Paul Johannesson

Stockholm University | SU · Department of Computer and Systems Sciences

An inclusive service is usable regardless of the functional abilities of its users. Increasing the inclusiveness of critical services such as higher education contributes to reducing disparities and can be viewed as an institutional value proposition for society as a whole. However, the notion of inclusion is becoming more multifaceted and context-...

Motor disability includes the lack of sensation, movement, or coordination, and Assistive Technologies (AT) can help overcome these challenges. Motor-disabled students need different ATs and configurations depending on courses and individual needs, and some solutions can be expensive. Some affordable AT has roots in gaming but can also be used for...

The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm aims to enhance human society and living standards with the vast deployment of smart and autonomous devices, which requires seamless collaboration. The number of connected devices increases daily, introducing identity management requirements for edge IoT devices. Due to IoT devices’ heterogeneity and resource-c...

Numerical identity is the relation that an individual thing bears to itself and only itself, which is not dependent on any other object. However, in the discourse of identity management, identity is often something else: an identifier that an organization has assigned to some entity, here called social identity. These two notions of identity are cl...

Health care is a complex domain, containing large amounts of data, including measures of physical and mental health. Furthermore, the domain contains advanced decision making utilising the collected data. Various IT systems based on AI technologies, such as machine learning, have been promoted as a way to improve both the quality and the efficiency...

IT systems design and architecture have many similarities with the design of organisations and institutions. Both pay attention to social concepts such as rules, norms, and values. Justice is one of the key concepts that can be relevant for any institutional design from a systems perspective. This paper outlines an ontology of justice based on the...

Background Data-driven process analysis is an important area that relies on software support. Process variant analysis is a sort of analysis technique in which analysts compare executed process variants, a.k.a. process cohorts. This comparison can help to identify insights for improving processes. There are a few software supports to enable process...

This chapter offers a fictitious example of a design science project, focusing on its research process. The first sections describe the research activities according to the method framework introduced in Chap. 4, and the final section provides an overview of the project in the form of a design science canvas.

The third activity of the method framework is Design and Develop Artefact, which creates an artefact fulfilling the requirements from the previous activity. This includes designing both the functionality and structure of the artefact. In other words, the activity can be expressed as follows: Create an artefact that addresses the explicated problem...

It may seem that the proposed method framework is similar to the waterfall model of systems and software development. This chapter shows that this is not the case and that the framework allows for highly iterative ways of working. We introduce a distinction between temporal and logical orderings of work, where the former refers to the temporal and...

Knowledge can be used for different purposes and can exist in different forms. This chapter introduces a classification of knowledge types based on their different purposes and identifies definitional, descriptive, explanatory, predictive, explanatory and predictive, and prescriptive knowledge. A number of knowledge forms are also discussed, based...

As in any other kind of research, design science researchers need to address ethical issues. These relate not only to the work carried out in a research project, but also to the possible ethical and societal consequences that can follow from the use of a created artefact. This chapter starts by introducing a number of general principles for researc...

Researchers have since centuries used research methods to support the creation of reliable knowledge based on empirical evidence and logical arguments. This chapter offers an overview of established research strategies and methods with a focus on empirical research in the social sciences. We discuss research strategies, such as experiment, survey,...

In order to produce reliable results, design science researchers need to make use of research strategies and methods and to base their work on a scientific body of knowledge. This chapter proposes a method framework for design science research that can support researchers in producing relevant as well as rigorous research. Five key activities are i...

Within many fields of science, there are well-established principles and structures for communicating research results. Most of these can also, with some adaptations, be used for design science. This chapter introduces the IMRAD (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) structure used for presenting empirical research and shows how it can be...

The first activity of the method framework for design science is Explicate Problem. The goal of this activity is to formulate the initial problem precisely, justify its importance, and investigate its underlying causes. In other words, it addresses the question: What is the problem experienced by some stakeholders of a practice and why is it import...

The second activity of the method framework is Define Requirements. The goal is to identify and outline an artefact that can address the explicated problem and to elicit requirements for this artefact. In other words, the activity addresses the question: What artefact can be a solution for the explicated problem and which requirements for this arte...

The fifth activity of the method framework is Evaluate Artefact, which determines how well the artefact is able to solve the explicated problem and to what extent it fulfils the requirements. The activity addresses the question: How well does the artefact solve the explicated problem and fulfil the defined requirements? This chapter describes how t...

The fourth activity of the method framework is Demonstrate Artefact, which illustrates the use of the artefact in one case, thereby proving its feasibility. In other words, the activity addresses the question: How can the developed artefact be used to address the explicated problem in one case? This chapter describes how to answer the question usin...

A research paradigm is a set of commonly held beliefs and assumptions within a research community about ontological, epistemological, and methodological concerns. This chapter starts by introducing two well-established research paradigms, positivism and interpretivism, and discusses their role in design science research. We also present two alterna...

Trust is an invisible behavior of any entity. An entity could be a living being or a cyber-physical system. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a connected network of smart objects or things where trusted relationships are crucial. Trust in an entity can increase or decrease based on different parameters and properties of the specific entity. Trusted r...

From a design science perspective, information systems and their components are viewed as artifacts. However, not much has been written yet on the ontological status of artifacts or their structure. After March & Smith’s (1995) initial classification of artifacts in terms of models, constructs, methods and instantiations, there have been only a few...

This book is an introductory text on design science, intended to support both graduate students and researchers in structuring, undertaking and presenting design science work. It builds on established design science methods as well as recent work on presenting design science studies and ethical principles for design science, and also offers novel i...

The vast deployment of the Internet of Things (IoT) is improving human life standards every day. These IoT applications are producing a massive amount of data from the environment where it is deployed. The collected data are mostly including end-user private data or industrial data, which are transmitted over the internet to the cloud devices for s...

The Internet of things (IoT) will accommodate several billions of devices to the Internet to enhance human society as well as to improve the quality of living. A huge number of sensors, actuators, gateways, servers, and related end-user applications will be connected to the Internet. All these entities require identities to communicate with each ot...

Treatments are entities of central importance in many practices and applications, including both medical and technical ones. Treatments exhibit a number of intricate characteristics that give rise to practical as well as theoretical modelling challenges. One issue is that treatments can be viewed as endurants as well as events, the latter ones bein...

From a design science perspective, information systems and their components are viewed as artefacts. However, not much has been written yet on the ontological status of artefacts or their structure. After March & Smith’s (1995) initial classification of artefacts in terms of models, constructs, procedures and instantiations, there have been only a...

The article is devoted to developing a methodological support for planning Design Science (DS) research projects. More exactly, it is aimed at developing a classification of a particular kind of cycles, inherent to DS research projects, and guidelines on how to choose the next cycle in a specific project. The classification and guidelines are based...

Internet of things (IoT) network needs to accommodate billions of connected smart objects (things). Connected IoT objects should be able to communicate with each other. Objects should be able to travel between different networks regardless of their locations, network providers, and manufacturers. To allow transparent movement of IoT objects, it is...

Knowledge Management has become a key instrument for identifying, creating and sharing organisational knowledge assets. An attractive means for sharing knowledge is Best Practices (BPs). However, the implementation of BPs raises several challenges, one of which is that the low quality of BP documentation can impede the use of BPs. One way to addres...

The paper presents a comparison of two modelling techniques that can be used to describe an organization as an interconnected set of business processes. The first technique is called Fractal Enterprise Model, which is an invention of the authors of this paper. The second technique is a well-established technique, IDEF0, normally used to present a f...

In “Representing instances: The case for reengineering conceptual modelling grammars”, Lukyanenko et al. (2019) argue that conceptual modelling has been biased towards a focus on knowledge about general phenomena (classes) rather than about specific instances. While we agree that more attention needs to be paid to instances, we critically reflect o...

Janusmed is a clinical decision support system, developed by the Stockholm County Council that supports physicians in identifying drug-drug interactions. To determine how Janusmed is used in and affects the clinical practice, an evaluation study is currently being carried out that analyzes multiple data sources through descriptive statistics. The s...

This is draft. We are working on a journal version, which will be more readable. Many artefacts of today are non-digital or only partly digital. Digital features can often be added to these artefacts to make them more digital. However, for designers, it can be challenging to figure out what digital features to add. In this paper, we outline an arte...

The paper is devoted to the topic of introducing practically oriented thesis writing in the Department of Computer and Systems Sciences of Stockholm University. The paper considers both legal and practical aspects of introducing practically oriented thesis. The material is based partly on the literature study, and partly on the experience of superv...

Though the concept of shared spaces had been known in Groupware and Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) for quite a while, it did not become popular until the arrival of the Internet and social software. Implicitly, the concept of shared spaces has penetrated many IT-areas, including the area of Business Process Management. Though shared spa...

The concept of cocreation of value has been widely accepted in the management literature and service science. Value modeling approaches such as e3value focus on the exchange of value rather than cocreation. In this paper, a new value modeling approach is proposed that builds on e3value but highlights the notion of a "value encounter." Value encount...

The growing open data market opens possibilities for the development of viable digital artifacts that facilitate the creation of social and business values. Contests are becoming popular means to facilitate the development of digital artifacts utilizing open data. The increasing popularity of contests gives rise to a need for measuring contest perf...

Conceptual models are intended to capture knowledge about the world. Hence, the design of conceptual models could be informed by theories about what entities exist in the world and how they are constituted. Further, a common assumption within the field of conceptual modeling is that conceptual models and information systems describe entities in the...

The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm refers to the network of physical objects or "things" embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity to enable objects to exchange data with servers, centralized systems, and/or other connected devices based on a variety of communication infrastructures. IoT data collected from different sensors...

Conceptual modeling is often viewed as an activity of representing a preexisting world that should be faithfully mirrored in an information system. This view is adequate for modeling physical domains but needs to be revised and extended for social and institutional domains, as these are continuously produced and reproduced through communicative pro...

Coping with complexity is an important issue in both research and industry. One strategy to deal with complexity is separation of concerns, which can be addressed using Aspect-Oriented paradigm. Despite being well researched in Programming, this paradigm is still in a preliminary stage in the area of Business Process Management (BPM). While some ef...

Paper is in open access: http://bit.ly/2c3RI8P This paper suggests a new type of enterprise models called fractal enterprise models (FEM), with accompanying methodological support for their design. FEM shows interconnections between the business processes in an enterprise by connecting them to the assets they use and manage. Assets considered in th...

This chapter deals with how innovation barriers after a contest can be managed if the organizer of the contest has decided to provide support also after the contest itself has ended. As starting point, a survey of such barriers to innovation is presented together with approaches for managing such barriers. The management approach is described from...

In this chapter, we present motivational factors for external developers and discuss how to motivate different types of contest participants. The activity Motivate developers is presented in conjunction with a running example. The chapter ends with a suggestion for further reading.

This chapter explains how a contest platform can support different stakeholders, prior, during and after the contest. First, the notion of a contest platform is described. This is followed by a description of the activity, followed by running examples that guide the organizer to select and develop a suitable contest platform. Develop contest platfo...

This chapter introduces the notion of open innovation, which is about organizations making use of external ideas, solutions and technologies instead of only relying on its internal innovation. Three different forms of open innovation are discussed: inside-out, outside-in and coupled innovation , which differ with regard to the direction of the idea...

In this chapter, we present the activity Develop strategy. The goal of the activity is to develop a strategy that guides the organisers in managing participant relationships after the end of a contest. First, we discuss strategic options for the post contest phase. The strategic options range from not establishing relationships at all to providing...

This chapter introduces a structured approach to support organisers of open digital innovation contests. It supports organisers to design and operate contests to achieve intended outcomes and effects. First, the logic of the model is presented. Then each phase in the model is described and key activities are highlighted. The following chapters desc...

In this chapter, six methods for evaluating contest contributions are presented. The methods are described in terms of meaning and their implications on the presentation and submission of contributions. The methods are also mapped to the types of contest goals introduced in the activity Set goals, thereby providing guidance for choosing an evaluati...

This chapter provides a description of how to manage contest operations. It starts by presenting common problems encountered during contest operations. Then proactive and reactive measures to deal with these problems are suggested. The activity Manage operations is described in sub-activities and followed by guidelines. The chapter concludes with s...

In this chapter, we discuss how to design an open digital innovation contest. First, contest formats are matched to contest goals. Then, different elements of contest design are presented, followed by a description of the activity Design contest with guidelines and a running example. Design contest sets the scene for the remainder of the contest pr...

This chapter address the stakeholders that should be identified and engaged in the contest process. First, different types of stakeholders are presented along with their characteristics and support to the contest organizers. This is followed by a description of the activity Engage contest stakeholders and a running example. Engaging contest stakeho...

This chapter introduces open digital innovation contests that aim to develop digital services. Key stakeholders in such contests are identified: organisers, participants, resource providers, and beneficiaries. A classification of digital innovation contests is proposed based on the length of a contest and its inclusiveness. Other design elements of...

In this chapter, we discuss how organisers design or adapt business models to clarify how contest goals and service deployment contribute to their business. First, we present how the formulated strategy, see Chap. 12, affects the business model. Then we describe and give some guidelines for the activity Design business model. Finally, we present ex...

This chapter deals with contest goals. First, different types of goals are presented together with examples from different contests. Then the activity Set goals is described with guidelines and a running example. This important activity in the pre-contest phase affects and is itself affected by several of the other activities in the approach, such...

In this chapter, we present a method for evaluating open digital innovation contests. The method serves several purposes: it helps to evaluate whether the organisers have achieved their goals of organising the contest or not, it supports managers in managing the contest operations and it supports learning within the organisations. The activity also...

This book explores how novel digital services, including e-services, digital platforms and mobile apps, are increasingly being innovated through open processes. It investigates how and why organizations invite external developers to participate in their innovation, often catalyzed by contests and the provision of open data, with the aim of designin...

Since 2009 open data has been growing into a specialized research area, including in the Nordic countries. Historically Information Systems research from this region has managed to develop a distinct identity on the international research arena. Hence, the expectation is that also in the context of open data there exists room for unique contributio...

Knowledge Management has become a key instrument for creating, identifying and sharing knowledge assets in organizations. Best Practice (BP) is a useful means for organizations to improve knowledge sharing. However, low quality of BP documentations can hinder a successful implementation of BPs, since practitioners may not be able to correctly and e...

Digital innovation contests emerge as important intermediaries in open data markets. However the understanding of how contests affect innovation value chains is low and there is a lack of innovation measurement frameworks to support the management of digital innovation contests. Therefore, in this paper we apply design science to design a measureme...

With the growing importance of services in the modern enterprise there is a need for innovating traditional management accounting practices. In the Service Science literature, some work has been devoted to service accounting but mainly on a conceptual level. To address this research challenge, we have built an integrated service accounting framewor...

Open data services have emerged as a research field. One important area of investigation within this field is exploration into how sustainable open data markets are created. Contests have become a popular method to propel and catalyse open data service development providing services to such markets. Recent research has identified numerous innovatio...

Ontology research can contribute to novel tools, methods and techniques for designing and developing innovative enterprise systems by providing foundational concepts for value creation, enterprise systems development and systems interoperability. A main driver for research in this area is the nee.

The practical problem addressed in this paper is that it can be problematic to find appropriate best practices (BPs) in a large collection of BPs, covering many different domains, within an organizational database. Our goal was to propose a classification system of BP documentation to facilitate effective use and retrieval of BPs documents in such...

In order to provide unified and consistent data and functionality, enterprises need to make all their applications work in an integrated manner. However, integration has become more difficult to handle when enterprises extend their business globally, more applications are implemented for supporting business activities, and more computing paradigms...

The term service is today defined and used in a multitude of ways, which are often ambiguous and contradictory. The absence of a commonly agreed-upon definition of the term makes it difficult to distinguish, describe and classify services. In order to address these issues, this chapter proposes a model of services that helps in analysing the concep...

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering, CAiSE 2015, held in Stockholm, Sweden, in June 2015. The 31 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 236 submissions. They were organized in topical sections named: social and collaborative computi...

Innovation contests are becoming popular instruments for stimulating development of digital services using open data. However, experience indicates that only a limited number of the results developed during these events become viable digital services attracting a significant user base. To further deepen our understanding of the role, design and fun...

The fifth activity of the method framework is Evaluate Artefact, which determines how well the artefact is able to solve the explicated problem and to what extent it fulfils the requirements. In other words, the activity addresses the question: How well does the artefact solve the explicated problem and fulfil the defined requirements? This chapter...

As in any other kind of research, design science researchers need to address ethical issues. These relate not only to the work carried out in a research project but also to the possible ethical and societal consequences that can follow from the use of a created artefact. This chapter starts by introducing a number of general principles for research...

In order to produce reliable results, design science studies need to make use of research strategies and methods as well as base their work on a scientific body of knowledge. This chapter proposes a method framework for design science research that supports researchers in producing relevant as well as rigorous research. Five key activities are iden...

Within many fields of science, there are well-established principles and structures for communicating research results. Most of these can also, with some adaptations, be used for design science. This chapter introduces the IMRAD (introduction, method, results, and discussion) structure used for presenting empirical research and shows how it can be...

The third activity of the method framework is Design and Develop Artefact, which creates an artefact fulfilling the requirements from the previous activity. This includes designing both the functionality and structure of the artefact. In other words, the activity can be expressed as follows: Create an artefact that addresses the explicated problem...

Knowledge can be used for different purposes and exist in different forms. This chapter introduces a classification of knowledge types based on their different purposes and identifies definitional knowledge, descriptive knowledge, explanatory knowledge, predictive knowledge, explanatory and predictive knowledge, and prescriptive knowledge. A number...

It may seem that the proposed method framework is very similar to the waterfall model of systems and software development. This chapter shows that this is not the case and that the framework allows for highly iterative ways of working. The chapter introduces a distinction between temporal orderings of work and logical orderings of work, where the f...

The fourth activity of the method framework is Demonstrate Artefact, which demonstrates the use of the artefact in one case, thereby proving its feasibility. In other words, the activity addresses the question: How can the developed artefact be used to address the explicated problem in one case? This chapter describes how to answer the question usi...

A research paradigm is a set of commonly held beliefs and assumptions within a research community about ontological, epistemological, and methodological concerns. The chapter starts with introducing the two most established research paradigms, positivism and interpretivism, and discusses their role in design science research. The chapter also prese...

The second activity of the method framework is Define Requirements. The goal is to identify and outline an artefact that can address the explicated problem and to elicit requirements on that artefact. In other words, the activity addresses the question: What artefact can be a solution for the explicated problem and which requirements on this artefa...

Researchers have since centuries used research methods for supporting the creation of reliable knowledge based on empirical evidence and logical arguments. This chapter offers an overview of established research strategies and methods with a focus on empirical research in the social sciences. The chapter discusses research strategies, such as exper...

The first activity of the method framework for design science is Explicate Problem. The goal of this activity is to formulate the initial problem precisely, justify its importance, and investigate its underlying causes. In other words, it addresses the question: What is the problem experienced by some stakeholders of a practice and why is it import...

Governments aim to increase democracy by engaging the public in using open data to develop mobile apps and citizen services. They make information avail-able (open data) and organize innovation contests to stimulate innovation with the goal to make new services available for the public to use. But will the pub-lic take on the challenge to both deve...

This book is an introductory text on design science, intended to support both graduate students and researchers in structuring, undertaking and presenting design science work. It builds on established design science methods as well as recent work on presenting design science studies and ethical principles for design science, and also offers novel i...

For continuous improvement and innovation in business processes, prioritizing processes is one of the top strategic decision-making tasks for chief information officers and business executives. However, most of the methods for prioritizing process improvement initiatives pay little attention to analysing the characteristics of processes. In additio...

Recently, the interest in the innovation of digital services based on open public information (i.e. open data) has increased dramatically. Innovation contests, such as idea competitions and digital innovation contests, have become popular instruments to accelerate the development of new service ideas and prototypes. However, only a few of the servi...

Innovation contests are becoming popular instruments for stimulating development of digital services using open data. However, experience indicates that only a limited number of the results developed during these events become viable digital services attracting a significant user base. Hence, an unresolved question is how organizers choose to suppo...