Pauline Givord

Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques | INSEE · Department of Economic studies

How do urban segregation and high school choice contribute to school segregation? This paper provides a new method for decomposing segregation indices depending on two distinct sets of unities. This method is applied to measure the contributions of residential segregation and parental school choice to social segregation amongst middle schools, usin...

This study provides new empirical evidences of birthday effects over a range of educational and socio-emotional outcomes. It relies on data from the recent cycles of the Program for International School Assessment (PISA), for 6 European countries. The age at entry has a significant and sizeable impact on cognitive outcomes as measured in PISA for 1...

This paper presents a new method that goes beyond the measurement of average value-added of schools by measuring whether schools mitigate or intensify grades dispersion among initially similar students. In practice, school value-added is estimated at different levels of final achievements’ distribution by quantile regressions with school specific f...

Because of the regulations concerning school entry in most school systems, a child’s date of birth may significantly affect his or her age at entry into school, and thus their first experience of schooling. Using data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), this paper provides a comparative analysis of the impact of a studen...

En éducation, les effets de pairs résultent des différents types d’interactions entre élèves, au sein d’une même classe ou d’un même établissement. Toutefois, caractériser la nature et mesurer l’ampleur de ces interactions pose des problèmes méthodologiques substantiels. Cet article vise à présenter les difficultés relatives à la mesure des effets...

Many studies are focused on using data derived from mobile phones to construct statistical indicators. Mobile phone data have the advantage of providing information with both high spatial resolution and at high frequency, allowing applications such as measurements of the spatial or temporal details of population presence. Nonetheless, using mobile...

This study evaluates the impact of fuel taxes on new car purchases, using exhaustive individual-level data of monthly new car registrations in France. We use information on the car holder to account for heterogeneous preferences across purchasers, and we identify demand parameters through the large oil price fluctuations of this period. We find tha...

This study evaluates the short-run impact of an increase in childcare subsidies on the use of paid childcare and the participation rate of mothers of preschool children. We use a natural experiment provided by the PAJE, a French reform in family allowances introduced in 2004. This reform temporarily creates discrepancies in the childcare subsidies...

This paper emphasizes differences among short-term contracts in terms of career prospects. Using French data over the 2002–2010 period, we rely on a dynamic model with fixed effects to disentangle state dependence from unobserved heterogeneity. Although fixed-term contracts may provide a ‘stepping-stone’ to permanent positions, temporary agency wor...

At the beginning of 2008 was introduced in France a feebate on the purchase of new cars called the Bonus/Malus. Since January 2008, less polluting cars benefit from a price reduction of up to 1,000 euros, while the most polluting ones are subject to a taxation of 2,600 euros. We estimate the impact of this policy on carbon dioxide emissions in the...

We propose to evaluate the impact of the French Zones Franches Urbaines on economic activity. This public-funded place-based program, comparable to US enterprise zones, exempts new and existing firms from taxes for a period of at least 5 years. For the purpose of this evaluation, we merged several administrative datasets at the firm level. This all...

This study evaluates the impact of the minimum wage on the earnings distribution in France, using an unconditional quantile regression method proposed by Firpo, Fortin, and Lemieux (2009). To address the endogeneity issue due to the specific French revaluation process of the minimum wage, we use a natural experiment. As several minimum wage levels...

This paper provides new empirical assessment evidence on the efficiency of locally-targeted tax incentives in revitalizing distressed areas. We focus on the first generation of the French Enterprise Zone intiative, implemented in 1997 in continental France. We use new georeferenced panel data at the firm level over a twelve-year period. The zone de...

France has experimented since the end of 90s with geographically-targeted tax incentives as a tool for revitalizing economically distressed areas. This paper eval-uates the long-run eciency of these so-called "Enterprise Zones" on local employ-ment and rm demography. A conditional Dierence-in-Dierences strategy is used to address selection issues....

[spa] El impacto de la flexibilidad del mercado de trabajo . sobre la inserción de los jóvenes sigue siendo objeto de controversia. Aunque ocupar un empleo temporal permite adquirir experiencia profesional y puede constituir un trampolín hacia un empleo estable, existe el riesgo de encontrarse en una vía muerta. El objetivo del presente estudio es...

L'impact de la flexibilité du marché du travail sur l'insertion des jeunes reste un objet de controverse. Si occuper un emploi temporaire permet d'acquérir de l'expérience professionnelle et peut constituer un " tremplin " vers un emploi stable, le risque existe de se retrouver dans une " voie de garage ". L'objet de cette étude est donc d'apporter...

This document presents an overview of econometric tools recently developed for empirical ex post policy evaluation. The emphasis is laid on selection problems (how to disentangle the real effect of a policy from the personal features of the affected people), and on the practical issues of a policy evaluation (access to relevant data, identification...

This paper provides a detailed description of the professional transitions in early career. We use the French survey Formation et Qualification Professionnelle, that gives detailed information on qualification and education, but also a calendar of professional events between 1998 and 2003. We propose a competing risks duration model to determine wh...

PROVISOIRE -NE PAS CITER Résumé L'objectif de cette étude est double : (a) mesurer l'impact du fait de passer par un contrat temporaire sur l'insertion professionnelle (et particulièrement sur les chances d'accéder à un emploi stable ou les risques de (re)devenir chômeur) ; (b) d'évaluer si le fait de se distinguer par un niveau d'effort particulie...

Often neglected in the economic literature, working conditions can influence work behavior. This study focuses on their impact on sick leave. The theoretical model presented in the first section suggests two contradictory effects : poor working conditions deteriorate health and increase sick leave ; on the other hand, absenteeism can be inhibited b...

This paper focuses on labor market transitions and especially on those involving fixed-term contracts. Our contribution is twofold: first, we provide an accurate measure of labor market transitions; second, we analyze the potential incentive effect of fixed-term contracts on “effort”. To deal with unobserved heterogeneity, we use a dynamic multinom...

This paper explores how poor working conditions impact sickness absence through their effect on health. Our contribution is two-fold. First, we develop a static theoretical model based on the concept of health capital, wherein poor working conditions are partially compensated by higher wages. According to our model, the effect of working conditions...

In France, the share of national value added devoted to labor is rougthly two thirds. This figure conceals an important diversity in microeconomic practices. The Cotis report (2009) showed the wide range of practices between firms. This descriptive study resumes this microeconomic approach at the firm level. More specifically, we describe how to bu...

This paper focuses on labor market transitions and especially on those involving fixed-term contracts. Our contribution is twofold: first, we provide an accurate measure of labor market transitions and focus on transitions from fixed-term contracts to open-ended contracts or unemployment (dealing with the "stepping-stone or dead-end" question) ; se...

Economists have paid very little attention to the role of working conditions in sickness absence. Yet, bad working conditions are a potential determinant of labour supply, either directly or through their impact on health. This study tries to shed some light on this issue. To begin with, we examine a model of labour supply which explicitly takes in...

[fre] Depuis le début des années 1970, on assiste à une érosion du modèle de l'emploi salarié à temps plein et à durée indéterminée comme « norme » d'emploi. Le développement rapide des « formes particulières d'emploi » au cours des deux dernières décennies en est le symptôme le plus visible. Le nombre d'intérimaires et de bénéficiaires d'un contra...

This Paper presents new estimates of the impact of job tenure on wages using a new French matched worker-firm dataset. We develop an identification strategy that relies on one specific feature of the French labour laws. They stipulate that firms, when firing workers, must include as one of their criteria the number of dependent children of their em...

In this paper, we analyze the changes in the risks of involuntary job loss in France between 1982 and 2000. We find that these risks are higher in the 1990s than they were in the 1980s, for both educated and non-educated workers, high-seniority and low-seniority workers. The decline in job security began before the relaxing of labor laws in 1986 an...

In this paper, we analyze the changes in the risks of involuntary job loss in France between 1982 and 2002. We find that these risks are higher in the 1990s than they were in the 1980s. We develop an econometric analysis to separate the effects of institutional changes from the effects of new technologies. Our estimates show that the rise in job lo...

In this paper, we analyze the changes in the risks of involuntary job loss in France between 1982 and 2000. We find that these risks are higher in the 1990s than they were in the 1980s, for both educated and non-educated workers, high- seniority and low-seniority workers. The decline in job security began before the relaxing of labor laws in 1986 a...

[spa] Una nueva Encuesta Empleo . . A partir de 2003, una nueva Encuesta Empleo toma el relevo de la anterior. La recolección de esta nueva encuesta se realiza ahora en continuo a lo largo del año, cuando la anterior se concentraba en un solo mes. Esa encuesta permitirá entonces unas evaluaciones trimestrales del empleo y del paro, ya no sálo anual...

[fre] Prévoir l’évolution des taux d’activité aux âges élevés: un exercice difficile . . Dans tous les pays industrialisés, il est de plus en plus rare d’être actif après 55 ans. Ce déclin de l’activité des plus âgés est particulièrement important en France: il y est aujourd’hui peu fréquent de travailler après 65 ans. Entre 60 et 64 ans, près de 7...

In this paper, we analyse the changes in the risks of involuntary job loss in France between 1982 and 2000. Our analysis suggests that these risks are structurally higher in the 1990s than they were in the 1980s for both high and low-seniority workers.

An estimation of the effect of the cuts in social contributions on unskilled employment This article evaluates the effect of the cuts in social contributions on unskilled employment. In order to describe the evolution of unskilled employment in the eighties, we construct data series, using a precise definition of the unskilled. With a stylised mode...

The decline of full-time open-ended contracts has led to the development of different types of precarious employment. In 2002, one in three people who had been in the labour market for less than five years were on a temporary employment contract. The conditions of insertion of young people in to the labour market worsened between the start of the 1...

This paper explores how bad working conditions impact absenteeism at work through their effect on health. Our contribution is two-fold. First, we develop a model of labour supply which accounts for the evolution of health status. Second, we empirically estimate the effect of working irregular schedules on sickness absence for male manual workers. T...

Cette thèse présente quatre tentatives indépendantes d'évaluations de politiques publiques, mettant en application les méthodes microéconométriques récentes. Précédé d'un premier chapitre présentant un grand résumé en français, le deuxième chapitre s'intéresse à l'impact de la réforme dite du bonus/malus écologique sur les émissions de CO2. Évaluer...

This paper presents new estimates of the impact of job tenure on wages using a new French matched worker-Þrm dataset. We develop an identiÞcation strategy which relies on one speciÞc feature of the French labor laws. They stipulate that Þrms, when Þring workers, must include as one of their criteria the number of dependent children of their employe...

This study evaluates the efficiency of childcare subsidies as a way of increasing the female participation rate. We use a natural experi-ment provided by a French reform in family allowances introduced in 2004. This reform temporarily creates discrepancies in the day care subsidies family received according to the household income and the year of b...

Mémoire de DEA : Macroéconomie, modélisation et conjoncture / Paris I ; session de 1998.