Pekka Neittaanmäki

University of Jyväskylä | JYU · Department of Mathematical Information Technology

This paper sheds light on the possible use of most recent technology, ChatGPT in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education. Here we used the ChatGPT tool and explored how it can help teachers in STEM class. Our work first presented a literature work related to Chat GPT in terms of its use in education, explained generative...

Cyber security in Finland is part of other areas of comprehensive security, as digital solutions multiply in society and technologies advance. Cyber security is one of the primary national security and national defense concerns. Cyber security has quickly evolved from a technical discipline to a strategic concept. Cyber security capacity building c...

The paper presents a versatile library of quasi-analytic complex-valued wavelet packets (qWPs) which originate from polynomial splines of arbitrary orders. Discrete Fourier transforms (DFT) of qWPs are located in either positive or negative half-band of the frequency domain. Consequently, the DFTs of 2D qWPs, which are derived by the tensor product...

Cyber security in Finland is part of other areas of comprehensive security, as digital solutions multiply in society and technologies advance. Cyber security is one of the primary national security and national defense concerns. Cyber security has quickly evolved from a technical discipline to a strategic concept. Cyber security capacity building c...

In this article, the translation movement of a thermoelastic web performing transverse vibrations caused by initial disturbance, is considered. It is supposed that the web moving with a constant translation velocity is described by the model of a thermoelastic panel with simply supported edges of the examined span. The problem of the optimal suppre...

The textile and apparel (fashion) industry has been influenced by developments in societal socio-cultural and economic structures. Due to a change in people’s preferences from economic functionality to supra-functionality beyond economic value, the fashion industry is at the forefront of digitalization. The growing digitalization in the fashion ind...

The task of looking for the optimal allocation of resources in an economy is fraught with a number of severe restrictions. This is manifested in the complexity of the technical implementation of the solution even in the case of a low dimension of the problem. In this paper, we consider two approaches, analytical and numerical, for deriving the dyna...

The paper presents an image denoising algorithm by combining a method that is based on directional quasi-analytic wavelet packets (qWPs) with the popular BM3D algorithm. The qWP-based denoising algorithm (qWPdn) consists of decomposition of the degraded image, application of adaptive localized soft thresholding to the transform coefficients using t...

The paper presents an image denoising scheme by combining a method that is based on directional quasi-analytic wavelet packets (qWPs) with the state-of-the-art Weighted Nuclear Norm Minimization (WNNM) denoising algorithm. The qWP-based denoising method (qWPdn) consists of multiscale qWP transform of the degraded image, application of adaptive loca...

In the realm of fourth-generation industrialization, there will be great demand for a skilled workforceTo produce a skilled workforce, we need sustainable education with quality and equity. Conventional ways of delivering and managing education would not fulfil the demands of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR). Disruptive technologies, such as...

This paper elucidates the inside of the black box of Amazon's unique research and development (R&D) dynamism that made it the world's top R&D leader by transforming “routine or periodic alterations” into “significant improvement” during the R&D process. This dynamism also succeeded in transforming the COVID-19 pandemic period into a springboard for...

Computer simulation methods for models based on partial differential equations usually apply adaptive strategies that generate sequences of approximations for consequently refined meshes. In this process, error indicators play a crucial role because a new (refined) mesh is created by analysis of an approximate solution computed for the previous (co...

In this introductory chapter of the book, we outline the development of computational science, artificial intelligence, and data science as part of science paradigm development. Computational science and artificial intelligence have mainly been developed separately during the past 60 years. We present a short overview of the history and notice a de...

In this note, we discuss the interaction between two ways of scientific analysis. The first (classical) way is known as Mathematical Modeling (MM). It is based on a model created by humans and presented in mathematical terms. Scientific Computing (SC) is an important tool of MM developed to quantitatively analyze the model. Artificial Intelligence...

This book is addressed to young researchers and engineers in the fields of Computational Science and Artificial Intelligence, ranging from innovative computational methods to digital machine learning tools and their coupling used for solving challenging industrial and societal problems.This book provides the latest knowledge from jointly academic a...

Healthcare is a good example of a structure whose complexity has been increased by the general rapid development of technology and digitalization. Digital development has made it possible to provide services in new ways and on a wider scale, in particular through information networks. Today, the healthcare information environment is a networked ent...

The paper presents a new algorithm for the image inpainting problem. The algorithm uses a recently designed versatile library of quasi-analytic complex-valued wavelet packets (qWPs) which originate from polynomial splines of arbitrary orders. Tensor products of 1D qWPs provide a diversity of 2D qWPs oriented in multiple directions. For example, a s...

While COVID-19 has driven a significant drop in sales, the apparel industry has been undergoing a digital solution-oriented transformation. Preempting its highly profitable potential, Amazon has been expanding its fashion-driven apparel business by developing a series of advanced digital fashions (ADFs). ADFs intensified Amazon's omnichannel depend...

Contrary to the decisive role of R&D centered on information and communication technology (ICT) in the digital economy, its excessive expansion has resulted in declining productivity due to the two-faced nature of ICT. Consequently, the novel concept emerges of innovation that maintains sustainable growth by harnessing the vigor of soft innovation...

The presence of a magnetic field can essentially affect the basic characteristics of the resonant tunneling and bring new possibilities for applications in electronics. In particular, in the presence of a magnetic field, the tunneling phenomenon is feasible for producing spin-polarized electron flows consisting of electrons with spins of the same d...

To describe electron transport in a waveguide, we assume that the electron wave functions vanish at the waveguide boundary. This means that, being in the waveguide, an electron can not cross the waveguide boundary because of the infinite potential barrier. In reality, the assumption has never been fulfilled: generally, electrons can penetrate throu...

The waveguide occupies a strip in \(\mathbb {R}^2\) having two identical narrows of small diameter \(\varepsilon \). An electron wave function satisfies the Helmholtz equation with the homogeneous Dirichlet boundary condition. The energy of electrons (spectral parameter) may be rather high, i.e. any (fixed) number of waves can propagate in the stri...

Section 4.1 is independent of Chap. 3. Section 4.2 is devoted to computing the scattering matrices in a neighborhood of a threshold and uses the results of Chap. 3. In fact, the scheme of the method in Sect. 4.2 is similar to that in Sect. 4.1; however, near a threshold we first calculate the augmented scattering matrix defined in a basis of waves...

In this chapter, we consider electron propagation in a waveguide with two cylindric outlets to infinity and two narrows of small diameters \(\varepsilon _1\) and \(\varepsilon _2\). The boundary of the waveguide is assumed to be smooth. The electron motion is described by the Helmholtz equation. The electron energy is supposed to be between the fir...

In this chapter, we present examples of electronics devices based on quantum waveguides with narrows: transistors controlled by external electric field and magnetic field sensors controlled by external magnetic field. Moreover, we also consider an electron flow switch for quantum nets. Unlike the transistors and the sensors, the switch has no relat...

In this chapter, we consider a 2D-waveguide that coincides with a strip having two narrows of the same width \(\varepsilon \) symmetric about the waveguide axis. The resonant tunneling is discussed for electrons with energy between the first and the second thresholds, so only one incoming wave and one outgoing wave can propagate in every outlet of...

In this chapter, we consider a three-dimensional waveguide that, far from the coordinate origin, coincides with a cylinder G containing the axis x. The cross-section of G is a two-dimensional domain (of an arbitrary form) with smooth boundary. The waveguide has two narrows of small diameter \(\varepsilon \). The waveguide part between the narrows p...

In this chapter, the scattering matrix S is defined at the thresholds of the continuous spectrum. It is shown that, at any threshold \(\tau \), there exist both one-sided limits of \(S(\mu )\) as \(\mu \rightarrow \tau \pm 0\) and, moreover, the scattering matrix S is continuous from the right at the threshold \(\tau \).

In the chapter, we generalize, for electrons of high energy, the asymptotic theory exposed in Chap. 10. We present and justify the asymptotics of tunneling characteristics as the narrow diameters tend to zero.

In this chapter, we consider a two-dimensional waveguide that coincides with a strip having \(n+1\) narrows of small diameter \(\varepsilon \). All narrows are of the same shape and are spaced from each other by equal distances. Parts of the waveguide between two neighboring narrows play the role of resonators. The wave function of a free electron...

In this chapter presents a radiation principle for the Helmholtz equation in waveguides, that is the solvability of a boundary value problem with radiation conditions, the asymptotics of solutions at infinity, and the scattering matrix definition.

The chapter is devoted to the numerical simulation of resonant tunneling for electrons with energy E between the first and the fifth thresholds. Numerical simulations have shown that the resonances are of Fano type. The form of the transmission probability curve is conditioned by interference of the quantum states into which the electron wave is sc...

Abstract This chapter describes and evaluates the cyber world, including its phenomena, from a strategic perspective. As no universally accepted definitions for the cyber world exist, associated literature and publications address it in many different ways. A five-layer model is constructed for cyber threats, which include cybervandalism, cybercrim...

This book studies electron resonant tunneling in two- and three-dimensional quantum waveguides of variable cross-sections in the time-independent approach. Mathematical models are suggested for the resonant tunneling and develop asymptotic and numerical approaches for investigating the models. Also, schemes are presented for several electronics dev...

The Internet has dramatically changed the way we conduct business and our daily lives by providing us with unprecedented services and conveniences. However, contrary to such accomplishments, productivity in industrialized countries is now experiencing an apparent decline. This has raised the question of a possible productivity paradox in the digita...

Advancement of the digital economy has redefined the concept of growth. Advanced economies have been confronting the dilemma of increased levels of input accompanied by decreasing output. Contrary to traditional expectations, extraordinary increases in input have resulted in declining productivity. A solution to this dilemma is expected to come fro...

Advanced digital economies continue to face a dilemma: contrary to traditional expectations, excessive increases in inputs have been followed by reduced outputs, i.e., declining productivity. Despite this dilemma, R&D-intensive firms have endeavored to maintain sustainable growth while avoiding the dilemma by activating the latent self-propagating...

The dramatic advances in digital innovation initiated by the Internet have changed how we conduct business and lead our daily lives. Such changes induce further innovation that in turn accelerates changes in institutional systems, leading to the coevolution of digital innovation and institutional change. Digital innovation’s further progression has...

This chapter reviews the overall discussions in this book, summarizes the findings, and highlights the significance that those findings may have for future research. A five-dimensional empirical analysis was conducted to investigate (1) the productivity paradox and the limitations of GDP as a means to measure growth and productivity, (2) the econom...

The significance of the productivity paradox—i.e., the dilemma of R&D expansion coupled with declining productivity—has grown. A solution to this critical issue could possibly be obtained by analyzing the dynamism of the coevolution occurring among Internet advancement, the economy’s increasing dependence on uncaptured GDP, and the shift in people’...

The dramatic advancement of the Internet has created the digital economy, which has dramatically changed our daily lives and ways of conducting business. The continuing progression of digital innovation over the last 2 decades, with developments such as the cloud, mobile services, and artificial intelligence, has augmented this change significantly...

Amazon demonstrated a conspicuous increase in R&D and became the world's top R&D firm in 2017 with a skyrocketing increase in market capitalization, making it close to being the world's biggest company. Such a remarkable accomplishment can be attributed to Amazon's institutional systems, which orchestrate techno-financing systems that fuse a unique...

Schools have switched to remote learning for the coming months both in Finland and around the world. In Finland, the transition to remote learning has been helped by the good skills of students and teachers, as well as the technological aids available to everyone. The rest of the world cannot do the same. According to UNESCO data, as of 31st of Ma...

On 21 April 2020, UNESCO Chairs of the University of Jyväskylä in collaboration with the Council for Creative Education cordially invites you to the Online Conference on "Embrace the Creativity amidst COVID-19 Crisis". The conference is organized to celebrate the United Nation’s World Creativity and Innovation Day and at the same time to reflect on...

Given the increasing role of research and development (R&D) in competitive markets in the digital economy while confronting the dilemma between R&D expansion and a productivity decline, transformation of the R&D model has become a crucial subject for global digital leaders. The authors of this paper postulate that neo open innovation harnessing the...

In this chapter, we present some prototype bifurcation problems that arise in the mechanics of rigid and deformable structural elements. These problems are typical for engineering applications and characterize the approaches that can be applied in the investigation of stability. Some methods of bifurcation theory will be presented in the context of...

This chapter considers the fundamentals of axially moving materials. We systematically develop and solve a simplified model for the small-amplitude free vibrations of a one-dimensional axially moving structure. The aim of the systematic presentation is to clearly expose the construction of the model, from physical principles through to the final li...

This chapter focuses on the stability analysis of axially moving materials, in the context of two-dimensional models. There are many similarities with the classical stability analysis of structures, such as the buckling analysis of plates. However, the presence of axial motion introduces inertial effects to the model. We consider the stability of a...

In this chapter, we consider three thermoelastic optimization problems. We look at the optimal thickness distribution for a beam of variable thickness, when the goal is to maximize its resistance to thermoelastic buckling, or in other words, to maximize the critical temperature at which buckling occurs. In the second problem, we allow the beam to b...

In this chapter, using analytical approaches, we consider the problems of dynamics and stability of moving elastic rods and strings, axially traveling between two supports at a constant velocity. Transverse, longitudinal and torsional vibrations of the moving structure are reduced to the same mathematical form, a hyperbolic second-order partial dif...

In this chapter we present some results on the stability and bifurcations of the systems with a finite number of degrees of freedom. We consider damping-induced destabilization in nonconservative systems. We start with a general theoretical treatment of the topic. As the model problem, we consider the double pendulum subject to both a follower forc...

This chapter is devoted to bifurcation problems based on some models described by polynomial equations with real coefficients. Bifurcation analysis, parametric representations of solutions and their asymptotic analysis and expressions are described within a framework of analytical approaches. The results presented in this chapter can be used to hel...

This chapter considers fluid—structure interaction problems, where the vibrations of the structure are the main interest, but its motion is affected by the flow of the surrounding medium, such as air or water. We review some basic concepts of fluid mechanics, and then systematically derive a Green’s function based analytical solution of the flow co...

In this chapter, we take a brief general look into elastic stability in the setting of classical solid mechanics. We introduce the different types of stability loss, and then look at conditions under which merging of eigenvalues may occur. We consider a problem where applying symmetry arguments allows us to eliminate multiple (merged) eigenvalues,...

Among the declining industries, for example music industry, some have been revived by information technology (IT). At the same time, in academic fields, some have expected co-evolutions between IT and other fields to cause the resurgence of either field. In this research, the clustering of citation networks with 14,438 academic papers resulted in t...

This book gathers the outcomes of the second ECCOMAS CM3 Conference series on transport, which addressed the main challenges and opportunities that computation and big data represent for transport and mobility in the automotive, logistics, aeronautics and marine-maritime fields. Through a series of plenary lectures and mini-forums with lectures fol...

Amazon became the world R&D leader in 2017 by rapidly increasing R&D investment. Its R&D investment in 2017 was double that of 2015, 5 times that of 2012, and 10 times that of 2011. This rapid increase continued in 2018, and Amazon accomplished a skyrocketing increase in its market capitalization, closing to being the world's biggest company. Such...

Amazon was the world's top Research and Development (R&D) firm in 2017. Its R&D investment was double that of 2015, five times that of 2012, and ten times that of 2011. Such a rapid and notable increase in R&D investment has raised the question of a new R&D definition and focus in the digital economy, which Amazon insists includes both “routine or...

Advancement of the digital economy has transformed the concept of the growth crossover in nations and firms, both concerning input and output. Advanced economies have been confronting a dilemma between input increases and output decreases. Contrary to traditional expectations, excessive increase in input has resulted in a productivity decline in ou...

In this chapter we briefly outline some well-known facts about Discrete-time periodic signals, their transforms and periodic digital filters and filter banks. For details we refer to the classical textbook A. V. Oppenheim and R. W. Schafer (Discrete-Time Signal Processing, Prentice Hall, New York, 2010, [3]) and Volume I of our book (Averbuch, Neit...

This chapter outlines a robust algorithm to detect the arrival of a vehicle of arbitrary type when other noises are present. It is done via analysis of its acoustic signature against an existing database of recorded and processed acoustic signals. To achieve it with minimum number of false alarms, a construction of a training database of acoustic s...

This chapter describes how to generate families of biorthogonal wavelet transforms in spaces of periodic signals using prediction p-filters originating from discrete-time and discrete splines. The transforms are generated by the lifting scheme (Sweldens (Wavelet applications in signal and image processing III, vol 2569, 1995, [7]), Sweldens (Appl C...

This chapter describes an application of the spline-based wavelet frames to the spectral imaging. It presents a method that enables to convert a regular digital camera into a snapshot spectral imager by equipping the camera with a dispersive diffuser and with a compressed sensing-based algorithm for digital processing. The method relies on the assu...

This chapter outlines a new non-invasive method for delineation of skin lesions such as lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma. The method is based on the analysis of hyperspectral (HS) images taken in vivo before surgical excision of the lesions. For this, characteristic features of the spectral signatures of diseased pixels and healthy pixe...

This chapter extends the design of spline-based orthogonal discrete-time wavelets and wavelet packets to two-dimensional case. The corresponding transforms are implemented by using the 2D FFT.

The Lifting Scheme introduced in (Sweldens, Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal. 3(2), 186–200 (1996) and Sweldens, SIAM J. Math. Anal. 29(2), 511–546 (1997).) [3, 4] is a method that constructs bi-orthogonal wavelet transforms of signals and provides their efficient implementation. The main feature of the lifting scheme is that all the constructions are de...

This chapter presents a design scheme to generate tight and so-called semi-tight frames in the space of discrete-time periodic signals. The frames originate from oversampled perfect reconstruction periodic filter banks. The filter banks are derived from discrete-time and discrete periodic splines. Each filter bank comprises one linear phase low-pas...

In this chapter, the spaces of periodic polynomial splines and the Spline Harmonic Analysis (SHA) in these spaces are briefly outlined. The stuff of this chapter is used for the design of periodic discrete-time splines and discrete-time-spline-based wavelets and wavelet packets. For a detailed description of the subject we refer to (Averbuch, Neitt...

In this Chapter and in the next Chap. 7, we deal with continuous rather than discrete and discrete-time splines. In these and only these chapters, we abandon the assumption that the grid, on which the splines are constructed, is uniform and consider splines on arbitrary grids. Two types of local cubic and quadratic splines on non-uniform grids are...

In this chapter, we discuss how to derive versatile families of periodic discrete-time orthogonal wavelets and wavelet packets from discrete and discrete-time splines outlined in Chap. 3. These wavelets and wavelet packets, although not having compact supports, are well localized in the time domain. They can have any number of discrete vanishing mo...

Periodic discrete splines with different periods and spans are introduced in Sect. 3.4 of Volume I (Averbuch, Neittaanmäki and Zheludev, Spline and Spline Wavelet Methods with Applications to Signal and Image Processing, Springer, Berlin, 2014) [2]. In this chapter, we regard periodic discrete splines as a base for the design of periodic discrete-t...

This chapter describes a successful application of spline-based wavelet packet transforms (WPTs) described in Chap. 4 to a complicated problem of detection of incipient defects in rolling element bearings by the analysis of recorded vibration signals. The methodology presented in this chapter is applied to the analysis of vibration data recorded fr...

This book provides a practical guide, complete with accompanying Matlab software, to many different types of polynomial and discrete splines and spline-based wavelets, multiwavelets and wavelet frames in signal and image processing applications. In self-contained form, it briefly outlines a broad range of polynomial and discrete splines with equi...

Driven by digital solutions, the bioeconomy is taking major steps forward in recent years toward achievement of the long-lasting goal of transition from a traditional fossil economy to a bioeconomy-based circular economy. The coupling of digitalization and bioeconomy is leading towards a digitalized bioeconomy that can satisfy the shift in consumer...

As revealed by Tapscott in his best-seller The Digital Economy published in 1994, the Internet has dramatically changed the way of conducting business and our daily lives. Further advancement of digital innovation, including cloud, mobile services, and artificial intelligence, has augmented this change significantly and provided us with extraordina...

In this presentation we study mechanical model for a layered thermoelastic composite and its stability in high-speed axially movement. We consider statical forms of the loss of stability and apply some approaches, based on averaging of the thermomechanical characteristics of layered composite materials and find some effective modulus of the conside...

The Internet has dramatically changed the way we conduct business and our daily lives by provided us with unprecedented services and conveniences. However, contrary to such accomplishments, productivity in industrialized countries is now experiences an apparent decline. This has raised the question of a possible productivity paradox in the digital...

With the notion that the transformation of the forest-based bioeconomy in recent years provides insightful suggestions not only on the bioeconomy, but on business innovation, this paper conducts an empirical analysis of the transformation and attempts to extract suggestions for a digital-solution-driven, disruptive business model in the digital eco...

Driven by the possibilities of the Internet of Things (IoT), global information and communication technology (ICT) firms have taken significant steps forward in recent years. The Internet provides extraordinary services to people while promoting a free culture. However, such services cannot be captured through gross domestic product (GDP) data that...

This paper attempts to explore a new insight to both industrialized and growing economies by demonstrating a digital-driven creative disruption in the forest-based bioeconomy which is beginning to replace its conventional and narrow concept of a forest-blinded economy. Notwithstanding the potential broad cross-sectoral benefits to both industrializ...

In light of the increasing significance of trust-based higher education towards digitally-rich learning environments, co-evolution dynamism between trust in teachers and higher education enabled by ICT advancement was analyzed. Using the rate of trust in teachers for good education in the Global Teacher Status Index, together with statistics on hig...

This book is dedicated to Olivier Pironneau. For more than 250 years partial differential equations have been clearly the most important tool available to mankind in order to understand a large variety of phenomena, natural at first and then those originating from human activity and technological development. Mechanics, physics and their engineeri...

This chapter is devoted to an approaches to the problems in which we deal with the evolution of a system in time. We consider three types of evolution. The first one concerns the dynamics of the mechanical systems, i.e., wave propagation or vibrations. The second type of evolution problems are the diffusion type problems, e.g., heat conduction, dif...

In this section we focus on the problem of transforming variational principles so that one may exclude some of the variables in the general system of equations (such systems as (2.113)–(2.117)) and exchange roles between natural and forced conditions.