believed to be inhibited by northern freshwater input as indicated by the ‘box-model’ of Stommel (1961). The inferred freshwater-sensitivity of the THC, however, varies considerably betwe...

The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO was established in 1960 to coordinate ocean research, observations and services. Today the IOC is perhaps most known for its role in tsunami warning and sea level related hazards, but the IOC also covers many other issues including ocean data exchange, development of standards and syste...

Observations from small-scale (20 to 90 litres) CO2 experiments conducted off the coast of California at 684 m depth and at 3942 m depth are discussed. In both experiments, when the seawater velocity was sufficiently strong, parcels of liquid CO2 were torn off and transported away as discrete units by the turbulent water current. In the deep experi...

Present global warming is amplified in the Arctic and accompanied by unprecedented sea ice decline. Located along the main pathway of Atlantic Water entering the Arctic, the Barents Sea is the site of coupled feedback processes that are important for creating variability in the entire Arctic air-ice-ocean system. As warm Atlantic Water flows throug...

The Norwegian Atlantic Current Observatory (NACO) is a national infrastructure program funded by the Norwegian Research Council and hosted by the Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen. It includes investments in gliders, development of glider operation capabilities and eventually offering of service to the research community. During 2012 we h...

The Arctic Ocean is possibly the least explored ocean in the world. With reducing sea ice and increasing human activities, ocean observations are in demand. Multipurpose acoustic networks for tomography, under ice navigation of gliders and passive acoustics are beginning to be employed in Fram Strait supplementing standard oceanographic moorings an...

NORCOWE is an industry-led consortium including research institutes and universities which address key challenges for development of offshore wind. These include understanding marine boundary layer properties for improving industry standards and developing control and maintenance procedures which reduce costs.

Homogeneous, nonrotating flow over a backward-facing rounded step is simulated using the 2D vertical version of two general circulation models, a z-coordinate model—the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm)—and a σ-coordinate model—the Bergen Ocean Model (BOM). The backward-facing step is a well-known testcase sin...

The first symposium on “The Ocean in a High-CO2 World” in 2004 proved to be a landmark event in our understanding of the seriousness of ocean acidification, as reported in Oceanography (Cicerone et al., 2004). The scientific community reunited in 2008 for a second symposium on “The Ocean in a High-CO2 World.” During the four years between the two s...

At 3000 meters depth liquid CO2 is denser than seawater and hence will be stored as a “lake” on the deep ocean floor, which is expected to gradually be dissolved in seawater. Ocean currents and turbulence will influence the net rate of dissolution by several orders of magnitude compared to molecular diffusion. On the other hand, density stratificat...

Natural leakages of CO2 are reported in the literature at mid ocean ridges and CH4 seepages in hydrocarbon rich ares. These could potentially serve as natural analogues of leakages from CO2 storages. In this study we have developed a model tool for the rise and dissolution of droplets or bubbles of these gases and the subsequent spreading of the co...

As the severity of the global CO2 problem gradually is becoming clear to everybody, decisions will have to be made concerning permitting of carbon storage projects. Fossil fuel based power plants can produce energy at competitive prices with other energy sources even if equipped with capture facilities. Thus, the fossil fuel industry is ready to im...

The dissolution of CO2 from a CO2 lake with and without a hydrate layer, located at a flat bottom at 3000 m depth has been modeled using the MIT General Circulation Model coupled with the General Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM). The vertical turbulent mixing scheme takes into account density effects and should give more realistic results for the CO2...

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 34 (2007): L18608, doi:10.1029/2006GL027288.

The sequestration of fossil fuel CO 2 in the deep ocean has been discussed by a number of workers, and direct ocean experiments have been carried out to investigate the fate of rising CO 2 droplets in seawater. However, no applicable theoretical models have been developed to calculate the dissolution rate of rising CO 2 droplets with or without hyd...

In a field study in the Arctic, ejection of dense, saline plumes was observed 1 m below warm land-fast first-year sea ice, under conditions where the heat balance at the ice-ocean interface predicted melting. We describe the observed momentum, heat and salt fluxes in the boundary layer under the ice and the structure of the plume events. Measured d...

For the purpose of examining feasibility of COSMOS (CO_2 Sending Method for Ocean Storage), we conducted seven in situ CO_2 storage experiments off California in the United States. As a result, we confirmed that liquid CO_2 could be stored stably without 'overflow' at the depth of 3,960m, and that surface of stored CO_2 was almost always protected...

1] If liquid CO 2 is stored as a dense ''lake'' on the deep ocean floor, it is expected to dissolve in seawater. Ocean currents and turbulence can increase the net rate of CO 2 release by several orders of magnitude compared to molecular diffusion. However, density stratification in the seawater created by dissolved CO 2 will tend to reduce vertica...

1] In this work the dynamics and dissolution of a hydrate-covered CO 2 drop were studied, using a numeric model and data from one of very few CO 2 experiments performed in the real ocean. A theory including the standard drag curve of rigid spheres was shown not to fit the observed drop rise velocity. However, a drag parameterization supported by nu...

A trough filled with liquid CO2 located at 3940 m depth has been used as a model system for CO2 deposition on the seafloor. To study the intrinsic properties of the interface between CO2 and seawater a wave maker was used to excite regular plane waves. The frequency (2.5 rad/s) and wavelength (20 cm-40 cm) of the waves have been measured, and compa...

A recurrent polynya is known to form in Storfjorden in winter time with associated formation of brine-enriched shelf water (BSW). Hydrographic observations made in spring and autumn 1998 to 2002 are studied to reveal watermass compositions and transformations in Storfjorden and to document the seasonal formation, build-up and subsequent drainage of...

Storfjorden in winter is a site of active brine formation due to its recurrent polynya. The dense, brine-enriched waters fill the depressions of the fjord to its sill level and subsequently descend like a bottom gravity current, following the topography towards the shelf break. The brine formation and the overflow show strong interannual variabilit...

The rapidly rising levels of atmospheric and oceanic CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels has lead to well-established international concerns over dangerous anthropogenic interference with climate. Disposal of captured fossil fuel CO2 either underground, or in the deep ocean, has been suggested as one means of ameliorating this problem. While the b...

The storage of liquid CO2 on the ocean floor, one of the promising measures to mitigate global wanning, requires >3500 meters depth for a gravitationally stable storage, breakthrough technology and a reasonable cost to realize, although it has many advantages such as a sequestration term longer than 2000 years. The National Maritime Research Instit...

The disposal of captured fossil fuel CO_2 in the deep ocean, has been suggested as one means of ameliorating the global warming. We describe designed to study OACE (Ocean Abyssal Carbon Experiments). Observations from small scale (20 - 90 liters) CO_2 experiments conducted off the coast of California at 684 m depth and at 3942 m depth are discussed...

The depth where CO_2 can be stably stored is an important factor to select the storage site and has been thought 3000 m. However this depth was found to be not enough because the seawater above stored CO_2 is eventually saturated with CO_2 hydrate or CO_2 gas. Using newly obtained density data, the required depths where the density of CO_2 is equiv...

Manual classification of fast ice, pack ice, and polynya (open water and thin ice) in Storfjorden from ERS-2 SAR images during winters 1998 to 2001 was used to determine model parameters in a wind-driven polynya width model. Production of ice in the classified areas was then calculated from surface heat balance. The modeled open water area occupied...

1] Different metrics to assess mitigation of global warming by carbon capture and storage are discussed. The climatic impact of capturing 30% of the anthropogenic carbon emission and its storage in the ocean or in geological reservoir are evaluated for different stabilization scenarios using a reduced-form carbon cycle-climate model. The accumulate...

It is now 25 years since the first papers appeared documenting by direct measurement the buildup of fossil fuel CO2 in the ocean. In the past quarter century the situation has changed enormously. What was at first a controversial detection of a signal above a large natural oceanic background is now a huge and easily recognizable geochemical perturb...

We have carried out a small-scale (∼20 l) CO2 sequestration experiment off northern California (684 m depth, ∼5°C, background ocean pH ∼7.7) designed as an initial investigation of the effects of physical forcing of the fluid, and the problem of sensing the formation of a low pH plume. The buoyant CO2 was contained in a square frame 1.2 m high, exp...

The narrow slope-confined warm core of the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC) is a major pathway for warm and saline Atlantic Water to enter the Arctic Ocean. Long-term mean northward cooling and freshening rates in the warm core of the WSC are calculated with error ranges, and heat loss estimates are derived. The observed combination of cooling and fr...

In heavily fished areas, upward looking acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs), moored at depth, may be the only option for long-term current measurements. Arrays of ADCP moorings that cross a current can thus be the optimal strategy for monitoring the volume flux. These instruments only measure water properties at the instrument, not through t...

Observations were made of the dense overflow from Storfjorden from a survey conducted at closely spaced stations in August 2002. The field data set consists of conventional conductivity-temperature-depth profiles and short-term moored current meters and thermistor strings. Finestructure estimates were made by calculating Thorpe scales over identifi...

The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment process (ACIA; see http://www.acia.uaf.edu/) is an international project of the Arctic Council and the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) to evaluate and synthesize knowledge on climate variability climate change, increased ultraviolet radiation, and their consequences. As a part of the Norwegian work...

This chapter addresses the option of CO2 disposal as a lake in the deep ocean where hydrate will form. Disposal of liquid CO2 at depths where it is denser than seawater is expected to fill topographic depressions, and, in turn, accumulate as a large lake of CO2 over which a thin hydrate layer forms and retards the dissolution. The dissolved CO2 dif...

The mixing and spreading of the Storfjorden overflow were investigated with density and horizontal velocity profiles collected at closely spaced stations. The dense bottom water generated by strong winter cooling, enhanced ice formation and the consequent brine rejection drains into and fills the depression of the fjord and upon reaching a 120-m de...

The data in summer 2001 in the central Greenland Sea were analysed with an intension to identify the responsible factor for mixing process in the area. Vertical diffusivity was calculated using CTD and ship-board ADCP data from the advection-diffusion balance and the Thorpe scale method. The Thorpe scale method is dependent on the detection of grav...

ERS-2 SAR observations from Storfjorden, Svalbard, are used to describe polynya opening and closing events. A simple wind driven polynya width model based on the Pease (1987) formulation is matched to the observations. During 4 winters the polynya has a closing factor which is between 7 and 20 times larger than the opening factor in response to win...

Observations were made of the dense outflow from Storfjord (110 km long and 190 m deep at maximum depth) in the southeastern Svalbard Archipelago from a survey conducted at closely spaced stations in August 2002. The field data set consists of conventional CTD (conductivity, temperature, depth) profiles and short-term moored current meters and ther...

(1) In this study laboratory experiments of sea ice formed on a vertical surface with initial temperature of � 30 to � 50� C are presented. The ice formation is rapid, and in 300 s >5 mm of sea ice is formed. Ice formation cooled and salinified the water, and induced a vertical down wards flow of � 5 mm/s with a boundary layer about 5 mm thick. Thi...

The dissolution from a liquid CO2 lake source located at a flat ocean bottom at 3,000 m depth is investigated. Using the unsteady, two-dimensional advection-diffusion equation, temporal and spatial distribution of CO2 dis- solved from the source of 500 m length and of unit span is sought in a domain of 20 km horizontal and 200 m vertical extent. Di...

The storage of liquid CO2 at an ocean floor, one of promising measures to mitigate the global warming, requires 3500 m depth for the gravitationally stable storage, a breakthrough technology and a reasonable cost to realize, although it has large advantages such as the sequestration term longer than 2000 years. However CO2 can be sent to the ocean...

Europe’s relative warmth is maintained by the poleward surface branch of the Atlantic Ocean thermohaline circulation. There is paleoceanographic evidence for significant variability and even shifts between different modes of thermohaline circulation. Coupled ocean-atmosphere climate modelling allows first insight into the relative role of the vario...

ERS-2-SAR images and in situ meteorological and hydrographic data have been col- lected during the freezing periods 1999/2000 and 2000/2001, extending the earlier study periods 1997/1998 and 1998/1999 [(Haarpaintner et al., 2001), (Haarpaintner et al., 2000)]. The study area Storfjorden is situated between the islands Spitsbergen, Barentöya and Edg...

Observations were made of the outflow of the dense bottom water plume from Stor- fjord (110 km long and 190 m deep at maximum depth) in the Svalbard Archipelago, using a CTD mounted ADP at densely spaced hydrographic stations during May 28 - June 2, 2001. Due to heavy ice inside the fjord, measurements were made from about 70 km downstream of a 115...

Brines, which appear as salty and cold bottom water layers on Arctic shelves, form by salt rejection during sea ice formation. High ice production occurs in latent heat polynyas such as the one that appears in Storfjorden under northerly winds. Using ERS-2 synthetic aperture radar imagery, we observed the ice cover in Storfjorden over the winter 19...