Paul T. Yillia

International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis | IIASA · Water Program

This study examines supply-side and demand-side drivers of municipal water supply and describes how they interact to impact energy input for municipal water supply in Africa. Several key compound indicators were parameterized to generate cluster centers using k-means cluster analysis for 52 countries in Africa to show the impact of water supply–dem...

This study examined the current state of water demand and associated energy input for water supply against a projected increase in water demand in Africa. Three plausible scenarios, namely, Current State Extends (CSE), Current State Improves (CSI) and Current State Deteriorates (CSD), were developed and applied using nine quantifiable indicators fo...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the deadly respiratory disease called coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), an ongoing global public health emergency that has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. We review literature on the transmission and control of SARS-CoV-2 and discuss the...

Njoro Town is an agro-pastoral community in Kenya with chronic intermittent water supply (IWS) lasting only 4-6 hours a day, 2-3 days weekly. Waterborne illnesses are prevalent (1.7%), typhoid fever (49% of all reported cases of waterborne illness) gastroenteritis (29%) from data at health centre in the township. A microbiological examination of wa...

This report assesses all the positive potential benefits digitalization brings to sustainable development for all. It also highlights the potential negative impacts and challenges going forward, particularly for those impacted by the ‘digital divide’ that excludes primarily people left behind during the Industrial Revolution like the billion that g...

We are grateful to the authors – Nauditt (2018) and Varis and Keskinen (2018) – for their constructive comments on our opinion paper (Liu et al. 2017), for recognizing the very issues that we stated about the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus, and for further highlighting some aspects, in the spirit of the Panta Rhei opinion paper series (Kreibich et a...

Concerns about the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus have motivated many discussions regarding new approaches for managing water, energy and food resources. Despite the progress in recent years, there remain many challenges in scientific research on the WEF nexus, while implementation as a management tool is just beginning. The scientific challenges ar...

The Water-Energy-Food Nexus has been promoted by a number of prominent and influential global policy actors over the last couple of years. Increasingly, the concept has emerged as a major research, policy and planning instrument to govern and address demand and supply challenges across four main development sectors: water, energy, food and ecosyste...

To sustain growing food demand and increasing standard of living, global water use increased by nearly 6 times during the last 100 years, and continues to grow. As water demands get closer and closer to the water availability in many regions, each drop of water becomes increasingly valuable and water must be managed more efficiently and intensively...

World leaders are increasingly recognizing the importance of the water-energy nexus perspective as a conceptual framework to facilitate integrated planning and decision-making for the post-2015 development agenda. We present three fundamental narratives of the United Nations Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All) initiative to reinforce the argument f...

To sustain growing food demand and increasing standard of living, global water use increased by nearly 6 times during the last 100 years and continues to grow. As water demands get closer and closer to the water availability in many regions, each drop of water becomes increasingly valuable and water must be managed more efficiently and intensively....

One of the primary tasks of the Water Futures and Solutions (WFaS) initiative is to develop global scenarios of water potentials and stressors, their interdependencies across the different sectors, the climate-water-food-energy-ecosystem nexus, and the impacts on human wellbeing and earth ecosystems and the services they provide. In the quantitativ...

A study was undertaken in Njoro Township, Kenya to evaluate the extent to which drinking water was subjected to post-collection faecal contamination in low-income and high-income households. Boreholes were the main drinking water sources, accounting for roughly 70% singular access. The microbial quality of drinking water from the boreholes deterior...

In rural sub-Saharan Africa, small scale water abstraction could be described as the manual withdrawal of water usually from the banks of shallow surface water systems by people with the aid of 10- and/or 20-litre containers mainly for domestic use. The gender composition of human visitors during water abstraction at the middle and upper reaches of...

This study focuses on the pesticides that are applied within Lake Naivasha catchment as gathered from farms and agricultural offices within the region. The study aims at providing a basis for monitoring pesticides residue contamination of the water bodies in Lake Naivasha catchment including L. Naivasha, and Rivers Malewa, Karati and Gilgil. This s...

This paper demonstrates the additional benefit of the microbicidal efficacy of an ozonation plant implemented for micropollutant removal from tertiary effluent. Due to the low amount of viruses and protozoa in the tertiary effluent, bacteriophage MS2 and spores of Bacillus subtilis were dosed as surrogates. At specific ozone consumptions of 0.6 and...

Many jurisdictions around the globe have well-developed regulatory frameworks for the derivation and implementation of water quality guidelines (WQGs) or their equivalent (e.g. environmental quality standards, criteria, objectives or limits). However, a great many more still do not have such frameworks and are looking to introduce practical methods...

Case-patients for a retrospective epidemiological cum microbiological study in Njoro Town, Kenya were selected after self-report of waterborne illness within 7?days of exposure through drinking water. Controls were matched for location, household income and type of drinking water source. Households with piped water in one high-income district repor...

Two transient pollution events were monitored in a pastoral stream in southwestern Kenya to evaluate their relative contribution to diffuse pollution. Peak loads of pollutants during storm-induced transients were within 3-4 orders of magnitude higher than the short-lived (30-60 minutes) diurnal episodes provoked by in-stream activities of people an...

US-based models for recreational water quality were applied to characterize the potential health risk (PHR) of infection with gastroenteritis (GI) and highly credible gastroenteritis (HCGI) illnesses from single exposure at several water abstraction points (WAPs) along the Njoro River in rural Kenya. Ambient geometric mean densities of Escherichia...

Emissions and riverine loads of pollutants were estimated for five sub-catchments in the Njoro River Catchment, Kenya to isolate specific areas for interim pollution management. The most vulnerable sub-catchments were the densely settled and heavily farmed areas around Egerton University and Njoro Township with the restricted area between them demo...

The influence of periodic in-stream activities of people and livestock on the microbial water quality of the Njoro River in Kenya was monitored at two disturbed pools (Turkana Flats and Njoro Bridge) at the middle reaches. A total of 96 sets of samples were obtained from the two pools in six weeks during dry weather (January–April) in 2006. On each...

For shallow streams in sub-Saharan Africa, in-stream activities could be described as the actions by people and livestock, which take place within or besides stream channels. This study examined the nature of in-stream activities along a rural stream in Kenya and established the inequality in water allocation for various livelihood needs, as well a...