Paul M. Peterson

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• PhD
• Research Botanist and Curator at Smithsonian Institution

Grasses (Poaceae) comprise c . 11 800 species and are central to human livelihoods and terrestrial ecosystems. Knowing their relationships and evolutionary history is key to comparative research and crop breeding. Advances in genome‐scale sequencing allow for increased breadth and depth of phylogenomic analyses, making it possible to infer a new re...

A taxonomic treatment of 38 species of Muhlenbergia , a phylogeny based on analysis of six DNA sequence markers, and classification of Muhlenbergia for Central America (Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama; and Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, and Yucatán, México) is given. With the support from a molecul...

Grasses are widespread on every continent and are found in all terrestrial biomes. The dominance and spread of grasses and grassland ecosystems have led to significant changes in Earth’s climate, geochemistry, and biodiversity. The abundance of DNA sequence data, particularly chloroplast sequences, and advances in placing grass fossils within the f...

We present an updated worldwide phylogenetic classification of Poaceae with 11,783 species in 12 subfamilies, seven supertribes, 54 tribes, five supersubtribes, 109 subtribes, and 789 accepted genera. The subfamilies (in descending order based on the number of species) are Pooideae with 4126 species in 219 genera, 15 tribes, and 34 subtribes; Panic...

To investigate the evolutionary relationships and biogeographical history among the species of Calamagrostis and other members of subtribe Agrostidinae, Calothecinae, Echinopogoninae, and Paramochloinae, we generated a phylogeny based on DNA sequences from one nuclear ribosomal and three plastid areas (ITS, rpl32‐trnL spacer, rps16‐trnK spacer, and...

Appendix S1. List of specimens sampled. Taxa corresponding to Sampling 1 are indicated by (1) after the name used in Fig. 1, and Sampling 2 by (2) after the name used in Fig. 4. Taxon name, country, and next division, voucher (collector, number, and where the specimen is housed), and GenBank accession number for DNA sequences ITS, rps16-trnK, rps16...

Koelerioid grasses (subtribe Aveninae, tribe Poeae; Pooideae) resolve into two major clades, here called Koelerioid Clades A and B. Phylogenetic relationships among koelerioid grasses are investigated using plastid DNA sequences of rpl32-trnL, rps16-trnK, rps16 intron, and ITS regions, focusing on Trisetum, Acrospelion, and some annual species (Ros...

Grasses (Poaceae) comprise around 11,800 species and are central for human livelihoods and terrestrial ecosystems. Knowing their relationships and evolutionary history is key to comparative research and crop breeding. Advances in genome-scale sequencing allow for increased breadth and depth of phylogenomic analyses, making it possible to infer a ne...

To investigate the evolutionary relationships among species of the tribe Triraphideae (including two monotypic genera, Habrochloa and Nematopoa ), we generated a phylogeny based on DNA sequences from nuclear ribosomal (ITS) and four plastid markers ( rps16-trnK , rps16 intron, rpl32-trnL , and ndhA intron). Habrochloa and Nematopoa form a clade tha...

A new variety of Tripogon nicorae from Peru is described and illustrated. The new taxon, Tripogon nicorae var. aristulata, has lower glumes with scabrous keels (vs. smooth keels in T. nicorae var. nicorae) and narrow paleas 0.4−0.5 mm wide [vs. (0.66−)0.9–1.4 mm wide in T. nicorae var. nicorae]. A discussion and an identification key to the species...

Bouteloua stolonifera was mistakenly placed as a synonym of Bouteloua reederorum in six publications by the authors. Here we present the correct synonymy and cite the types of these two Mexican endemic species. RESUMEN Bouteloua stolonifera se colocó erróneamente como sinónimo de Bouteloua reederorum en seis publicaciones de los autores. A continu...

To investigate the evolutionary relationships among species of Afrotrichloris, Apochiton, Coelachyrum, Dinebra, Eleusine, Leptochloa, and Schoenefeldia of subtribe Eleusininae a phylogeny based on DNA sequences from nine gene regions (ITS, rps16-trnK, rps3, rps16, rpoC2, rpl32-trnL, ndhF, ndhA, ccsA) is presented. Previous molecular phylogenies ind...

A phylogeny based on analysis of six DNA sequence markers (ITS, ndhA intron, rpl32-trnL, rps3, rps16 intron, and rps16-trnK) is used to infer ancestral areas, divergence times, and reconstruct the biogeographical history and evolution of 150 of the 183 (82%) species of Muhlenbergia. Our results suggest the genus originated 9.3 mya in the Sierra Mad...

In this study, we analyzed 313 plastid genomes (plastomes) of Poaceae with a focus on expanding our current knowledge of relationships among the subfamily Pooideae, which represented over half the dataset (164 representatives). In total, 47 plastomes were sequenced and assembled for this study. This is the largest study of its kind to include plast...

A key for identifying 284 native and naturalized Egyptian grass species belonging to 103 genera in 22 tribes and 7 subfamilies is presented. The key is principally based on floral characters of the inflorescence and spikelet. A list and classification of all known species of Egyptian grasses is provided.

Based on a molecular DNA phylogeny of three plastid (rpl32-trnK, rps16 intron, and rps16-trnK) and nuclear ITS regions investigating 32 species of Agrostidinae, we describe two new genera, Agrostula gen. nov. with a single species and Alpagrostis gen. nov. with four species; provide support for five species in a monophyletic Podagrostis; and includ...

A key for identifying 284 native and naturalized Egyptian grass species belonging to 103 genera in 22 tribes and 7 subfamilies is presented. The key is principally based on floral characters of the inflorescence and spikelet. A list and classification of all known species of Egyptian grasses is provided.

The phylogeny of subtribe Hubbardochloinae is revisited, here with the inclusion of the monotypic genus Tetrachaete, based on a molecular DNA analysis using ndhA intron, rpl32-trnL, rps16 intron, rps16-trnK, and ITS markers. Tetrachaete elionuroides is aligned within the Hubbardochloinae and is sister to Dignathia. The biogeography of the Hubbardoc...

We present a phylogeny based on four DNA molecular markers (rps16–trnK spacer, rps16 intron, rpl32–trnL spacer and ITS) concentrating on species of Eragrostis Wolf in Australia. Two Australian radiations are shown within Eragrostis, one being centred in the arid zone and one in the monsoon tropics. The genus is paraphyletic, with species of Cladora...

Based on morphological study and corroborated by unpublished molecular phylogenetic analyses, five grass species of high-mountain grasslands in Mexico, Central and South America, Agrostis bacillata , A. exserta , A. liebmannii , A. rosei , and A. trichodes , are transferred to Podagrostis and bring the number of species of this genus recognized in...

Eriocoma valdesiisp. nov. , is described and illustrated. The new species was found growing on calcareous rocky slopes and hillsides between 1700–2721 m in Coahuila, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, and Tamaulipas. The new species is morphologically similar to Eriocoma lobata but differs in having ligules (2–) 4.5–8.5 mm long with acute to narrowly acu...

Based on morphological and molecular evidence we transfer the species of Trisetum sect. Trisetaera, T. hispidum, and Trisetokoeleria taymirica into Koeleria, describe Koeleria sect. Hispanica, and provide a new generic emendation. A total of 49 new combinations or new names are included. Additionally, we lectotypify Avena clarkei Hook f., Avena mic...

Based on morphological and molecular evidence we present new combinations or new names for 77 taxa of Cinnagrostis, seven taxa of Deschampsia, and 24 taxa of Peyritschia; and describe three new genera, Greeneochloa P.M. Peterson, Soreng, Romasch. & Barberá, gen. nov. (subtribe Echinopogoninae), Paramochloa P.M. Peterson, Soreng, Romasch. & Barberá,...

Based on morphological and molecular evidence we present new combinations or new names for 77 taxa of Cinnagrostis, seven taxa of Deschampsia, and 24 taxa of Peyritschia; and describe three new genera, Greeneochloa P.M. Peterson, Soreng, Romasch. & Barberá, gen. nov. (subtribe Echinopogoninae), Paramochloa P.M. Peterson, Soreng, Romasch. & Barberá,...

Aristida surperuanensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated. The new species, from southern Moquegua (Peru), differs from A. flaccida in having contracted panicles, spikelets to 1–1.1 cm long and lemmas 5.5–6.5 mm long. The central awn is straight, ascending, 3–6 mm long and lacking a column, the lateral awns are ascending, 1–2.5 mm long and 1/3...

Based on earlier molecular DNA studies we recognize 14 native Stipeae genera and one intergeneric hybrid in North America. We provide descriptions, new combinations, and 10 illustrations for species of Barkworthiagen. nov., Eriocoma, Neotrinia, Oloptum, Pseudoeriocomagen. nov., Ptilagrostiellagen. nov., Thorneochloagen. nov., and ×Eriosellanothogen...

To investigate the evolutionary relationships among the species of Trisetum and other members of subtribe Koeleriinae a phylogeny based on DNA sequences from four gene regions (ITS, rpl32‐trnL spacer, rps16‐trnK spacer, and rps16 intron) is presented. The analyses, including type species of all genera in Koeleriinae (Acrospelion, Avellinia, Cinnagr...

SUPPLEMENTARY KEY (IN SPANISH): CLAVE A LAS ESPECIES DE CALAMAGROSTIS S.L. CONOCIDAS O QUE PROBABLEMENTE OCURRIRÁN EN LOS PÁRAMOS DE NOROESTE SUDAMERICA Y EL SUR DE CENTROAMERICA. Supporting Information to the paper ‘Páramo Calamagrostis s.l. (Poaceae): An updated list and key to the species known or likely to occur in páramos of NW South America a...

Calamagrostis (syn. Deyeuxia), as traditionally circumscribed, is one of the most speciose genera from páramo grasslands of northwest South America and southern Central America and often dominates these high-elevation habitats. However, it remains difficult for researchers to accurately identify the species due to a lack of floristic treatments for...

A taxonomic treatment, phylogeny based on analysis of six DNA sequence markers (ITS, ndhA intron, rpl32-trnL , rps3 , rps16 intron and rps16-trnK ) and classification of Muhlenbergia for Peru is given. Seventeen species and one presumed hybrid are recognised. Muhlenbergiaromaschenkoisp. nov. is newly described from the Río Huallaga Valley, northeas...

A vegetative key, descriptions, and illustrations for the identification of 199 native and naturalized grasses that occur in Mali are presented. In addition, we provide a modern classification, glossary of terms, and indexes to scientific and common names. The key is based on vegetative characters to allow identification of specimens that do not ha...

Phylogeny of Muhlenbergia subg. Pseudosporobolus, including M. spatha... 83 Phylogeny of Muhlenbergia subg. Pseudosporobolus, including M. spatha (Poaceae, Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, Muhlenbergiinae) now found in Zacatecas, Mexico Citation: Peterson PM, Arrieta YH, Romaschenko K (2018) Phylogeny of Muhlenbergia subg. Pseudosporobolus, including M....

Poalaegaardianasp. nov. , is described and illustrated. The new species was found growing on sandy, volcanic soil in Festuca - Calamagrostis dominated grasslands southwest of Ambato and 2.2 km from Fecundo Vela in Provincia de Bolivar. The new species is morphologically similar to Poagigantea but differs in having glumes 3/4 to 7/8 as long as the a...

Based on morphological and molecular evidence, Trisetum floribundum [syn. Dielsiochloa floribunda (Pilg.) Pilg.] is transferred to Festuca as Festuca floribunda (Pilg.) P.M. Peterson, Soreng & Romasch., comb. nov. Specimens examined (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru) are included.

The new genus Pratochloa Hardion is validated and the new combination Pratochloa walteri (Pilg.) Hardion is made for Eragrostis walteri.

The systematics of grasses has advanced through applications of plastome phylogenomics, although studies have been largely limited to subfamilies or other subgroups of Poaceae. Here we present a plastome phylogenomic analysis of 250 complete plastomes (179 genera) sampled from 44 of the 52 tribes of Poaceae. Plastome sequences were determined from...

Alignment of rbcL, ndhF, matK, and trnK intron, excluding gapped sites and including positively selected sites, for 250 grass accessions (Dataset B); PHYLIP format.

Alignment of plastome coding regions, excluding gapped sites and positively selected sites, for 250 grass accessions (Dataset H); PHYLIP format.

Bootstrap support ≥50% for shared clades across all trees. Clades were first named based on tree X, a reference tree. Unique clades in non-reference trees were also named and scored across all trees.

Values for dN, dS and omega for each CDS with a test for positive or purifying selection using the codon-based Z test of selection on default parameters.

Alignment of rbcL, ndhF, matK, and trnK intron excluding gapped sites and positively selected sites, for 250 grass accessions (Dataset D); PHYLIP format.

Alignment of plastome coding regions, including gapped sites and positively selected sites, for 250 grass accessions (Dataset E); PHYLIP format.

Alignment of complete plastomes, including gapped sites and positively selected sites, for 250 grass accessions (Dataset W); PHYLIP format.

Maximum likelihood (ML) phylograms of 250 grasses based on 14 partitions of the plastome. Letters identifying each of the 14 trees correspond to the data partitions as identified in Table 2. (A) rbcL, ndhF, matK, and trnK intron, including gapped sites and positively selected sites. (B) rbcL, ndhF, matK, and trnK intron, excluding gapped sites and...

Alignment of plastome coding regions, including gapped sites and excluding positively selected sites, for 250 grass accessions (Dataset G); PHYLIP format.

Alignment of plastome noncoding regions, excluding gapped sites, for 250 grass accessions (Dataset R); PHYLIP format.

Alignment of complete plastomes, excluding gapped sites and including positively selected sites, for 250 grass accessions (Dataset X); PHYLIP format.

Alignment of complete plastomes, including gapped sites and excluding positively selected sites, for 250 grass accessions (Dataset Y); PHYLIP format.

Alignment of complete plastomes, excluding gapped sites and positively selected sites, for 250 grass accessions (Dataset Z); PHYLIP format.

Information on previously published and new plastomes, including GenBank accession numbers, source publications, and classification details following Soreng et al. (2017). Accession numbers in bold identify plastomes newly generated as part of this study.

Alignment of rbcL, ndhF, matK, and trnK intron sequences, including gapped sites and positively selected sites, for 250 grass accessions (Dataset A); PHYLIP format.

Alignment of rbcL, ndhF, matK, and trnK intron, including gapped sites and excluding positively selected sites, for 250 grass accessions (Dataset C); PHYLIP format.

Alignment of plastome coding regions, excluding gapped sites and including positively selected sites, for 250 grass accessions (Dataset F); PHYLIP format.

Alignment of plastome noncoding regions, including gapped sites, for 250 grass accessions (Dataset Q); PHYLIP format.

Diplachne P. Beauv. comprises two species with C4 (NAD-ME) photosynthesis. Diplachnefusca has a nearly pantropical-pantemperate distribution with four subspecies: D.fuscasubsp.fusca is Paleotropical with native distributions in Africa, southern Asia and Australia; the widespread Australian endemic D.f.subsp.muelleri; and D.f.subsp.fascicularis and...

To better understand the responses of arid-adapted, alpine plants to Quaternary climatic oscillations, we investigated the genetic variation and phylogeographic history of Orinus, an endemic genus of Poaceae comprising three species from the dry grasslands of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) in China. We measured the genetic variation of 476 individ...

The phylogenetic system for arranging grass genera in US National Herbarium (2017).

Circumscriptions of and relationships among many genera and suprageneric taxa of the diverse grass tribe Poeae remain controversial. In an attempt to clarify these, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of >2400 new DNA sequences from two nuclear ribosomal regions (ITS, including internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 and the 5.8S gene, and the 3’-end o...