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University of South Australia | UniSA · UniSA:Clinical and Health Sciences

Purpose Magnesium is one of the most common elements in the human body and plays an important role as a cofactor of enzymes required for DNA replication and repair and many other biochemical mechanisms including sensing and regulating one-carbon metabolism deficiencies. Low intake of magnesium can increase the risk of many diseases, in particular,...

Infertility affects millions of couples worldwide and has a profound impact not only on their families, but also on communities. Telomere attrition has been associated with infertility, DNA damage and fragmentation. Oxidative stress has been shown to affect sperm DNA integrity and telomere length. Sirtuins such as SIRT1 and SIRT3 are involved in ag...

High intake of red meat and/or dairy products may increase the concentration of iron and calcium in plasma - a risk factor for prostate cancer (PC). Despite our understandings of nutrients and their effects on the genome, studies on the effects of iron and calcium on radiation sensitivity of PC patients are lacking. Therefore, we tested the hypothe...

Nutritional imbalances have been associated with a higher risk for cognitive impairment. This study determined the red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid profile of newly diagnosed mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients compared to age and gender-matched controls. There was a significant increase in palmitic acid (p < 0.0000...

Simple Summary Telomeres are essential to prevent telomere end fusions that cause the formation of dicentric chromosomes and nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) which in turn induce chromosomal instability, cancer initiation and progression. In this study, we show that telomere length (TL) is reduced and NPBs are increased in prostate cancer (PC) cases an...

Background: The soluble form of receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) have been implicated in the prevention of numerous pathologic states, and highlights as an attractive therapeutic target. Because diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) reduce postprandial oxidative stress and inflammation that is related to better healt...

In this study, sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra; Jaegar 1833) extracts and collagens were evaluated for inhibitory properties of protein‐bound advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Processed dried sea cucumber with salt extract showed a significant lower IC50 value for fluorescent AGEs (9.19 ± 7.68 μg mL⁻¹, P < 0.05) and fructosamine (503.47 ± 46....

Simple Summary Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common cancer in elderly men, but its prevention by appropriate dietary interventions remains elusive. In this study, we show that the white blood cells of PC patients presented more DNA damage than those of healthy controls and were more prone to DNA damage induced by ionising radiation. Furthermore,...

The relationship between sleep and micronutrients, including magnesium, is implicated in its regulation. The effects of low magnesium and other micronutrients on sleep disruption and telomere loss are not well understood. The present study was carried out in 172 healthy elderly subjects from South Australia. Plasma micronutrients including magnesiu...

Emerging evidence suggests possible roles of micronutrients in cancer prevention. The study was designed to test the hypothesis that the concentration profile of plasma micronutrients (i.e., the nutriome) in prostate cancer patients is different from that of healthy controls. Plasma samples from 116 Caucasian men diagnosed with late onset of prosta...

Poorer mental health is common in undergraduate students due to academic stress. An interplay between stress and diet exists, with stress influencing food choices. Nutritional interventions may be effective in preventing mental health decline due to complex bidirectional interactions between the brain, the gut and the gut microbiota. Previous studi...

Food resources in arid habitats are important for the survival of native fauna, especially where resources provide water or key nutrients during dry periods. However, food resource plants can be susceptible to grazing species or may not be suitable for revegetating arid areas. Pimelea microcephala subsp. microcephala (P.m.microcephala) is an Austra...

The world is undergoing a sixth mass extinction, and the drastic decline of amphibians in the last several decades is a major contributing factor. The spread of the deadly Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) fungus is a major causative agent, and captive breeding programs are under way to try and save endangered populations. However, how captivity...

Glycation is a non-enzymatic reaction that occurs between the free amino group of proteins and reducingsugars and/or lipids, leading to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The reaction also produces reactive oxygen species that have detrimental effects on cellular and extracellular proteins. Aminoguanidine is a known inhibitor...

The accurate segregation of sister chromatids is complex, and errors that arise throughout this process can drive chromosomal instability and tumorigenesis. We recently showed that methylglyoxal (MGO), a glycolytic by-product, can cause chromosome missegregation events in lymphocytes. However, the underlying mechanisms of this were not explored. Th...

Methylglyoxal (MGO) is a highly reactive cellular metabolite that glycates lysine and arginine residues to form post-translational modifications known as advanced glycation end products. Because of their low abundance and low stoichiometry, few studies have reported their occurrence and site-specific locations in proteins. Proteomic analysis of WIL...

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with elevated frequencies of micronuclei (MNi) and other DNA damage biomarkers. Interestingly, individuals with T2 are more likely to be deficient in micronutrients (folic acid, pyridoxal-phosphate, cobalamin) that play key roles in one-carbon metabolism and maintaining genomic integrity. Furthermore, it has rece...

There is much interest on the impact of nutrition on integrity of the genome and its stability because of the deleterious health consequences of DNA damage. One of the main components of the genome is telomeres which are TTAGGG repeats at the ends of chromosomes which are essential for maintenance of chromosome stability by preventing telomere end...

Pimelea microcephala is an Australian native dioecious plant that was noted at the Hiltaba Nature Reserve for the first time in 2011. Members of the genus Pimelea are noted for their production of simpelxin, a potent mammalian toxin which deters grazing species. Simultaneously, P. microcephala produces fleshy fruits which may be of nutritional bene...

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed via non-enzymatic reactions between amino groups of proteins and the carbonyl groups of reducing sugars. Previous studies have shown that highly glycated albumin prepared using a glucose-bovine serum albumin (Glu-BSA) model system incubated at 60°C for 6 weeks induces genotoxicity in WIL2-NS cells a...

Red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid status is used as a biomarker of dietary intake of fats; however, there is still a paucity of evidence regarding individual fatty acids and modulation of endogenous advanced glycation end product (AGE) levels. Due to membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) being a well-known target for peroxidation, we hypothesize...

Significant alterations in sleep duration and/or quality of sleep become more pronounced as people get older. Poor sleep in elderly people is associated with adverse health outcomes and cellular ageing. We examined the relationship between TL and sleep duration, Health Promotion Index (HPI), and tested whether the presence of ApoE-e4 allele impacts...

Significant alterations in sleep duration and/or quality of sleep become more pronounced as people get older. Poor sleep in elderly people is associated with adverse health outcomes and cellular ageing. We examined the relationship between TL and sleep duration, Health Promotion Index (HPI), and tested whether the presence of ApoE-e4 allele impacts...

Type 2 diabetes is associated with elevated levels of DNA damage, in particular micronuclei (MNi) which are formed by acentric chromosome fragments caused by double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs), or whole chromosomes which fail to segregate during mitosis. We investigated if methylglyoxal (MGO), a reactive dicarbonyl known to be elevated in type 2 dia...

The purpose of the “Micronuclei and Disease” special issue (SI) is to: (i) Determine the level of evidence for association of micronuclei (MN), a biomarker of numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations, with risk of specific diseases in humans; (ii) Define plausible mechanisms that explain association of MN with each disease; (iii) Identify k...

To examine if skin autofluorescence (sAF) differed in early adulthood between individuals with type 1 diabetes and age-matched controls and to ascertain if sAF aligned with risk for kidney disease. Young adults with type 1 diabetes (N = 100; 20.0 ± 2.8 years; M:F 54:46; FBG-11.6 ± 4.9 mmol/mol; diabetes duration 10.7 ± 5.2 years; BMI 24.5(5.3) kg/m...

Intake of processed foods has increased markedly over the past decades, coinciding with increased microvascular diseases such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes. Here, we show in rodent models that long-term consumption of a processed diet drives intestinal barrier permeability and an increased risk of CKD. Inhibition of the advanced glyc...

Micronucleus (MN) assay has been widely used as a biomarker of DNA damage, chromosomal instability, cancer risk and accelerated aging in many epidemiological studies. In this narrative review and meta-analysis we assessed the association between lymphocyte micronuclei (MNi) and cancers of the skin, blood, digestive tract, and prostate. The review i...

Micronucleus assay has been used as a biomarker of DNA damage, chromosomal instability, cancer risk and accelerated aging. In this review, a meta-analysis was performed to assess the association between micronu-clei (MNi) and diseases with increased advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and HbA1c. The review identified eight studies with 632 subje...

The effectiveness of sprayed and aerosolised pH-neutral electrochemically activated solutions (ECAS) containing 150 mg/L of free available chlorine in reducing total bacteria load and artificially inoculated Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis 11RX from eggs surface was investigated. Treatment groups included untreated control, sodium hypochlo...

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) may be a contributing factor in the development of diabetes-specific vascular pathologies that affect the retina, glomerulus and peripheral nerves. In this study, Australian native food plant species Syzygium paniculatum was investigated for activities relevant to Type 2 diabetes mellitus including inhibition...

Lymphocyte telomere length (LTL) is a biomarker of ageing that may be modified by dietary factors including fat. Red blood cell (RBCs) fatty acid status is a well-validated indicator of lantern dietary intake of fats from various sources. Recent findings from epidemiological studies of LTL in relation to fatty acids in RBCs are not conclusive. The...

Pre-harvest sanitation of irrigation water has potential for reducing pathogen contamination of fresh produce. We compared the sanitizing effects of irrigation water containing neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) or sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) on pre-harvest lettuce and baby spinach leaves artificially contaminated with a mixture of Escheric...

There are growing demands globally to use safe, efficacious and environmentally friendly sanitizers for post-harvest treatment of fresh produce to reduce or eliminate spoilage and foodborne pathogens. Here, we compared the efficacy of a pH-neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water (Ecas4 Anolyte; ECAS) with that of an approved peroxyacetic acid-based sa...

Dietary advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are believed to contribute to pathogenesis of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to determine if a diet high in red and processed meat and refined grains (HMD) would elevate plasma concentrations of protein-bound AGEs compared with an energy-matched diet high in whole...

Ready-to-eat (RTE) spinach is considered a high-risk food, susceptible to colonization by foodborne pathogens; however, other microbial populations present on the vegetable surface may interact with foodborne pathogens by inhibiting/inactivating their growth. In addition, sanitizers applied to minimally processed salad leaves should not disrupt thi...

The cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMNcyt) assay is a comprehensive method to measure DNA damage, cytostasis and cytotoxicity caused by nutritional, radiation and chemical factors. A slide imaging technique has been identified as a new method to assist with the visual scoring of cells for the CBMNcyt assay. A NanoZoomer S60 Digital Patholo...

This study investigated the effect of dietary sugars and advanced glycation end-products (AGE) on telomere dynamics in WIL2-NS cells. Dietary sugars [glucose (Glu) and fructose (Fru); 0.1 M each] were incubated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) (10 mg/ml) at 60 ± 1 ºC for 6 weeks to generate AGE-BSA. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)...

This study investigated the effect of glucose and fructose, and advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) on genome damage in WIL2-NS cells, measured using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN-Cyt) assay. The effect of AGEs was investigated using bovine serum albumin (AGE-BSA) model system induced either with glucose (Glu-BSA) or fructose (F...

This study investigated the role of non-nutritive sweeteners in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and their reactive intermediates using endogenous and exogenous models. In the endogenous model, xylitol and sorbitol formed similar levels of reactive intermediates compared to sucralose. Protein-bound fluorescent AGEs, Ne-carbox...

There is increasing demand for safe and effective sanitizers for irrigation water disinfection to prevent transmission of foodborne pathogens to fresh produce. Here we compared the efficacy of pH-neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW), sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2) against single and mixed populations of E. coli, Liste...

The growing health and economic burden posed by foodborne pathogens has stimulated global interest in the development of safe, affordable, effective and environmentally-sustainable irrigation water treatment technologies. This review critically compares the potential of existing and emerging methods for disinfection of irrigation water to reduce pa...

APOE ε4 allele is an established risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and hypercholesterolemia. However, its association with metabolic and genetic risk factors related to glycation is not clear. We tested the hypothesis that, apart from high plasma cholesterol, APOE ε4 carriers may also have higher advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and total s...

Background Multidrug‐resistant pathogens present a major global challenge in antimicrobial therapy and frequently complicate otitis externa in dogs. Hypothesis/Objectives In vitro efficacy of oregano oil, thyme oil and their main phenolic constituents against bacterial and fungal isolates associated with canine otitis externa were investigated. It...

An electrochemically activated solution (ECAS), generated by electrolysis of a dilute sodium chloride solution in a four-chamber electrolytic cell (Ecas4), was tested as a sanitising aerosol in eliminating bacteria from the environment of a weaning room vacated 24-48h earlier, at a continuous flow pig farm. An ultrasonic humidifier was used to fill...

Apolipoprotein-ε4 (APOE-ε4) - common variant is a major genetic risk factor for cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (AD). An accelerated rate of biological aging could contribute to this increased risk. Glycation of serum proteins due to excessive glucose and reactive oxygen species leads to the formation of advanced glycation end products (A...

Background/Aims: Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are posttranslational modification of carbonyl groups of reducing sugars and free amino groups of proteins. AGEs are formed endogenously as a normal ageing process or during food processing (exogenous) and ingested via diet contributing to circulating and tissue AGEs in the body. Non-nutritive...

Over half the adult population in many Western countries consume nutraceuticals because of their purported therapeutic benefits, accessibility and convenience. Several studies have demonstrated that they may also serve as a useful adjunct to pharmaceuticals to better manage chronic conditions or offset negative side effects. Individuals are advised...

Background/Aims: Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are posttranslational modification of carbonyl groups of reducing sugars and free amino groups of proteins. AGEs are formed endogenously as a normal ageing process or during food processing (exogenous) and ingested via diet contributing to circulating and tissue AGEs in the body. Non-nutritive...

By definition, foodborne outbreaks are illnesses affecting two or more people, correlated in terms of space and time, as a result of the ingestion of etiologic agents present in a common food. Ready-to-eat food products are normally subjected to treatments of sanitisation during processing that aims to miminise the microbial load. However, microorg...

Executive Summary Environmental decontamination is a key management strategy to maintaining good respiratory herd health in piggeries. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pp) is one of the most important endemic respiratory pathogens of Australian pigs currently controlled by in-feed antibiotic medication and other bacterial species associated with...

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are formed endogenously as a normal ageing process and during food processing. High levels of AGEs have been implicated in the development of both macrovascular disease and microvascular disease. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to determine whether a major AGE species, Nε-carboxymethyllysine (CML),...

The bacterial species and specific spoilage organisms associated with the Southern Australian King George Whiting (KGW) and Tasmanian Atlantic Salmon (TAS), and the efficacy of a HOCl-containing water-based sanitization product (Electro-Chemically Activated Solution, by ECAS4) in extending the shelf life of KGW and TAS fillets were evaluated. Fille...

Background There is a need to develop potential new therapies for the management of diabetes and hypertension. Australian medicinal plants collected from the Kuuku I’yu (Northern Kaanju) homelands, Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia were investigated to determine their therapeutic potential. Extracts were tested for inhibition of protein gl...

Foodborne diseases are a widespread and growing public health and economic concern worldwide, and developing effective methods for reducing or eradicating microbial spoilage and foodborne pathogens as alternatives to using chemicals or antibiotics is important for the food industry and of high global priority. We have evaluated the efficacy of a HO...

Background Chronic hyperglycemia enhances the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), contributing to diabetic complications. Thus, controlling blood glucose levels, inhibiting the formation of AGEs and reducing ROS are key therapeutic targets in early stage type 2 diabetes. Methods The inhibitory effec...

Purpose: To detect Brucella melitensis in the milk of reared sheep and goats from Isfahan and Shahrekord regions, Iran.Methods: A total of 225 milk samples (sheep = 125; goat = 100) were collected from Isfahan and Shahrekord regions, Central Iran. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the presence of B. melitensis in the milk following...

Introduction: Advanced glycation end-products (AGE) are proteins that are glycated upon exposure to reducing sugars or lipids. AGEs are prevalent in the diabetic vasculature and contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Engagement of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) by AGEs induces cellular oxidative stress (OS) and c...

The extent of absorption of dietary advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is not fully known. The possible physiological impact of these absorbed components on inflammatory processes has been studied little and was the aim of this investigation. Aqueous solutions of bovine casein and glucose were heated at 95 degrees C for 5 h to give AGE-casein (...

This study investigated the ability of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) formed under food processing-like conditions to modulate cell apoptosis, AGE receptors and markers of oxidative stress (OS) in human cell lines. The role of vitamin E, quercetin and quercetin metabolites on the effect of AGE-induced endothelial dysfunction was also investi...