Paul Erik Kristiansen

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• PhD
• Professor (Associate) at University of New England

Background and aims Pasture systems occupy approximately three billion hectares and contribute almost $21 trillion to the global economy. They are important for food production, carbon storage, water catchment reserves, biodiversity maintenance and cultural and recreational needs. However, pasture systems sustainability and productivity may be redu...

Agricultural production (especially intensive rice production) is a primary income source for over 2.0×107 people in the Vietnamese Mekong River Delta. However, adverse climate change impacts, socio-economic change, and high dependence on farm inputs for intensive production constrain the longer-term sustainability of rice systems. Government and a...

Farming communities in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD) face a range of socio-economic and environmental pressures. With out-migration and changing career opportunities, many young people are unwilling to remain in agriculture and prefer careers elsewhere due to poor perceptions of farming as a career. To better understand the educational choices...

The allocation of soil organic carbon (SOC) to its component fractions can indicate the vulnerability of organic carbon stocks to change. The impact of vetiver on the composition and distribution of SOC can provide a complete assessment of its potential to sequester carbon in soil. Purpose : This study quantified the distribution and impact of SOC...

Understanding what factors influence women’s participation in forest comanagement is vital for effective policy planning and women’s empowerment. The views of women and men from four villages in the Chandpai forest range on what influences women’s participation in forest co-management were gathered qualitatively. Data were collected through focus g...

Biocontrol by wild insects and other organisms is an important service provided to agriculture, but few studies have linked the role of this service to urban garden crop production. In 15 urban food gardens in Sydney, Australia, we assessed predation and parasitism of two sentinel prey species, recorded pest control activities undertaken by gardene...

Weeds have a significant impact on vegetable production worldwide. These intensive cropping systems feature frequent tillage, fertilization and irrigation, providing ideal growing conditions for crops as well as certain weeds. Integrated weed management (IWM) can reduce reliance on herbicides by encouraging a systems approach to weed management. Us...

DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4869874

Water is crucial for nutrient intake, transportation, temperature regulation, and photosynthesis in bulb onion (Allium cepa L.) growth and development. Water scarcity, caused by climate variability and particularly during prolonged dry periods, has proved to be an obstacle to cultivating bulb onions in the Papua New Guinea (PNG) Highlands. Farmers...

Water is crucial for nutrient intake, transportation, temperature regulation, and photosynthesis in bulb onion (Allium cepa L.) growth and development. Water scarcity, caused by climate variability and particularly during prolonged dry periods, has proved to be an obstacle to cultivating bulb onions in the Papua New Guinea (PNG) Highlands. Farmers...

Conservation agriculture (CA) is being promoted as an energy efficient and cost-effective farming system that conserves soil and water and improves crop yields. Adoption of this farming system can contribute to attainment of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2: end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agric...

Rice-based food production is crucial for food security, socio-political stability, and economic development in Bangladesh. However, climate and environmental changes pose serious challenges to sustainable rice production in the country. This review paper critically reviews the status, challenges, and adaptation opportunities of Bangladeshi rice sy...

Wiryono, Kristiansen P, Lobry de Bruyn L, Saprinurdin, Nurliana S. 2023. Ecosystem services provided by agroforestry home gardens in Bengkulu, Indonesia: Smallholder utilization, biodiversity conservation, and carbon storage. Biodiversitas 24: 2657-2665. Agroforestry system provides ecosystem services such as conserving biodiversity and providing s...

The emergence of co-management, where various government and non-government actors work together, is one of the most important governance mechanisms for natural resource management. However, local stakeholders' understanding of forest co-management has thus far been poorly appreciated. This study examined stakeholders' views on the forest co-manage...

While protected areas are a measure for forest conservation, they pose a number of key challenges to local people’s livelihoods. One solution to the tension between conservation objectives and livelihoods in protected areas is involving local people in forest protection activities. The research examined the performance of one initiative, involving...

Background The Antarctic is an extreme environment for plants. Several invasive plant species, however, have invaded the sub-Antarctic Southern Ocean islands and increasingly threaten the vulnerability of maritime and continental Antarctica, particularly with changes in climate. Aims We provide an overview of issues to consider with regard to the...

Cropping system intensification in southwest coastal Bangladesh : drivers and policies

Cropland abandonment is an emerging human-induced land use and is a growing national problem in Nepal. It is a key, current concern for local governance bodies and restoration options for this land are being actively sought. We initiated a systematic review of existing studies to identify the key causes and impacts of cropland abandonment and consi...

The shrimp industry in Bangladesh is an important economic sector with growing demand, export potential, and employment opportunities. However, the industry is threatened by external and local production and market risks. Risk management strategies can be implemented through farming systems modification developing of different types of shrimp and p...

Barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) is a major weed widely distributed across the world and causes serious damage to rice production. Yield loss due to barnyard grass was estimated at about 7 to 27% in Vietnam. This study aimed to investigate the rice production, weed impacts, herbicide usage and herbicide resistance in the Central...

As an alternative livelihood approach to improve forest conservation and reduce dependency on non-wood forest products (NWFPs), the government of Vietnam has implemented community-based ecotourism (CBE) in the relation to protected area management. One such initiative is the Talai Ecotourism Venture for the ethnic groups living in the buffer zone o...

Despite the looming scarcity of agricultural land and rapidly growing demand for food and biofuel globally, more agricultural lands are being abandoned from farming than are being converted to agriculture. Therefore, there is increasing interest in reutilising abandoned croplands to mitigate the undesirable impacts of abandonment and address global...

Delta ecosystems are vulnerable to climate change from rising temperatures and altered rainfall patterns, as well as further threats from salinity and erosion due to coastline exposure. Smallholder farmers in deltas are adapting to these risks through cropping systems intensification and diversification, but it is unclear which cropping options off...

The impacts of women's participation in forest resource management on forest conservation and women's livelihoods are poorly understood. This study investigated women's role in Sundarban mangrove forest co-management in order to identify these impacts. Qualitative data was collected through focus group discussions (FGDs, n = 16) and key informant i...

Plant roots are primary factors to contribute to surface and deep soil carbon sequestration (SCS). Perennial grasses like vetiver produce large and deep root system and are likely to contribute significantly to soil carbon. However, we have limited knowledge on how root and shoot decomposition differ and their contribution to SCS. This study examin...

Pollination is an important ecosystem service to agriculture, however, the factors influencing pollination in urban food gardens are poorly understood. We investigated how features within urban environments, including floral resources and canopy cover, impacted (a) flower visitation and seed production of a model plant (Brassica rapa) and (b) total...

Global climate change and anthropological activities have led to a decline in insect pollinators worldwide. Agricultural globalisation and intensification have also removed crops from their natural insect pollinators, and sparked research to identify alternate natural insect pollinators and artificial technologies. In certain countries such as Aust...

The farming systems in the climate-vulnerable coastal Bangladesh are impacted by rising temperature, sea-level rise, salinity intrusion, tidal surge, cyclones, and waterlogging. We conducted our research to explore the status and challenges for a sustainable adaptation. We have used multiple data collection and analytical tools to explore the econo...

The farming systems in the climate-vulnerable coastal Bangladesh are impacted by rising temperature, sea-level rise, salinity intrusion, tidal surge, cyclones, and waterlogging. We conducted our research to explore the status and challenges for a sustainable adaptation. We have used multiple data collection and analytical tools to explore the econo...

Understanding local stakeholders' perceptions of co-management institutional activities serves a significant role in the proper functioning of the co-management institutions for the Sundarban mangrove forest conservation effort, but this currently remains unexplored. This study aimed to identify the current co-management institutions, co-management...

Agricultural land abandonment is a complex, multidimensional and non-linear global phenomenon driven by multiple factors and with contrasting impacts on agrobiodiversity, environment and society. A comprehensive overview of agricultural land abandonment provides an understanding of how the issue is emerging globally, the impacts it has caused and p...

The cropping systems in southwest coastal Bangladesh face multiple challenges. A clearer understanding of the trajectories of cropping intensification can promote policy responses to current impacts, adaptations, and target support to farmers. This research aimed to assess (i) observed and perceived changes in temperature, rainfall and salinization...

Hand weeding is a common method of weed control on vegetable farms, especially in developing countries. It requires considerable physical labour and is a significant economic burden, yet comparative studies on hand weeding tools are rare. We evaluated the agronomic, ergonomic and economic performance of four hand weeding tools (and unweeded control...

One of a series of management guides of priority weed species for Australian vegetable production. Available for download from http://www.une.edu.au/iwmvegetables

One of a series of management guides of priority weed species for Australian vegetable production. Available for download from http://www.une.edu.au/iwmvegetables

One of a series of management guides of priority weed species for Australian vegetable production. Available for download from http://www.une.edu.au/iwmvegetables

One of a series of management guides of priority weed species for Australian vegetable production. Available for download from http://www.une.edu.au/iwmvegetables

There is growing evidence that collection of non-timber-forest products (NTFPs) remains an essential part of livelihoods for people living near protected areas in developing countries. This study examined the nature and level of livelihood reliance of households on the collection and use of NTFPs and alternative income streams for three ethnic grou...

Despite widely reported trends of agricultural land abandonment across many parts of the globe, this land use change phenomenon is relatively new in the context of Nepal. In recent years, rural farming communities in the hill region are gradually reducing the intensity of farming, leading to underutilisation and abandonment of agricultural lands. A...

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the horticultural vegetables that is widely distributed in Indonesia. It is just like other vegetables, and eggplant offers a variety of health benefits. Seaweed is one of a group of marine plants that containing many important minerals. Seaweed also contains a growth-promoting hormone. This research aims t...

# Rice security is a strategic issue in Bangladesh # Bangladesh is the 4th largest rice producer (BBS, 2018) with a rising trend over time # A steady production growth is still needed to meet the rising demand # However, environmental and socio-demographic challenges threaten rice security # Research, extension and policy preparedness is necessary...

One of a series of management guides of priority weed species for Australian vegetable production. Available for download from http://www.une.edu.au/iwmvegetables

Rice, maize and wheat account for 96% of the total food grain production in Bhutan signifying their importance for food security and the socioeconomic value of the Bhutanese agriculture. However, various biotic and abiotic factors impede optimum production of these cereals with weeds as one the main biotic constraints in attaining the full realisat...

Rice, maize and wheat account for 96% of the total food grain production in Bhutan signifying their importance for food security and the socioeconomic value of the Bhutanese agriculture. However, various biotic and abiotic factors impede optimum production of these cereals with weeds as one the main biotic constraints in attaining the full realisat...

Weed management is an ongoing constraint in southern Africa for conventional farming systems and in emerging conservation agriculture systems, which are more heavily reliant on herbicides for primary weed control. The challenge of rising labour costs and decreasing availability creates a greater need to develop effective and efficient weed manageme...

PhD Thesis From UNE, AU. All Rights Reserved.

Although much work has been completed in Australia to examine the effects on aboveground ecology of environmental plantings using mixed species of native trees, only limited attention has been focused on their effects on soils and soil microbial population. A study was conducted to determine the spatial distribution of microbial activity, total soi...

Climate change will significantly impact the future viability and security of food production systems, with increased frequency and intensity of droughts, floods, storms and other extreme climatic events predicted in many regions. In order for food production systems to remain viable and resilient under a changing climate, novel approaches, which i...

Mustard greens ( Brassica juncea L.) is one of the horticultural crops of vegeTable species that are utilized in young leaves. Utilization of seaweed as biofertilizer can be an alternative solution to environmental problems caused by mineral fertilizers because they are safe for soil and plant microbes. The research aimed to determine the effect of...

Urban agriculture (UA) can be highly productive in terms of yield per unit area, however productivity is limited by available land and high input requirements. We determined how much of the food supply of Sydney, Australia, could be produced through UA by synthesising yield data from 13 UA gardens with information on labour and key material inputs...

Integrated weed management strategy • Post-harvest non-selective herbicide. • Bed forming cultivation. • Stale seed bed with multiple weed controls. • Pre-emergent and/or post-emergent selective herbicide. • Inter-row cultivation. • Hand weeding of remaining weeds. Key benefits • Gradually reducing the weed seed bank over time, especially of poten...

Oil produced from the leaves and small branches of cajuput (Melaleuca cajuputi Powell) is a common medication in many Asian countries. In Central Vietnam, large areas of native cajuput provide raw material for a traditional industry contributing income for rural households. However, without replanting programs, the industry is unsustainable. Cuttin...

One of a series of management guides of priority weed species for Australian vegetable production. Available for download from http://www.une.edu.au/iwmvegetables

This study was conducted to analyse the relationships between income generation and livelihood capitals of floriculture households in Myanmar. Data relating to five livelihood capitals (human, natural, financial, physical, and social) were collected through interviews with 210 key actors of the cut flower value-chain in three major flower productio...

Conventional tillage practices have been regarded as the major reason for the loss of fertile topsoil in the sloping agricultural lands of the middle hills of Nepal. Reports on the effects of no-till and mulch on soil and corn yield in these regions are scarce, although these farming practices have been recommended to reduce soil erosion and increa...

Table S1: ANOVA for soil data, Table S2: ANOVA for crop data, Figure S1: Effect of tillage (−T or +T), mulch (−M or +M), and corn (presence or absence [BF]) on cumulative soil loss at six sampling seasons (early monsoon, monsoon and late monsoon in 2017 and 2018), Figure S2: Effect of tillage (−T or +T), mulch (−M or +M), and corn (presence or abse...

This brochure summarises the successful management of weeds implemented over several years by The Loose Leaf Lettuce Company. Their approach includes fallow herbicide application, tillage during bed formation, and vigilant and comprehensive hand weeding. After several years of diligent application, the farm now benefits from minimal weed impact, re...

Although the economic impact of weeds on Australian vegetable production has been estimated at the national level, information on the farm-level economic impacts of weeds in this industry is limited. Previous research suggests that vegetable farmers have difficulty in reliably estimating the economic impacts of weeds within their crops. This resear...

The impacts of mixed tree species environmental plantings on soil biology is an emerging topic. A pilot study was conducted to determine the variability of microbial activity, total soil organic carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and available phosphorus (P) under Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Acacia pendula used for mixed tree species environmental plantings...

Soil seed banks form a key source of weed infestation in vegetable crops, since frequent disturbance favours the formation of large and persistent seed banks. To assess the abundance and species richness of weed seed banks in vegetable fields, a survey was carried out across seven States and Territories in Australia. Soil samples were collected fro...

Mulches can improve soil properties, but little is known about nutrient availability in mulched soil that contains plant residues and the effect of mulching with manures. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of mulching with high or low C/N organic materials, in which low C/N materials differed in decomposability, and the presence of...

One of a series of management guides of priority weed species for Australian vegetable production. Available for download from http://www.une.edu.au/iwmvegetables

Triticale (× Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus.) is a relatively new human-made crop. It is used for both grain harvesting and grazing and is an important contributor to world food security for human beings and livestock. Triticale is ranked as the world’s third most tolerant crop to environmental stresses after rye (Secale cereale L.) and canola (B...

We examined the nature and properties of soils on Australian sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island to determine key environmental factors driving their distribution, development and change. We provide the first classification of these soils using Australian and international (WRB) systems while combining elemental, stable and radio-isotope analysis to int...

Eradication of alien plants is notoriously challenging, however eradication projects reap great biodiversity benefits, particularly on islands. To date only individual plants or small restricted populations have been successfully eradicated from the Southern Ocean Islands (SOI). The next phase in conservation for the region is tackling more widespr...

This research was undertaken to (i) determine the demographics and farming practices, particularly related to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) inputs, associated with high levels of monsoon rice productivity (grain yields) and profitability (gross margins) in lower Myanmar and (ii) develop crop yield and economic benchmarks and input...

Plant eradication is difficult, particularly in remote, protected areas. The Southern Ocean Islands are very isolated and highly protected, but the flora contains many alien plants. Small restricted populations have been eradicated, but eradication of established species has proven difficult. A better understanding of the efficacy of control method...

Land degradation, particularly soil erosion, is currently a major challenge for Nepal. With a high rate of population growth, subsistence-based rural economy, and increasingly intense rainfall events in the monsoon season, Nepal is prone to several forms of land degradation, such as floods, landslides, and soil erosion. To understand the causes, im...

One of a series of management guides of priority weed species for Australian vegetable production. Available for download from http://www.une.edu.au/iwmvegetables

One of a series of management guides of priority weed species for Australian vegetable production. Available for download from http://www.une.edu.au/iwmvegetables

Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf (also known as Coolatai grass, South African bluestem or thatching grass) has become a serious invasive weed in Australia. Within its native range, it is generally regarded as a useful grass particularly for thatching, and seed production is low with a low soil seed bank of from 2 to 200seedsm–2. Several hundred accessi...

Significance Growing food in cities for human consumption could be one means of increasing global food supply in the face of rising population growth and global food security concerns. While previous studies have shown that urban agricultural systems are productive, few studies provide yield figures that incorporate data on the inputs used to achie...

Weeds are a persistent problem for vegetable producers because of the favourable growing conditions, regular soil disturbance and the lack of registered herbicides available to selectively control broadleaf weeds. The potential for weed growth within and between rows of vegetable crops is therefore high. Since 2011, we have been conducting research...

The flower production is one of the promising livelihood activities for smallholders in Myanmar. With a small amount of land, farmers can earn high return by producing flowers. But there are little supports, both technical and material, from the government to the floriculture stakeholders. The agricultural policies in Myanmar only focus on the prod...

Application of biochar, a solid product of thermal decomposition of biomass, has been demonstrated to be a potential technique to improve soil properties and reduce climate change by storing carbon in soil for long periods of time. Nonetheless, biochar stability in soil alone is not sufficient to determine the sustainability of biochar for crop res...

Poa annua is a cosmopolitan weed in turf grass. It is a widespread non-native species in the subantarctic and also occurs in the Antarctic Peninsula. It has highly variable morphology, longevity and reproductive capacity across both its invaded and native range. Little is known about the ecology of P. annua in the subantarctic, particularly its lon...

The Antarctic region is one of the most inhospitable frontiers on earth for weed invasion. On Australia's world heritage sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island only three species of invasive weeds are well established (Poa annua L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill. and Cerastium fontanum Baumg.), although isolated occurrences of other species have been found and...

One of a series of management guides of priority weed species for Australian vegetable production. Available for download from http://www.une.edu.au/iwmvegetables

One of a series of management guides of priority weed species for Australian vegetable production. Available for download from http://www.une.edu.au/iwmvegetables

This study investigated economic returns and energy use of alternative rice production systems in North Vietnam with various residue management options. The traditional practice of open burning of rice residues (System A) was compared with the alternative of converting residues to biochar, which was returned to the paddy fields (System B). It was a...

This study presents a comparative analysis of the environmental impacts of different biochar-compost (COMBI) systems in North Vietnam relative to the conventional practice of open burning of rice husks. Three COMBI systems, using different pyrolysis technologies (pyrolytic cook-stove, brick kiln and the BigChar 2200 unit) for conversion of rice hus...

Rice, maize and wheat account for 96% of the total food grain production in Bhutan signifying their importance for food security and the socioeconomic value of the Bhutanese agriculture. However, various biotic and abiotic factors impede optimum production of these cereals with weeds as one the main biotic constraints in attaining the full realisat...

This study investigated the carbon footprint of two different biochar production systems for application to paddy fields. The impacts of using rice straw-derived biochar in raw form (System A) were compared with those arising from using rice straw biochar enriched with lime, clay, ash and manure (System B). The GHG abatement of the management of on...

Oil from the leaves and small branches of cajuput (Melaleuca cajuputi Powell) is commonly used as medicine in many Asian countries. In central Vietnam, large areas of native cajuput provide raw material for a traditional industry that generates income for rural households. However, without replanting programs, the industry is unsustainable. Cutting...