Paul Peeters

Breda University of Applied Sciences · Academy for Tourism

Further analysis and editing was provided by Jasper Heslinga at ETFI, Ben Lynam at the Travel Foundation, Ewout Versloot at the Netherlands Board of Tourism and Conventions, and Samantha Bray and Michelle Rutty from University of Waterloo. This document is available for free on the Travel Foundation website www.thetravelfoundation.org.uk

The pricing of public transport may range from charging the full price to supplying it for free. The present situation in most European countries is between the two extremes implying a partial cost recovery. In this paper we will explore both extremes on the axis of cost recovery: free public transport, and public transport without subsidies. We st...

The impact of tourism on the environment, in general and specifically on the climate, is receiving plenty of attention. In 2008, the Centre for Sustainability, Tourism and Transport of Breda University of Applied Sciences and NRIT Research, in collaboration with NBTC-NIPO Research, published the (Dutch) pilot-report ‘Travelling large in 2005’. In t...

The impact of tourism on the environment, in general and specifically on the climate, is receiving plenty of attention. In 2008, the Centre for Sustainability, Tourism and Transport of Breda University of Applied Sciences and NRIT Research, in collaboration with NBTC-NIPO Research, published the (Dutch) pilot-report ‘Travelling large in 2005’. In t...

This chapter gives an explication of the way in which the airline industry performs and reports on Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility (CSR). The connected case study (see Chap. 11) uses Air France-KLM as example. It becomes clear that airlines’ attitudes towards CSR depend on their geographic location, business model, and business performa...

This case study provides an analysis of the way in which a leading airline company in the world, Air France-KLM, applies Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) within its business activities. The analysis is based on a conceptualisation of the term itself and the policy of and activities performed by the company. Other companies in the airline indus...

This editorial for the special issue on 'Desirable Tourism Transport Futures' explores approaches to transitioning the tourism sector to a sustainable emissions path. It starts by describing an undesirable tourism transport future associated with a business-as-usual scenario, which will inevitably cause the climate mitigation goals outlined in the...

Introduction Overtourism’ is a relatively new term in the public and academic debate on negative consequences of tourism. However, the phenomenon itself is not a new one, as problematic forms of tourism crowding and their effects on local communities and environment have been studied for decades. Yet, there is much evidence that the character of...

The impact of tourism on the environment, in general and specifically on the climate, is receiving plenty of attention. In 2008, the Centre for Sustainability, Tourism and Transport of NHTV Breda University of Applied Sciences and NRIT Research, in collaboration with NBTC-NIPO Research, published the (Dutch) pilot-report ‘Travelling large in 2005’....

In diesem Fallbeispiel wird analysiert, wie eine der größten Fluggesellschaften der Welt, Air-France-KLM, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in ihre Unternehmenstätigkeit einbindet. Die Analyse beruht zum einen auf der Konzeptualisierung von CSR, zum anderen auf den Strategien und Aktivitäten des Unternehmens. Das Unternehmen wird als Vorbild fü...

Dieses Kapitel erläutert die Ansätze der Luftfahrtindustrie, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) zu implementieren und darüber Bericht zu erstatten. Air-France-KLM wurde dafür als Fallbeispiel verwendet. Es wird deutlich, dass die Einstellungen von Airlines gegenüber CSR von ihrem geografischen Standort, Geschäftsmodellen und ihrer Unternehmenspe...

In this chapter we discuss the current impacts of aviation on the environment and climate change. The sharp growth of this industry will lead to an even greater future impact. Therefore, we come with some suggestions to reduce the carbon emissions of the industry. We conclude that a combination of economical, behavioural and technological measures...

Emissions from aviation will continue to increase in the future, in contradiction of global climate policy objectives. Yet, airlines and airline organisations suggest that aviation will become climatically sustainable. This paper investigates this paradox by reviewing fuel-efficiency gains since the 1960s in comparison to aviation growth, and by li...

This overview paper examines three areas crucial to understanding why, despite clear scientific evidence for the growing environmental impacts of tourism transport, there is large-scale inertia in structural transitions and a lack of political will to enact meaningful sustainable mobility policies. These include the importance of addressing socio-t...

Tourism's greenhouse gas emissions are increasing rapidly, adding to the global atmospheric CO2 concentration and to anthropogenic radiative forcing. This is arguably tourism's most profound contribution to overstepping planetary boundaries. If tourism's growth trend continues unabated, tourism will use up the world's entire carbon budget within 40...

Global leaders agree on the need to substantially decarbonize the global economy by 2050. This paper compares potential costs associated with different policy pathways to achieve tourism sector emission reduction ambitions (−50% by 2035) and transform the sector to be part of the mid-century decarbonized economy (−70% by 2050). Investment in emissi...

Shani and Arad (2014) claimed that tourism scholars tend to endorse the most pessimistic assessments regarding climate change, and that anthropogenic climate change was a “fashionable” and “highly controversial scientific topic”. This brief rejoinder provides the balance that is missing from such climate change denial and skepticism studies on clim...

This final response to the two climate change denial papers by Shani and Arad further highlights the inaccuracies, misinformation and errors in their commentaries. The obfuscation of scientific research and the consensus on anthropogenic climate change may have significant long-term negative consequences for better understanding the implications of...

Shani and Arad (2014) claimed that tourism scholars tend to endorse the most pessimistic assessments regarding climate change, and that anthropogenic climate change was a “fashionable” and “highly controversial scientific topic”. This brief rejoinder provides the balance that is missing from such climate change denial and skepticism studies on clim...

This paper pioneers the assessment of tourism's total global resource use, including its fossil fuel consumption, associated CO2 emissions, fresh water, land, and food use. As tourism is a dynamic growth system, characterized by rapidly increasing tourist numbers, understanding its past, current, and future contributions to global resource use is a...

Tourism is an increasingly significant contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Emissions growth in the sector is in substantial conflict with global climate policy goals that seek to mitigate climate change through deep emission reductions. This article discusses the role of various tourism sub-sectors in generating emissions, and technical...

Free copy: http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/jQtkPypX6w8WGG2IAdWg/full The period leading to and immediately after the release of the IPCC's fifth series of climate change assessments saw substantial efforts by climate change denial interests to portray anthropogenic climate change (ACC) as either unproven theory or a negligible contribution to nat...

Most people strive to become happier. Although a substantial increase in the cognitive component of happiness is limited due to heredity, there is still room for substantial gains in the affective component of happiness through environmental factors and behavioural choices. One way to become happier is to undertake leisure travel. The effect of lei...

This chapter discusses tourism's impacts on global environmental change. Tourism affects four key Earth-system processes under threat: biodiversity loss, freshwater availability, land-use change, and climate change. On a global scale, tourism impacts on climate change are most significant. However, on a local or regional scale, tourism can be a con...

Stronger demand for medium- to long-haul air transport is the main driver of the tourism industry's increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, causing the current development of global tourism to be environmentally unsustainable. Efficiency improvements and biofuel usage are unlikely to maintain pace with the projected growth in transport volume. T...

The availability of time has played a pivotal role in the analysis of tourism. An examination of social theory and time suggests that tourists experience time in multiple ways, which has implications for the traditional temporal and spatial reference frame. This article calls for a better understanding of ‘time’ in tourism and sets the agenda for f...

We present an economic impacts model based on direct expenditures for European cycle routes, originally designed in 2009 as part of a study commissioned by the European Parliament. At its request, the study was updated in 2012, including a refined version of our model which takes some limitations of the former model into account. Our main findings...

Current leisure mobility patterns are not sustainable. Because energy efficiency measures appear insufficient to accommodate predicted future volume growth, changes in transportation modes and volume are needed. Short-haul should be the preferred distance, public transportation the preferred mode and length of stay should increase rather than trip...

This paper introduces and explores the psychological and social factors that both contribute to and inhibit behaviour change vis-à-vis sustainable (tourist) mobility. It is based on papers presented at the Freiburg 2012 workshop. Specifically, it reviews climate change attitudes and perceptions, the psychological benefits of tourism mobilities, add...

This paper explores the creation and use of a long-term global tourism transport model for private and public sector tourism policy makers. Given that technology is unlikely to reduce tourism transport's impact on climate change sufficiently to avoid serious dangers, behavioural change is necessary. The model presented here helps policy makers and...

We present an economic impacts model based on direct expenditures for European cycle routes, originally designed in 2009 as part of a study commissioned by the European Parliament. At its request, the study was updated in 2012, including a refined version of our model which takes some limitations of the former model into account. Our main findings...

The paper forms a rejoinder to the paper by David Weaver (‘Organic, incremental and induced paths to sustainable mass tourism convergence’). It fully agrees with David Weaver that a sustainable development of tourism should focus on sustainable mass tourism development and not, as is currently the case, so much on niche products labelled ‘sustainab...

Purpose – This paper aims to explore the widely recognized awareness/attitude‐gap in sustainable tourism and discuss a series of theoretical approaches on three levels: individual, interpersonal and community level theories. Design/methodology/approach – These theories are linked to existing studies on tourists' awareness/attitude and behavior in...

This update of the 2009 study evaluates the challenges and opportunities of developing a cycle tourism network across Europe. It focuses on EuroVelo, a network of 14 long distance routes managed by the European Cyclists’ Federation which is being developed in different countries by a wide range of partners. The study reviews the market for cycle to...

This article reviews direct freshwater consumption in tourism from both quantitative and qualitative viewpoints to assess the current water demand of the tourism sector and to identify current and future management challenges. The article concludes that even though tourism increases global water consumption, direct tourism-related water use is cons...

The current development of tourism is environmentally unsustainable. Specifically, tourism’s contribution to climate change is increasing while other sectors are reducing their greenhouse gas emissions. This paper has two goals: reveal the main structural cause for tourism’s emission growth and show the consequences thereof for (mitigation) policie...

Much of global passenger transport is linked to tourism. The sector is therefore of interest in studying global mobility trends and transport-related emissions. In 2005, tourism was responsible for around 5% of all CO2 emissions, of which 75% were caused by passenger transport. Given the rapid growth in tourism, with 1.6 billion international touri...

Food production and consumption have a range of sustainability implications, including their contribution to global emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). As some foodstuffs entail higher GHG emissions than others, managing their use in tourism-related contexts could make a significant contribution to climate change mitigation. This article reviews...

“Tourism’s very existence depends on transport. Still, researchers in transportation and logistics do not show much interest in tourism whereas travel and tourism researchers pay more attention to accessibility than to transport.” These were the opening sentences of the call for papers for the TTRA European Chapter Conference “Transport and Tourism...

Technological development from horse-drawn carriages to the new Airbus A380 has led to a remarkable increase in both the capacity and speed of tourist travel. This development has an endogenous systemic cause and will continue to increase carbon dioxide emissions/energy consumption if left unchecked. Another stream of technological research and dev...

A wide range of publications has shown that the tourism sector is increasingly environmentally unsustainable. This is mainly caused by the contribution of aviation to a large and growing amount of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by tourism. In the light of this, we present an overview of developments in the aviation sector and discuss current option...

Technological development from horse-drawn carriages to the new Airbus A380 has led to a remarkable increase in both the capacity and speed of tourist travel. This development has an endogenous systemic cause and will continue to increase carbon dioxide emissions/energy consumption if left unchecked. Another stream of technological research and dev...

Emissions of greenhouse gases in many European countries are declining, and the European Union (EU) believes it is on track in achieving emission reductions as agreed upon in the Kyoto Agreement and the EU's more ambitious post-Kyoto climate policy. However, a number of recent publications indicate that emission reductions may also have been achiev...

Several western governments have implemented environmental policies which increase the cost of air travel. Such policies aim to reduce the impact of air travel on climate change, but at the same time they restrict tourists in their travels. This study examines the extent to which the average tourist's happiness is affected by ‘involuntary green tra...

The paper first describes an inventory for 2005 giving the tourism related CO2 emission caused by global tourism, and presents a 30-year projection and a 45-year simulation. The study found that tourists cause 4.4% of global CO2 emissions. Also these emissions are projected to grow at an average rate of 3.2% per year up to 2035. This increase is pr...

This review paper examines the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction targets postulated by a range of organizations seeking to reduce the consequences of global climate change and how, or if, the global tourism sector can achieve its share of those targets. It takes both existing estimates of current tourism GHG emissions and emissions projected...

This paper examines a paradoxical issue in tourism's adaptation to climate change and emissions reduction demands. Operators increasingly take tourists to destinations threatened by climate change, with Antarctica and other polar regions as favourites and cruise ship and aircraft as main transport modes. The selling point is to see a destination be...

Air transport plays an ever more important role in tourism. However, air transport already has a 40% share of all tourism CO2 emissions and 54–75% of radiative forcing (UNWTO, UNEP, WMO, 200847. UNWTO, UNEP, WMO. 2008. Climate Change and Tourism: Responding to Global Challenges, Madrid: UNWTO. View all references, figures for 2005). Furthermore, th...

Making an empirical contribution to the understanding of tourism as a development mechanism in poor regions and countries, this book looks at the successes and paradoxes of tourism in this role and considers why tourism as a catalyst for economic development can be a controversial device. It offers a perspective on theoretical frameworks and uses i...

One of the major implications of climate change for tourism destinations is the potential impact that mitigation policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the rapidly growing aviation sector could have on travel costs and tourist mobility. Such impact is particularly salient for long-haul destinations. Recently tourism organisations...

This book aims to communicate a series of ideas grounded in present discussions on how 'mobility studies' can help enrich and enlighten the understanding of tourism in the context of the current trend of increasing globalization. Bringing together theoretical and practical issues, this edited volume analyses tourism's wider role as an agent for the...

While a substantial part of the population in Europe seems well informed about the phenomenon of climate change, uncertainty seems to prevail in terms of its seriousness, its consequences for society and action that needs to be taken in order to prevent ‘dangerous interference with the climate system’. Many people seem to believe that there is no s...

Tourism is becoming increasingly dependent on air transport. Recent scientific work has pointed out the significant and growing contribution of air transport to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Obligations to reduce GHG emissions under the Kyoto Protocol and post-Kyoto instruments might make transport more expensive or even restricted in the future....

By merging European passenger transport demand data with international tourism data, a new data model was created, giving insight in the environmental impacts of tourism transport between the places of residence of European Union citizens and their tourist destinations. Analysis with this data model shows that, of the environmental impacts consider...

The impact of tourism activities on climate change are not very evenly distributed over the different kinds of tourism. Main determinants are the distance between the destination and the homes of the tourists, the transport mode choice and the length of stay. Overall impact of tourism is between 4% and 10% globally, but can be as high as 20% for de...

Tourism is becoming increasingly dependent on air transport. Recent scientific work has pointed out the significant and growing contribution of air transport to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Obligations to reduce GHG emissions under the Kyoto Protocol and post-Kyoto instruments might make transport more expensive or even restricted in the future....

The environmental pressure of inbound tourism of both day-visitors and tourists to Amsterdam was analysed using the ecological footprint (EF) concept. The impacts of accommodation, activities, local transport and transport from the normal place of residence to Amsterdam were all included in the study. The total EF of inbound tourism to Amsterdam wa...

The pricing of public transport may range from charging the full price to supplying it for free. The present situation in most European countries is between the two extremes implying a partial cost recovery. In this paper we will explore both extremes on the axis of cost recovery: free public transport, and public transport without subsidies. We st...

The use of fossil energy is one of the major environmental problems associated with tourism and travel. Consequently, the need to limit fossil energy use has been highlighted as a precondition for achieving sustainable tourism development. However, tourism is also one of the most important sectors of the world economy, and fears have thus been expr...

The paper deals with the question of how suspension of the subsidies for public transport operations in the Netherlands would affect the public transport system. Today, the costs of public transport far exceed the revenues, particularly in urban and regional transport. The most efficient measures for improving the financial performance are reducing...

This paper reports work being conducted as part of the only transport project in the current ESRC programme on the Environment and Human Behaviour. The concept of generalised road user changes eventually replacing existing Fuel Duties and Vehicle Excise Duty (VED) is in the ascendant, with several studies concentrating upon the eventual adoption of...

This study discusses the potential environmental effects of a kilometre charge for car traffic in the Netherlands. This kilometre charge would replace the existing taxes on new cars and on car ownership. It would lead to a substantial increase in the variable costs of car use. It may lead to a doubling of these costs while at the same time the aver...

This study discusses the potential effects of a kilometre charge in the Netherlands on pollution and travel demand. It also provides insight into the organisational and technical structure which is required to introduce a well-functioning system of charging passenger cars for each kilometre driven. It appears that the introduction of an advanced ki...

Transport of passengers and freight is dominated by road transport which appears to have a range of advantages in terms of the quality of the services rendered that make it more attractive than other transport modes. In addition to the benefits related to road transport, there are also costs, partly in terms of private costs (costs of fuel, etc.) a...

In July 1996 the report 'Revival of the airship' has been published and funded by the Transport Research Centre of the Dutch Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management. The main purpose of the study was to describe the potential market for national and international passengers- and freight-transport for airships. In this paper four pr...

Hierbij dank ik IWW en NEA voor toestemming materiaal te gebruiken dat zij beschikbaar hebben gesteld ten behoeve van een uitgebreider paper over het MuSTT project gepresenteerd op 4 oktober in Straatsburg tijdens de European Transport Conference. Ook een speciaal woord van dank aan Eckhard Szimba (IWW) en Marco Duijnisveld (NEA) voor hun bijdragen...

This is a report. It is also available from: http://www.esrcsocietytoday.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/ ESRC Project Award RES-221-25-0013

The existing transport tax and charging regime has stimulated limited behavioural change and has been politically problematic (as demonstrated by the September 2000 fuel duty protests). This project synthesised a range of research that has explored ways in which road user charging could replace the present regime based on taxing fuels and car owner...